Questions are RED are most important.

How many kinds of sotware testing (I was asked this question in inteview, please search on internet and
get more info of below each type of testing)

Black box testing, UserInterface Testing, Functional Testing, Load Testing, white box testing, Backend
testing, Stress testing, Regression Testing, compatability testing, etc

What is the most challenging situation you have faced in your testing career? (I was asked this questions,
please make some sceanrio)

After software is tested and release, they found a Bug in Production environment, they complain to
you they you miss the bug
1. Bug within testing scope (may be you not assign, suppose to or asked to test that part of software)
2. RCA, root cause analysis (Do the analysis with your team, why you or your team miss the bug)
3. May be testing environment and production environment is different (may be the enviornment
(operating system, database, etc) are differeent than where they running the software

What are the most common bugs that we find on a daily basis in web based testing.
Common Bugs during web based testing:

1.Bugs due to the wrong functionality .

2. Bugs due to the delay in page loading as a matter of performance.
3. Bugs caused due to User Interface indifference (Like text not aligned, fonts).
4. Bugs caused due to the data.
5. Bugs caused due to the insecurity of the web pages.
6. Browser compatibility
7. Hyperlinks not working

What are 5 common problems in the software development process?

Answer:
• Poor requirements - if requirements are unclear, incomplete, too general, and not testable,
there will be problems.
• Unrealistic schedule - if too much work is crammed in too little time, problems are
inevitable.
• Inadequate testing - no one will know whether or not the program is any good until the
customer complains or systems crash.
• Requests to pile on new features after development is underway; extremely common.

How can you define Priority and severity

Priority: This is defined as how much time that developer
should take to solve that bug depending upon the
fuctionality.
Severity: This is defined as how much impact is shown on
• the functionality.Miscommunication - if developers don't know what's needed or
customer's have erroneous expectations, problems are guaranteed.

What are the different types of defects/errors are commonly appear during
the real time software testing?
Basically the defects are classified in to three types:
1.Missing Functionality(Requirement not implemented)
2.Extra Functionality(Added some thing more than need )
3.Wrongly implemented functionality(implemented requitement is not working)

Apart from this there is a very big list of defects are there:
1. incorrect or missing functions,
2. interface errors,
3. errors in data structures or external database access,
4. performance errors, and
5. initialization and termination errors
6. GUI releated
7. Failure of validation conditions.....etc

Explain Bug/Defect Life cycle?

Bug found ||------>Test Engineer Finds Bug and Assigns that bug to | Developper
Open ---->During Developper fixing bug it's status will | be changes to open
Resolved----> Developer fixes the bug, then developper changes its status to Resolved
Closed=------>Test engineer tests the system f it is fixed, then he will change the bug status to closed

So Bug has mainly three statuses

Open, Resolves, Closed

What are the components of a test plan?

Answer: objective, scope, entrance criteria, exit criteria, features to be tested, features not to be tested,
approach, item pass fail criteria, Suspension Criteria and Resumption Requirements, Test
Deliverables, Environmental Needs, Staffing and Training Needs, Schedule, risk analysis, approval.

What is Code Coverage?

An analysis method that determines which parts of the software have been executed (covered) by the test
case suite and which parts have not been executed and therefore may require additional attention
How did you manage Defect Resolution in your last Company?
Execute test and log any discrepancies
Determine if discrepancy is a defect
Assign defect to developer
Default resolution process
When the developer acknowledge is valid, the resolution process begin
1) Prioritize the correction (Critical, major or minor)
2)Schedule the correction (based on the priority)
3)Correct the defect (The developer correct the defect and update the status as corrected or retest,
the tester then verifies the defect has been removed from the system)
4) Report the Resolution (Once the defect has been corrected and the correction verified,
appropriate developers, users, etc., need to be notified that the defect has been corrected)

What is the waterfall model?

The waterfall model is a sequential software development process, in which progress is seen as flowing
steadily downwards (like a waterfall) through the phases of Conception, Initiation, Analysis, Design
(validation), Construction, Testing and maintenance. Requirements, Design, Implementation, Verification
and maintenance.

What models are used in software development?

In software development process the following models are used: waterfall model, incremental
development model, rapid prototyping model, and spiral model
How should you learn about problems discovered in the field, and what should you learn from those
problems?
Answer: learn about the scenario in which the problem occurred. check your test plans/test design/test
cases for the scenarion1. You donot have that scenario. Its an escape. Analyze the scenario where you
slipped and make amendments in future releases /versions2. You have it. Did not cover because of
lack of time or resources [hardware /software/others] ...Not your fault. Report to Manager he will take
care of it.

Verification and Validation

Verification is a process to ensure that software is made according to the criteria and specification
described in the requirement document.
Validation involves actual testing to verify that system meets the customer requirements.

Defect Prevention
To identify the bug as soon as possible and avoid multiplying of defects in the software.

Fixing of Bugs
In the first phase of SDLC (i.e requirement gathering) the cost of fixing the bugs is less but in the last
phase of SDLC (i.e. release and maintenance) the cost fixing the bug is more.

New Requirement
First thing is to update the requirement traceability matrix and find out the affected area. Write test cases,
if it’s affecting other modules, pass the information to other tester’s who is working on that particular
module. Also update the integration test cases

Describe the project scenario How to generate test cases?

1. First identify the specific requirement document
2. Identify the specific features
3. For each features, write test cases

What stage Testers start in the project?

Testing starts with the initiation of the project. In the initial level document verification is done and
documents are checked as per the requirements. Then detailed designed is done and further they are
checked as per the functional requirements. At the time of development, validation starts and its continue
until the project delivery.

What is Agile Methodology?

An interactive and incremental approach to software development, where requirements and solutions
envelope through collaboration between self-organizing, cross-functional teams.
Agile testing is a software testing practice using agile methodologies.
Agile testing requires testing early and often as code becomes available and stable enough from unit level
testing.

What is Boundary condition Testing?

Boundary value testing is a technique to find whether the application is accepting the expected range of
values an rejecting the values falls out of range.
In Boundary condition testing, you select test data in which values lie along data extremes. Boundary
values usually contain maximum, minimum, and just inside outside boundaries. If selected test case work
correctly for these special cases, then they will probably work correctly for all other values.

What is the difference between Load, Volume and stress testing?

Volume testing: Testing where the system is subjected to large volumes of data. Testing which confirms
that any values that may become large over time (such as accumulated counts, logs, and data files), can be
accommodated by the program and will not cause the program to stop working or degrade its operation in
any manner.

Stress testing: Testing conducted to evaluate a system or component at or beyond the limits of its
specified requirements. [IEEE] Stress testing is a form of testing which is used to determine the stability
of a given system or entity. It involves testing beyond normal operational capacity, often to a breaking
point, in order to observe the results.

Load Testing
Testing the load-bearing ability of a system. For example, verifying that the system can handle the
required number of users per time period.

What are the severity levels?

1. Fatal error:(e.g.: Suppose u will open a IE Browser then browser cannot be opened, The page cannot be
displayed), it is also called as Show Stopper Errors or 500 Internal servers problem.
2. Major error:(On the above example, the page can be opened, but the contents cannot be displayed)
3. Minor error: Cosmetic errors such as spell check, alignment problem, and etc.
4. Suggestion: At Last How the tester can contact to the developer in a polite way.

What is test case?

Test case is particular set of steps and data along with anticipated results for a specific test objective.
Ideally test case should only check one limited subset of a feature or functionality.

What is test strategy?

The test strategy is defined set of methods and objectives that direct test design and execution. The test
strategy describes the overall testing approach for the testing of application under test including stages of
testing, completion criteria, and general testing techniques.

What is test plan?

Test plan is a management planning document describing the scope, approach, resources, and schedule of
intended testing activities. Test plan identifies test items, the features to be tested, the testing tasks, who
will do each task, and any risks requiring contingency planning.

SDLC
Requirement Analysis, Designing, Coding, Testing, Release and Maintenance

STLC
System study, Test planning, Writing test cases or scripts, Review the test cases, execution the test cases,
Bug Tracking and Reporting

What do Business Analyst and Developers expect them from the testers?
Business Analyst expects testers to verify that all requirements have been satisfied by the application
under test. They also expect testers to provide feedback if there are inaccurate or incomplete or missing
requirements.
Developers expect testers to discover and report defects in a manner that enables them to fix them
efficiently and effectively.

Testing Sequence
Smoke testing will take the priority over sanity testing. Mostly smoke testing is done by developers to
verity code is good to take the build.
Sanity testing is performed by the tester to verity if the basic functionality is working correctly.
Traceability Matrix
It is a document that’s map the test cases to the requirements.

XML
Extensible Markup Language is designed to transport and store data.
1. In XML testing we check for proper schema for the XML.
2. XML validate the tag values as per specifications.
3. It’s basically static test we do on a static XML files such as Config properties files

SOAP
SOAP is simple XML bases protocol to let applications to exchange information over HTTP, running
different operation systems, different technologies and languages.
SOAP is a protocol specification for exchanging structured information in the implementation of Web in
computer networks.
Basically all web services request and responses comes under this category i.e., uses SOAP.
Begin a tester; we could only see XML request and response even through web services use SOAP
protocol.
1. In XML testing, we check for proper schema of the XML,
In SOAP testing, we do schema test for response that we get from web services.

2. XML testing validates the tag values as per specification

SOAP testing validate the tag values as per specification and you an additional validation and
check it in Database if you have access.

3. Static test on static XML files such as Config properties files

SOAP testing, its dynamic test our response will be based on request that we pass

How to know whether database is updated?

1) Validate data exists in the proper table
2) Validate the date time associated with the record is proper
3) Validate the data type is appropriate for its functionality
4) Validate the constraint is applied on the data
5) Validate the update properly triggers on event if applicable

What are major activities in Database testing?

The major activities in database testing includes
1. Checking the Data Validity
2. Checking the Data Integrity
3. Data Manipulation and updates
4. Checking the performance related to database
5. Checking the security aspects

What's the difference between a primary key and a unique key?

Both primaries key and unique enforce uniqueness of the column on which
they are defined. But by default primary key creates a clustered index
on the column, where are unique creates a no clustered index by
default. Another major difference is that, primary key doesn't allow
NULLs, but unique key allows one NULL only.

What's the difference between DELETE TABLE and TRUNCATE TABLE commands?
DELETE TABLE is a logged operation, so the deletion of each row gets logged in the transaction log,
which makes it slow. TRUNCATE TABLE also deletes all the rows in a table, but it won't log the
deletion of each row, instead it logs the deallocation of the data pages of the table, which makes it faster.
Of course, TRUNCATE TABLE can be rolled
back.

What are constraints? Explain different types of constraints.

Constraints allow you to apply simple referential integrity of the database automatically, without needing
you to create triggers, rule or defaults.
Types of constraints: NOT NULL, CHECK, UNIQUE, PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY

What is the difference between a “Where” clause and “having” clause.

“Where” is a kind of restriction statement? You use where clause to restrict all the data from DB.
“Where” clause is use before result retrieving. But “Having” clause is use after retrieving the data.
“Having” clause is a kind of filtering command.

What is Risk Analysis?

Risk analysis is the process of identify risk associated with the project and prioritize them in importance.
Change in requirement, Schedule risk, Technology risk, Resource risk, support risk

Non-Functional requirements
Non-Functional requirements are Performance, Reliability, Security, Recover, Data Integrity, usability

Where is the minimum requirement to start testing?

Baseline document, test cases/test script, stable application, minimum hardware/software requirement

What are Entry and Exit criteria in software testing?

The entry is the process that must be present when a system begins
SRS, System Requirement Specifications
FRS, Functional Requirement Specifications
Use Cases
Test Case
Test Plan

The exit criteria ensures whether testing is completed and applications is ready for release, like
Test summary report
Metrics
Defect Analysis Report

USECASE
Use Case diagram is an overview graphical representation of the functionality in a system.

What is Web application testing? Explain the difference phases in web application testing?
Web application testing is done on a website to check its load, performance, security, Functionality,
Interface, Compatibility and other usability related issues.
In web application testing, three phases of testing is done, they are
Web Tier Testing: the browser compatibility, security, usability, Performance
Middle Tier Testing: Functionality and Security, Performance
Database Tier Testing: the database integrity and the contents of the database tested and verified

What is Traceability Matrix?

Traceability Matrix is a document used for tracking the requirement, test cases and the defects. This
document consists of requirement/baseline document, ref no, Test case/conditions, defects/bugs id.

What is defect leakage?

Defect leakage occurs at the customer or the end user side after the application delivery. After the release
of the application to the client, if the end user gets any type of defects by using that application then it is
called as defect leakage. This defect leakage is also called as Bug Leakage.

What are the contents in Bug Report?

Project, Subject, Description, Summary, defected by (Name of the tester), Assigned to (Name of the
developer), Detected in Version, Closed in version, date defected, expected date of closure, actual date of
closure, Priority (Medium, High, low), Severity (Range from 1 to 5), Status (bug id), Attachment, Test
case failed.

Explain Test Bed

Test bed is an execution environment configured for software testing. It consists of specific hardware,
network topology, operating system, configuration of the product to be under test, system software and
other applications.
The test plan for a project should be developed from the test beds to be used.

How do you decide when to stop testing?

Deadlines (release deadlines, testing deadlines, etc)
Test cases completed with certain percentage passed
Test budget depleted
Coverage of code/functionality/requirements reaches a specific point
Bug rate falls to a certain level
Beta or Alpha testing period ends

Regression Testing
This is testing the whole application after the fixes and modifications. This is done at the end of the
software development life cycle. Most automated testing tools are used for this type of testing.

What are the common problems in the software development process?

Inadequate Requirements, unrealistic schedule, insufficient testing, changing requirements,
miscommunication

Automation Testing Benefits

Fast, Reliable, Repeatable, Programmable, Comprehensive, Reusable

WATERFALL MODEL for software development

It is a sequential software development model where development process goes through a number of
phases in a certain order.

What is main difference between Testing Techiques and Testing

Methodology?
Testing methodology is nothing but the method your using in your company for
eg: waterfall method or V model or spiral model etc.Testing techniques is like
black box, white box etc

what is mean by exactly the difference between the testcase and

usecase?
An usecase are prepared from BRS (Business requirement specifications). This will be in
document form only which can be understand by the team. It describe about how the
software should when the end user uses. It is prepared by business analyst or QA Lead.
where as testcases are written by tester using SRS (System requirement specifications).
Testcase are used for testing the functionality or behavior of the application
what is traceability matrix?
Traceability matrix is nothing but mapping User requirements to Test cases.This ensures
that u have written enough test cases covering all the functionalities

what is the Testing Process in your organization

1. According to my company BA (Business Analyst) and PM (Porject Manager) will get the
Requirements initially from the client these requirements can be named as BRS(business
requirement specification).
2. then PM (Project Manager) and Qualty Analyser will prepare the software Requirement
Specification(srs)ie., the flow of the functionality of the application, then SRS will be send to
concerned TL (ie both development and testing)
3. Then Testing TL will Prepare TestPlan based on SRS
4. Then Test engineer will be part of testing of preparing
the testcases based on usecases prepared by development Team
5. Then after Build Deployed TE has to Execute the Testcases.
6. Bugs Found should be raised.