Chemical Kinetics

Report by: Alaina Heberling, Reese Sayers, and

Brianna Nelson
Professor Medina
Report Due: April 23, 2019
Introduction/Purpose
The purpose of the following lab is to measure the effects of changes in concentration
and temperature on the rate of a reaction and to determine energy of activation. Activation
Energy is the minimum energy needed for reaction; the height of the energy barrier to formation
of products. To put it simply, it is ​the minimum energy required to start a chemical reaction. All
chemical reactions proceed and occur at different rates. Some factors that affect reaction rates
are: temperature of the reaction, concentration of the reactants, surface area of reactants, pressure
(gas reactions only), and catalysts. In this lab, the dissolved starch used is an indicator for iodine,
which forms a deep purple blue color when the I​2​ concentration begins to build up. What
happens after this is a solution is prepared containing known concentrations of I​-​, S​2​O​3​-2​, H​+​,and
some starch. Then, a known concentration of ​H​2​O​2​ is stirred in rapidly and the time is then noted.
The ​H​2​O​2​ oxidizes to ​I-​​ to I​2​, but the I​2 is
​ immediately reduced back to ​I-​​ by the thiosulfate. The
solution remains water clear. But then after awhile, the thiosulfate gets all used up. Then the I​2​ is
no longer removed, so the solution turns blue. This is when the time is noted. The reason the
glassware and the equipment has to be so clean and dry in this lab is because hydrogen peroxide
reacts with common substances, which will throw off results.

Materials and Equipment

- Distilled water
- Hydrogen peroxide
- Sodium thiosulfate
- Hydrochloric Acid
- Nitric Acid
- Acetic Acid
- Aqueous Ammonia
- Potassium Iodide
- Graduated cylinders
- Starch
- Timer
- Iodine
- Thermometer
-
Procedure
When beginning the experiment, be careful not to waste the distilled water, it is a special
strain. The equipment should be extremely clean, because hydrogen peroxide reacts with many
common substances. When washing the glassware, detergent and a brush should be used, rinsed
off with tap water, then once more with distilled water. Shake out the excess water, but do not
dry them. Be sure to record the exact values on the bottle of the sodium thiosulfate (0.02 M) and
hydrogen peroxide (0.1 M).
Secure the indicated amounts of the following solutions from the side shelf stock bottles.
Since the Kl, Na​2​S​2​O​3 ​,and H​2​O solutions are of exactly known concentrations, the containers
used for them must be rinsed with small portions of solution before one adds the supply. For
each solution there is a graduation cylinder to be used in measuring out the amount to be
transferred to the clean labeled container.
Six kinetic runs using solutions made up will then be done, with each solution having a
total volume of 500 mL. Be sure not to add until completely ready to begin timing/recording the
exact values on the bottle.
In a clean 600 mL beaker mix the components of solution A in the order indicated expect
for the hydrogen peroxide. Use your burette for measuring the Kl and the Na​2​S​2​O​3 ​solutions.
Remember the usual procedure to avoid changing the concentrations of a solution when it is
added to a wet vessel. One student should record the time to the nearest second as the other
students adds the H​2​O. It is suggested you perform this step as the second hand sweeps across the
12 on your watch. While stirring the solutions, the second student should pour the 25 mL of H​2​O
in rapidly (use a 25 mL graduated cylinder). Continue to stir the solution thoroughly for another
10-15 seconds. Note the temperature of the solution. It will be necessary for one student to keep
an eye on this solution so as not to miss the precise second that the color changes. However, this
may take quite some time (time varies from 10 to 30 minutes depending on the purity of the
distilled water). Hence it is advisable that you proceed with other runs while waiting for solution
A to finish.
When the solution changes color, record the time to the nearest second in your laboratory
notebooks (both partners). Discard the solution; clean the beaker and graduated cylinder by
thoroughly rinsing, first with tap water, then twice with small amounts of distilled water. Shake
out excess water. DO NOT dry with a towel.
Make the runs using the next four solutions, B-E, in a similar manner. It is important that
the temperatures of all the solutions A-E should be the same. If necessary, adjust the temperature
of each succeeding solution to within 0.5℃ of that of the first solution before adding the
peroxide. The temperature should be around room temperature (18-25℃). Note that solution E
requires you to use your 100 mL graduated cylinder for quick addition of H​2​O​2​.
For run F mix together the chemicals for solutions F in the usual way in your 600 mL
beaker. Now heat the beaker containing solution F gently to obtain 8-10 higher than that of
solutions A-E. When all is ready, add H​2​O​2​ (at room temperature), mix the solution and promptly
take the temperature reading. Record the time necessary for a color change to occur.
Calculations
1.) 2I​- ​+ H​2​O​2​ + 2H​+​ → I​2​ + 2H​2​O​2
2.) 2S​2​O​3​2-​ + I​2​ → 2I​-​ + S​4​O​6​2-
3.) Starch + I​2​ → starch iodine complex (blue color)

Number of moles Na​2​S​2​O​3​ added

= (0.02 mol/L)(0.025 L)
= 5E-4 moles Na​2​S​2​O​3

Number of moles H​2​O​2 used

​ up
= 0.0005 moles/2
= 2.5E-4 moles H​2​O​2

From Reaction = 2 moles Na​2​S​2​O​3​: 1 mole H​2​O​2

Δ[H​2​O​2​] = 2.5E-4 moles/ 0.5 L

= 5E-4 M

Rates of Reaction:

Rate A = (5E-4 M/ 1,980s)

= 2.53E-7 M/s
Rate B = (5E-4 M/ 1,294s)
= 3.86E-6 M/s
Rate C = (5E-4 M/ 876s)
= 5.71E-7 M/s
Rate D = (5E-4 M/ 521s)
= 9.6E-7 M/s
Rate E = (5E-4 M/ 332s)
= 1.506E-6 M/s
Rate F = (5E-4 M/ 223s)
= 2.242E-6 M/s
Log of Rates:

Rate A = log​10​(2.53E-7)
= -6.597
Rate B = log​10​(3.86E-7)
= -6.413
Rate C = log​10​(5.71E-7)
= -6.243
Rate D = log​10​(9.6E-7)
= -6.018
Rate E = log​10​(1.506E-6)
= -5.822
Rate F = log​10​(2.242E-6)
= -5.649

Concentrations of KI:

A = (8 ml KI x 0.300 M)/ 500 ml

= 4.8 E-3 M
B = (15 ml KI x 0.300 M)/ 500 ml
= 9.0 E-3 M
C = (25 ml KI x 0.300 M)/ 500 ml
= 1.5 E-2 M
D = (25 ml KI x 0.300 M)/ 500 ml
= 1.5 E-2 M
E = (25 ml KI x 0.300 M)/ 500 ml
= 1.5 E-2 M
F = (25 ml KI x 0.300 M)/ 500 ml
= 1.5 E-2 M

Concentrations of H​2​O​2​:

A = (25 ml x 0.1 M)/ 500 ml

= 5.0E-3 M
B = (25 ml x 0.1 M)/ 500 ml
= 5.0E-3 M
C = (25 ml x 0.1 M)/ 500 ml
= 5.0E-3 M
D = (50 ml x 0.1 M)/ 500 ml
 = 1.0E-3 M
E = (100 ml x 0.1 M)/ 500 ml
= 2.0E-2 M
F = (50 ml x 0.1 M)/ 500 ml
= 1.0E-3 M
-log[KI]:

A = -log(4.8E-3)
= 2.3
B = -log(9.0E-3)
= 2.0
C = -log(1.5E-2)
= 1.8

-log[H2O2]:

C = -log(5.0E-3)
= 2.3
D = -log(1.0E-3)
=3
E = -log(2.0E-2)
1.7

Order S:
-log(KI) -log(rate)

A 2.3 6.597

B 2.0 6.413

C 1.8 6.243
s= 0.701
Order R:
-log(H2O2) -log(rate)

C 2.3 6.243

D 3 6.018

E 1.7 5.822
r= 0.138
Calculation of Rate Constant K

k= rate/(H​2​O​2​)​r​(I​-​)​s

k​A = 2.53E-7/(5.0E-3)​0.138​(4.8E-3)​ 0.701

= 1.2E-8

k​B = 3.86E-7/(5.0E-3)​0.138​(9.0E-3)​0.701
= 3.0E-8

k​C = 5.71E-7/(5.0E-3)​0.138​(1.5E-2)​0.701
= 6.2E-8

k​D = 9.6E-7/(1.0E-3)​0.138​(1.5E-2)​0.701
= 1.31E-7

k​E = 1.506E-6/(2.0E-2)​0.138​(1.5E-2)​0.701
= 1.36E-7

K​f = 2.242E-6/(1.0E-3)​0.138​(1.5E-2)​0.701
= 3.06E-7

k​1 = (k​A​+k​B​+k​C​+k​D​+K​E​)/5
= (1.2E-8 + 3.0E-8 + 6.2E-8 + 1.31E-7 + 1.36E-7)/5
= 7.4E-8

k​2 = 3.06E-7

Energy of Activation

Eaq = (2.303 x 8.314 joule/kmole x T​1​ x T​2​/T​1​-T​2​) x log(K​1​/K​2​)

= (2.303 x 8.314 joule/kmole x 295.5 K x 302.7 K/295.5 K - 302.7 K) x
log(7.4E-8/3.06E-7)
= -146644.98 J/mol
= -146.64 kJ/mol
 Table 1

Ti (S) Tf (S) T (S)

A 0 1,980 33

B 43 1,537 1.,294

C 53 929 876

D 49 570 521

E 109 441 332

F 0 223 223

Table 2

Na​2​S​2​O​3​ (M) KI (M) H​2​O​2​ (M)

A 25 4.8 E-3 M 5.0E-3 M

B 25 9.0 E-3 M 5.0E-3 M

C 25 1.5 E-2 M 5.0E-3 M

D 25 1.5 E-2 M 1.0E-3 M

E 25 1.5 E-2 M 2.0E-2 M

F 25 1.5 E-2 M 1.0E-3 M

Table 3

Base (M/s) -Log Rate [KI] -Log[KI]

A 2.53E-7 -4.820 4.8E-3 2.3

B 3.86E-6 -6.413 9.0E-3 2.0

C 5.71E-7 -6.243 1.5E-2 1.8

D 9.6E-7 -6.018 1.5E-2 1.8

E 1.506E-6 -5.822 1.5E-2 1.8

F 2.242E-6 -5.649 1.5E-2 1.8

Conclusion
To demonstrate the chemical kinetics properties of rate laws, several small reactions were
performed. The amount of time each reaction took to take place, measured in seconds, and the
known concentrations of Na​2​S​2​O​3 and
​ H​2​O​2​ were used to determine the rate of each reaction. The
log of the rates and the concentrations were then calculated, and the negative log the rates and
concentrations were used to make a rate order. These values allowed for the rate constant to be
evaluated from a graph of the negative log of rate against the negative log of (KI) and the
negative log of rate versus the negative log (H​2​O​2​). The slopes of the lines in these graphs were
then used to calculate the rate constant for each individual reaction, and the average of reactions
A-E. The activation energy was also calculated using the collected data.
The purpose of the lab in measuring the effects of changes in concentration and
temperature on the rate of a reaction to determine energy of activation was achieved. Errors may
be present in both experimentation, and calculation. There could have been contamination that
may have caused errors in experimentation. This experiment could possibly be improved by
controlling environmental factors such as contamination and temperature. The techniques, and
calculations used in this lab could be used in the future to calculate the rates and energy of
activation of other chemical reactions.