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Syllabus for English 103 (Advanced Grammar)

I Description of the Course:


This course is an advanced study of the English grammar which is intended to intensify,
reinforce and broaden the oral and written skills of college students. Grammar usage is presented
in the first half emphasizing sentence structures and patterns. Numerous writing exercises allow
students to practice grammar concepts in a practical content. Paragraph development and
composition writing are covered in the second half, where topics are introduced with precise
explanations.

II Objectives:
At the end of the semester, students taking this course are expected to be able to:

1. Communicate effectively in oral and in written English through effective sentences and
sentence structures and patterns.
2. Do different types of writing.
3. Enhance skills in paragraph development and composition writing.

III Course Outline:

UNIT I- Different types of Paragraphs


There are six types of paragraphs and essays. Through them, we can accurately express our ideas
in the correct context. Each type has a specific purpose and format, so it is important to know
which you need to use.

A. Narration
According to Grow G. (1999), narration is a sequential presentation of the events that add
up to the story (though sometimes uses flashbacks). A narrative differs from a mere
listing of events. This type of paragraph describes one primary topic and narrates or tells
a specific story. Narration involves one main happening, event, adventure, scene etc. It
usually contains characters, a setting, a conflict, and a resolution. Time and place and
person are normally established. This narrative serves as the opening anecdote that
illustrates the topic of the story. Specific details always help a story, but so thus
interpretative language. You don’t just lay the words on the page; you point them in the
direction of a story.
Tips:
1. To tell the story, go chronologically, from start to finish. A sequential presentation of the
events adds up to a story.
2. Start with a topic sentence that grabs the reader's attention.
3. A narrative paragraph provides lots of detail but stays on topic so use plenty of
interesting details.

 Example of how to start your narrative paragraph with a strong topic sentence and
beginning:
"This past weekend I had the time of my life since I had my best friend over. We
made a delicious, mouth-watering pizza for dinner, after which we had a friendly video
game competition."

4. Use transition words to move from event to event.


"On Saturday, my dad took us out on the boat. The weather was perfect and the water
was warm. It was a great day to go for a swim. Later that night, we went to the movies.
We saw an action-packed thriller and ate a lot of popcorn. Finally, on Sunday, we rode
our bikes all over town. By the end of the day, my legs were very tired. I only hope that
next weekend can be as fun as this one."
5. This paragraph keeps everything in order and gives lots of detail about one thing: the
weekend.

B. Description
Horowitz K. (2015) stated that description creates a clear and vivid impression of the
topic. Description translates your experience of a person, place, or thing into words, often
by appealing to the physical senses. It is not what you saw, but what readers need to see
in order to imagine the scene, person, object, etc. Description requires you to record a
series of detailed observations.
Tips:
1. Be specifically careful to make real observations. The success of the description lies in
the difference between what a reader can imagine and what you actually saw and
recorded; form the gap arises a spark of engagement.
2. Use sensory language. Go light on adjectives and adverbs. Look for ways to describe
action. Pay special attention to the sound and rhythm of words; these when you can.

C. Expository
Expository paragraph are used as a component of other types of writing. It’s written in
order to clarify or explain problems and phenomena. Exposition is a paragraph also
happens to serve as the justifier or "nut graf" for the little article: the paragraph that, after
an indirect opening, specifies the topic of the article, why it is important, and what is to
come. Three parts of an Expository Paragraph are: 1. topic sentence, 2. supporting
sentences in a logical sequence, 3. concluding sentence. Writing exposition paragraphs
requires strict focus on evidence and objective language. It can contain elements of
comparison and contrast, or cause and effect writing as both facilitate accurate exposition
of the subject-matter. Exposition can be an incidental part of a description or a narration,
or it can be the heart of an article. Aside from clarity, the key problem with exposition is
credibility. What makes your explanation believable? Normally, writers solve this
problem by citing authorities who have good credentials and good reason to be experts in
the subject.
Tips:
1. When writing this type of paragraph, you provide information.
2. You write it in a logical sequence so your reader can follow the ideas.

D. Argument or Persuasion
This paragraph is but a small example of the kind of writing used widely in editorials and
columns, and it uses a direct, exhortatory approach: Believe Me and Do It! This
persuasive paragraph also serves as the ending to this little article and brings a sense of
closure in the form of, OK, now get up and act! To persuade people to change their minds
or take an action, more is needed than your opinion or sense of conviction.
Tips:
1. Remember: Readers are interested in only one opinion--their own. If you can help them
formulate and deepen that opinion, they will be glad they read your article.
2. You need to supply them with the information, analysis, and context they need to form
their own opinions, make their own judgments, and take action.

E. Comparison and Contrast


In Horowitz (2015), compare & contrast paragraphs show similarities and differences
among people, ideas, situations, or items. They are used to explain two subjects and help
you decide between two options. They:
1. Uses subjects that have enough in common to be compared/contrasted.
2. Serves a purpose- either to help readers make a decision or understand subjects.
3. Presents several important, parallel points of comparison/contrast.
4. Arranges points in a logical organization.
Tips:
1. Before writing a comparison, draw up a chart and fill it in, to make certain you have all
the elements necessary to write a comparison.
2. If you do not make such a chart, there is a chance you will have loop- holes in your
comparison.
3. Devise a system of presenting comparisons.
4. Above all tell at the beginning about that system.

F. Analogy
Analogy explains how something works, step by step. Perhaps follow a sequence—first,
second, third. Writing about a process is a rhetorical strategy that reports a sequence of
actions by which something is done or made. Processes usually proceeds
chronologically—first do this, then do that.
Tips:
1. In describing how a process happens or how to perform a series of actions, always
think of your readers: can they follow this?
2. Analyze the process into a series of steps. Put the steps into sequence.
3. Then isolate the steps: number them or give a logical sequence
4. Use illustrations keyed to the steps when appropriate: people can often read diagrams
better than they can read lists of steps
5. Always ask an outsider to read your process analysis to see if it can be followed.
Once you are close to a subject, it is difficult to know when you have left something
out.

Bibliography
Soriano C. (2014), Sample Paragraphs and Essay (Methods and of Paragraph Development),
http://www.slideshare.net/ichbincharliez/sample-paragraphs-and-essay-methods-of-paragraph, p.
1-23

Villanueva B. (2013), Paragraph Development by Analogy,


http://www.slideshare.net/heyitsmebianca/paragraph-development-by- analogy, p. 1-8

Horowitz K. (2015), Paragraph and Essay Types, http://www.docfoc.com/paragraph-essay-types-


eng-114-prof-k-horowitz, p.1-33

Grow G. (1999), Modes, http://www.write.armstrong.edu/handouts/Modes.pdf, p. 1-4

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