LABORATORY REPORT OF

INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL LAB

DEPARTMENT OF POLYMER AND PROCESS ENGINEERING

6th Semester

Submitted to: Submitted by: Group#7

Dr. Umar Mahmood/
Miss Samrina Muhammad Hamza Arshad 2016-PE-29
Usama Islam 2016-PE-32
Kaleem-Ullah 2016-PE-35
Muhammad Tahir Maqsood 2016-PE-37
Amir Nawaz 2016-PE-50
Asher Iqbal 2015/16 r-PE-23

University of Engineering and Technology Lahore

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Table of Contents:
Objective ......................................................................................................................................... 3
Introduction: .................................................................................................................................... 3
Operational Configuration: ............................................................................................................. 4
Working Principle ........................................................................................................................... 4
Instrumentation overview: .............................................................................................................. 5
Difference between reservoir and sump tank: ................................................................................ 7
Control Loops: ................................................................................................................................ 8
References: ...................................................................................................................................... 9
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Experiment Title: TEMPERATURE CONTROL APPARTAUS

Objective:
The main objective is to identify the major components of the temperature control apparatus
system.

Figure 1: Temperature Control Apparatus

Introduction:
Temperature control apparatus is used water as the process fluid. It allows us to manually control
the outlet temperature of process fluid by controlling the hot and cold-water flow rates.
Temperature controllers are needed in any situation requiring a given temperature be kept stable.
This can be in a situation where an object is required to be heated, cooled or both and to remain at
the target temperature (set point), regardless of the changing environment around it.
The equipment consists of a closed circuit primary hot water system (the heating fluid) supplying
heat to a secondary water system (the process fluid) fed from the mains. A plate type heat
exchanger transfers heat from the primary to secondary system. The primary source of hot water
is a 70-liter sump tank fitted with two 3 kW immersion heaters controlled by thermostats. Water
is pumped from the tank through the valve and flow meter system, hence through the heat
exchanger and back to the sump tank for re-heating. Two flowmeters of the rotameter type are
fitted in the primary hot water system for monitoring the hot water flow.
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Figure 2. Schematic of temperature control apparatus

Operational Configuration:
Three configurations of primary hot water flow are possible:
Automatically:
All the hot-water flow directed through the pneumatically operated control valve (VC) and heat
exchanger.
Manually:
All the hot-water flow directed through the manually operated valve (V2) and heat exchanger.
Semi-manually:
Part of the flow directed through the manually operated valve (V2) and heat exchanger, the rest
by-passing the heat exchanger and via the control valve (VC).

Working Principle:
A controller in a temperature control system will accept a temperature sensor such as a
thermocouple or RTD as input and compare the actual temperature to the desired control
temperature or set point. It will then provide an output to a control element.
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Instrumentation overview:
Temperature control apparatus usually consists of
1. Flowmeters
2. Heat exchangers
3. Pumps
4. Thermometers
5. Valves

1. Flowmeter:
A flow meter is a device used to measure the flow rate or quantity of a gas or liquid moving through
a pipe. Flowmeters are used in fluid systems (liquid and gas) to indicate the rate of flow of the
fluid. They can also control the rate of flow if they are equipped with a flow control valve.
Rotameter:
The type of flow meter used in this apparatus is rotameter. These flow meters are most widely used
type and are variable area flowmeter. The flow rate is measured by observing the action of a float,
falling and rising in a tapered tube. The flow meters are also called as gravity type flow meters as
they work on the principle of opposition of upward force of flowing fluid and downward force of
gravity. The float stays in one position when the flow is constant and is related to volumetric flow
rate. Position of the float is indicated on graduated scale. This balancing act requires a vertical
measuring tube to keep the full force of gravity effect.

Figure 3. Variable area flow meter

2. Heat exchangers
Heat exchanger is a device used to transfer heat between a solid object and a fluid, or between two
or more fluids. The fluids may be separated by a solid wall to prevent mixing or they may be in
direct contact. In our case plate type heat exchanger is used.
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Plate type heat exchanger:

This is the type of heat exchanger that uses metal plates for heat transfer. It has major advantage
in that the fluids are exposed to much larger surface area hence spreading out over the plates. This
advantage facilitates the heat transfer phenomena and the speed of change in temperature increases
greatly. Plates producing extremely large surface area allow fastest possible transfer. Each
chamber is made thin which ensures the maximum contact of liquid with plate. The troughs are
also created that maintain a turbulent flow in fluid to maximize the heat transfer phenomena in the
exchanger. A high degree of turbulence obtained at low flow rates can cause a high heat transfer
coefficient to be achieved.

Figure 4: Plate heat exchanger

3. Pumps:
A pump is a machine which imparts energy to anything flowing through it. This can be any fluid,
heat or even electrons. The devices pumping heat are called as heat pumps and electrical batteries
can pump electrons. The spontaneous tendency of anything is to flow from high potential to low
potential and this natural tendency is harnessed in many applications. But the pump does exactly
the reverse; it forces something to move from low potential to high potential. For this purpose,
pumps use energy and by their functioning transfer that energy to the substance flowing through
them.
Centrifugal pumps:
This type of pump is one of the most common in use today. Like other pump designs, it uses an
impeller, which is a rotating blade to generate suction which then moves fluid through pipes. The
rotating impeller creates what is known as centrifugal force, giving this pump design its name. The
pump can be driven by an electric motor or engine.
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Fig. 4 Schematic of centrifugal pump

4. Valves:
A valve is a device that regulates, directs or controls the flow of a fluid (gases, liquids, fluidized
solids, or slurries) by opening, closing, or partially obstructing various passageways. Valves are
technically fittings but are usually discussed as a separate category. Here manual and pneumatic
valves are used.

Difference between reservoir and sump tank:

RESERVOIR
• It is a storage space for fluids. These fluids
may be water, hydrocarbons or gas.
• A reservoir usually an enlarged natural or
artificial lake or storage pond created using a
dam or lock to store water.
• Tank reservoirs in storage tanks may be
elevated, at grade level, or buried.
SUMP TANK
• A sump is a low space that collects often
undesirable liquids such as water or
chemicals.
• An infiltration basin used to manage runoff
water and recharge underground aquifers.
• It also refers to an area in a cave where an
underground flow of water exits the cave
into the earth.

Sometimes we use heater in reservoir. Why?

When fluid exposed to cooler temperatures, reservoirs storing hydraulic fluid often need to be
heated. Cool hydraulic fluid can suffer from poor flow rates resulting in sluggish performance. To
ensure easy flow heaters are used to maintain the fluid desired temperature.
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Control Loops:
Feed Forward Control with Feed Backward Compensation:

Manipulated variables: Heating fluid’s flow rate.

Controlled variable: Temperature of process fluid
Actuator: Valve
Set point: Temperature for process fluid.

Feed backward:
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Feed forward:

References:
1. https://www.maxmachinery.com/what-flow-meter
2. https://www.sensorsmag.com/components/basics-rotameters
3. https://www.platetypeheatexchanger.com/plate-type-heat-exchanger-working-principle.htm
4. www.engr.colostate.edu