Manual Guia PDF

PETROLEUM EXPERTS
TRAINING COURSE NOTES
INTEGRATED PRODUCTION MODELLING
An Introduction to
PROSPER, MBAL & GAP
Tel : (44 131) 474 7030 - Fax: (44 131) 474 7031 - edinburgh@petex.com
Registered Office: Spectrum House, 2 Powderhall Road, Edinburgh, EH7 4GB
Registered in Scotland no 126553
Petroleum Experts Ltd
Integrated Field Development Analysis

Optimisation and Forecasting
Overall Objectives:
• Developing skills of the programs
• Basic understanding of the physics
Day 1
Introduction to integrated production system and overall approach
Introduction to PROSPER
Pressure loss in wellbore
Importance of PVT
VLP correlations theory
Building a wellbore model, Matching PVT and flow correlations, and
generation of lift curves for output to GAP or simulator.
Day 2
Inflow performance models
Gas lift design
Use of Quick-look for gas lift
Day 3
Introduction to MBAL
Running and matching prediction, importing VLP's and IPR's from prosper
Introduction to Multi-PVT MBAL
Day 4
Introduction to gap
Building surface network model- linking PROSPER well models
Linking PROSPER, MBAL and GAP for full field optimisation and forecasting
Day 5
Workshop- full field development example
Petroleum Experts Limited, Spectrum House, 2 Powderhall Road, Edinburgh, Scotland EH7 4GB.
Tel (44 131) 474 7030; Fax (44 131) 474 7031; email: edinburgh@petex.com
Houston: Tel (1 281) 531 1121; Fax (1 281) 531 0810; email: houston@petex.com
1
1. The Concept of IPM
2
1. - The Concept of IPM
In its simplest form a production system can be visualised as shown in the sketch
below.
Integrated Production Modelling
FACILITIES
Tank RESERVOIR
•End product is at the tank level

•Start is at reservoir level
• For a given reservoir how much of oil/gas we recover at tank level

depends on the facilities that connect the two
• Thus any strategy designed to maximise/ optimise oil/ gas recovery of the
field requires simultaneous modelling the reservoir, facilities and the tank
• Decision making process should be based on how these components

interact with each other.
3
2. The Petroleum Experts

Production Modelling Platform
4
2. - The Petroleum Experts Production Modelling
Platform
The Petroleum Experts toolkit is designed to build and study a complete integrated
model. It has the following tools that are used for different modelling aspects.
• GAP, General Allocation Program

• PROSPER, which is the single wellbore-modelling tool
• MBAL, the reservoir modelling tool
• PVTP, the fluid characterisation tool
The following sketch is drawn to explain how these tools interact with each other.
GAP
PROSPER
MBAL
PVTP is used to characterise the fluid pressure - volume temperature behaviour and
is used to construct models that will be used by other tools
GAP is the total system-modelling tool. It models the surface network internally. For,
modelling reservoirs it calls MBAL tool and uses it. For well modelling it calls
PROSPER and uses it.
5
3. Introduction and Scope of Work
6
3. - Introduction and Scope of Work

In the overall scheme that we will follow during this course we will build an integrated
model of a very simple field, with two-reservoir block being produced by one well.
Then we will model each component of the system, the wells, the reservoirs and the
gathering network in a sequential manner.
At each stage we will be adding more information that may be available to us and
see the value of the added information.
At the end, we should be capable to use the field scale integrated model, to study the
response of our total system.
We will start by drawing the simple system we want to model and then proceed in a
sequential manner. The system sketch is given in below.
Also, in order to keep track of what we will be doing it is better to use the following
directory structure.
Also, in order to keep track of what we will be doing it is better to save the exercises
in the following directory.
D:
Training
Simple GAP example
Save this GAP file as “training/simple.gap”
7
4. - Well Bore Modelling Exercises
8
Problem 1: System solution using PROSPER
Find the flowing BHP, flowing WHT and production rates for a given well head
pressure using PROSPER.
DATA FOR BUILDING A SINGLE WELL MODEL
BLACK OIL PVT DATA
Reservoir Fluid Water and Oil

Separator Single-Stage
Solution GOR 500.0 (SCF/STB)
Oil Gravity 39.00 (API)
Gas Gravity 0.7980 (sp. Gravity)
Water Salinity 100000 (ppm)
EQUIPMENT DATA
DEVIATION SURVEY
Measured Depth (feet) True Vertical Depth (feet)

0 0
1000.0 1000.0
2500.0 2405.0
6500.0 5322.0
15200.0 11500.0
Note: The zero depth of the deviation survey refers to the Kelly bushing table depth.
DOWNHOLE EQUIPMENT
Measured
Inside Roughness
Label Depth
Diameter (inches) (inches)
feet
Xmas Tree 0
Tubing 14500.0 3.96 0.0006
Casing 15200.0 6.00 0.0006
GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT
Measured depth Temperature

o
(feet) F
0 50
15200.0 250
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient 8 (BTU/h/ft2/F)

9
INFLOW PERFORMANCE DATA
Seventeen inflow options are available. The choice depends upon the available
information and the type of sensitivities that you wish to run
Method PI Entry
Reservoir Pressure 3844.0 psig

o
Reservoir Temperature 250.0 F
Water Cut 0 %
Total GOR 500.0 SCF/STB
Productivity Index 16.50 STB/day/psi
RESULT
Well Head Pressure 200 psig
Oil Rate STB/day
Flowing BH Pressure psig
Save this PROSPER file as “training/prob01.out”.
10
Problem 2: Flow line modelling within PROSPER
Find the flowing BHP, WHT, WHP and production rates for a given
manifold pressure using PROSPER.
Start with day1/Prob1.out file.
BLACK OIL PVT DATA
The PVT Data is similar to that of Problem1.
SURFACE EQUIPMENT SKETCH
* All depths in ft
PIPELINE DATA
Pipeline ID 4”
Ambient Temp. 50 F
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient 8.5
11
DEVIATION SURVEY FOR the Well Bore

0 0
1000.0 1000.0
2500.0 2405.0
6500.0 5322.0
15200.0 11500.0
Note: The zero depth of the deviation survey refers to the MSL /rig depth.
DOWNHOLE EQUIPMENT
Measured Inside
Roughness
Label Depth Diameter
(inches)
Feet (inches)
Xmas 115.0
Tree
Tubing 14500.0 3.96 0.0006
Casing 15200.0 6.00 0.0006
GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT

o
(feet) F
0 50
115.0 50
15200.0 250
PROSPER requires the user to enter the temperature at the well head
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient 1 to10 (BTU/h/ft2/F)
Method PI Entry

o
Water Cut 0 %
12
RESULT
Manifold Pressure 200 psig
Oil Rate STB/day

Flowing Well Head Pressure Psig
Flowing Well Head Temperature F
Flowing BH Pressure Psig
13
Problem 3: Review Exercise
“ This is a review exercise of how to build well bore models. The input data is
given below. There are two parts, one in which, the well is without a flow line
and other part has a flow line in it.”
BLACK OIL PVT DATA

Separator Single-Stage
Solution GOR 700.0 (SCF/STB)
Gas Gravity 0.80 (sp. Gravity)
EQUIPMENT DATA
DEVIATION SURVEY

0 0
100.0 100.0
2500.0 2000.0
6500.0 6000.0
15000.0 14000.0
Note: The zero depth of the deviation survey refers to the mean sea level depth.
DOWNHOLE EQUIPMENT
Measured
Inside Roughness
Label Depth
Diameter (inches) (inches)
Feet
Xmas Tree 100.0
Tubing 14000.0 3.96 0.0006
Casing 15000.0 6.00 0.0006
GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT

o
(feet) F
0 40
100 40
15000.0 200
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient 8.0 (BTU/h/ft2/F)
14
PIPELINE DATA
Pipeline ID 4”
Ambient Temp. 40 F
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient 8.5
Pipeline Sketch
Method PI Entry

o
Water Cut 20 %
RESULT
Oil Rate STB/day

15
Problem 4: Importance of correct PVT
You have PVT data measured from the laboratory. Build a PVT model in
PROSPER that reproduces the measured data. Use the matched PVT
model in PROSPER to find the flowing BHP, WHT, WHP and production
rates for problem2.
START WITH ‘training/prob02.out’ FILE
PVT MATCH DATA

The PVT calculation method is identical for all reservoir fluid types (i.e. oil and water, condensate or
gas). Your choice of fluid type affects the choice of IPR and VLP models as well as the range of
available sensitivity variables.
Temp. Pressure Bubble Gas Oil Oil FVF Oil

F Psig Point Ratio RB/STB Viscosity
(psig) (SCF/STB) cP
250 2200 2200 500 1.17 0.4
RESULT
Oil Rate STB/day

16
Problem 5: Effect of oil FVF on production
You have PVT data measured from the laboratory and the oil FVF is 1.32
instead of 1.17 as in problem4. Build a PVT model in PROSPER that
reproduces the measured data . Use this new calibrated PVT model to
find the changed BHP, WHT, WHP and production rates for problem4.
PVT MATCH DATA

(psig) (SCF/STB) cP
250 2200 2200 500 1.32 0.4
RESULT
Oil Rate STB/day

17
Problem 6: Flow correlation selection within PROSPER
“You have
i) PVT data measured from the laboratory.
ii) A well test with a down-hole gauge measurement
Build a PVT model that reproduces the measured data using PROSPER.
Use PROSPER to quality check your down-hole pressure data and then
select a pressure drop correlation based on it. Use this calibrated well
bore model to find the flowing BHP, WHT and production rates for
problem 1. Compare these with the results.”
PVT MATCH DATA

(psig) (SCF/STB) cP
250 2200 2200 500 1.32 0.4
WELL TEST DATA

Well head pressure 264 Psig
Well head temperature 128 F
Total GOR 460 SCF/STB
Free GOR 0 SCF/STB
Water Cut 20 %
Gauge Depth 14800 feet
Gauge Pressure 3382 Psig
Liquid Rate 6161 STB/day
RESULT
Vertical flow correlation selected : -----------
Tuning parameters
Parameter1 : -----------
Parameter2 : -----------
Overall Heat Transfer : -----------

Oil rate : -----------
Flowing BHP : -----------
Flowing WHT : -----------
Save this PROSPER file as “training/well1.out”.
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Problem 7: Well bore modelling review exercise
“You have
i) PVT data measured from the laboratory.
ii) A well test with a down-hole gauge measurement
iii) Description to down hole equipment configuration
Build a PROSPER well model. Then, build a PVT model that reproduces
the measured data using PROSPER. Use PROSPER to quality check
your down-hole pressure data and then select a pressure drop
correlation based on it. Use this calibrated well bore model to find the
flowing BHP, WHT and production rate when the well head pressure is
3000 psig.”
DATA FOR BUILDING A SINGLE WELL MODEL
PVT DATA

Separator Two-Stage
Separator GOR 2650 (SCF/STB)
Tank GOR 150 (SCF/STB)
Separator Gas Gravity 0.737
Tank Gas Gravity 1.35
Reservoir temperature 313 (degree F)
Bubble point pressure at 7785.3 (psig)
reservoir temperature
EQUIPMENT DATA
DEVIATION SURVEY

0 0
1856.96 1843.83
11358.30 8307.09
20544.60 12322.80
22385.20 12821.50
23845.10 13566.30
19
DOWNHOLE EQUIPMENT
Measured Inside
Roughness
Label Depth Diameter
(inches)
feet (inches)
Xmas 85.3
Tree
Tubing 1857 4.13 6e-5
SSSV 3.81
Tubing 11423.9 4.13 6e-5
Restriction 3.75
Tubing 20515.1 4.13 6e-5
Restriction 3.75
Tubing 20600.4 4.13 6e-5
Tubing 22319.6 3.18 6e-5
Casing 23218.5 3.81 6e-5
GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT

o
(feet) F
85.3 68
23218.5 313
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient 1 to10 (BTU/h/ft2/F)
Method Vogel

o
Water Cut 0 %
TEST DATA
Well head pressure 3235.3 Psig

Well head temperature 183.0 F
Total GOR 2800 SCF/STB
Free GOR 0 SCF/STB
Water Cut 0%
Gauge Depth 15251 feet
Gauge Pressure 5796.8 Psig
Liquid Rate 9274 STB/day
20
RESULT
Vertical flow correlation selected : ---------

Tuning parameters
Parameter1 : -----------
Parameter2 : -----------
Overall heat transfer coefficient : -----------
Oil rate when WHP = 3000 psig : -----------
Flowing BHP : -----------
Flowing WHT : -----------
Save this PROSPER file as “training/well2.out”.
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Problem 8: Running Sensitivity studies in PROSPER for
matched Well models
Open the PROSPER file “training/well1.out”.
Part I
At what water cut will the well die at reservoir pressure

1) 3844 psig?
2) 3500 psig?
WHP = 200 psig
Sensitivity variables
1. Water cut - 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45%
2. Reservoir pressure - 3500, 3844 psig
Part II
Find the production rate at the two specific cases below (WHP = 200
psig)
Combinations
Case 1 Case 2
Reservoir 3500 psig 3844 psig
pressure
Water cut 25 % 40 %
Part III
Generate VLP’s from GAP. Using the following sensitivity variables
GOR
WCut
WHP
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5.-Well Inflow Modelling Exercises
23
Problem 9 : Building Darcy well inflow model
Method Darcy
Reservoir Pressure 3844 Psig
Reservoir 250.0 F
Temperature
Water Cut 0 %
Reservoir Permeability 120.0 md
Reservoir Thickness 100 feet
Drainage Area 500 acres
Dietz Shape Factor 31.6
Well-Bore Radius 0.354
Skin ?
Test data
BHFP 2373 psig

Rate 19764 stb/day
RESULT
AOF : ---------- (STB/d)
Skin : ----------
24
Problem 10: Effects of water cut on IPR
Open the PROSPER file “training/prob09.out”.
VARIABLES
Run sensitivity on water cut for IPR
Water cut: 0, 20, 40, 60, and 80%
RESULT
AOF : 0% Water cut ----------

(STB/d)
20% Water cut ----------

(STB/d)
40% Water cut ----------

(STB/d)
60% Water cut ----------

(STB/d)
80% Water cut ----------

(STB/d)
25
Problem 11: Use PROSPER to build a Karakas and Tariq skin
Model
A slanted well is going to be drilled to perforate the same pay as Well1.

Use the Karakas and Tariq model in PROSPER to model various
components of skin and see their contribution to total skin. Use the file
“training/prob10.out
INFLOW SKIN DATA
Method Darcy
Perforation Diameter 0.5 inch
Shots Per foot 12
Perforation Length 16 inches
Damaged Zone Thickness 8 inches
Damaged Zone Permeability 60.0 md
Crushed Zone Thickness 0.2 inches
Crushed Zone Permeability 30 md
Deviation 53 deg
Penetration 0.5
Vertical Permeability 1 md
Well bore Radius 0.354 feet
Shot Phasing 120 deg
Skin due to Perforation Model
Karakas and Tariq has been found to give good results in many field
applications and is explained here.
A sketch outlining the main geometric variables is shown below
26
The following input data is required:
Reservoir permeability (Effective permeability at connate water saturation)

Perforation diameter (Entry hole diameter)
Shots per foot
Perforation length (Effective perf. length in formation)
Damaged zone thickness (Thickness of invasion)
Damaged zone permeability (Permeability in invaded zone)
Crushed zone thickness (Crushing associated with perforation)
Crushed zone permeability (Reduced permeability near perf. tunnel)
Shot phasing
Vertical permeability
Well bore radius ( Enter the open hole radius, not casing I.D.)
Deviation/Partial Penetration Skin
Two models of this type are provided in PROSPER:
1. Cinco/Martin-Bronz
The first requires the following data:

Deviation angle of well
Partial penetration fraction
Formation vertical permeability
Penetration is the proportion of the total reservoir thickness that is

completed. (e.g. a 200 ft thick reservoir with 100 ft of perforations would
have a Penetration of 0.5) Deviation skin is calculated using Cinco-Ley's
method, and is therefore valid up to 75 degrees deviation.
The calculation is based upon the paper by Cinco-Ley, H., Ramey, Jr., H.J.
and Miller, F.G.: "Pseudo-Skin Factors for Partially-Penetrating Directionally-
Drilled Wells", SPE 5589 presented at 50th Annual Fall Meeting of SPE of
AIME, Dallas, TX, September 28 - October 1, 1975
Result
Absolute Open Flow
Total Skin
Partial Penetration Skin
Deviation Skin
27
Problem 12: Use PROSPER to build a Gravel Pack design

model
Calculate the IPR for the slanted well in problem 11 if gravel pack is to
be included. Open the PROSPER file “training/prob11.out”, then from
the main screen (Options) select well completion with gravel pack
INFLOW GRAVEL PACK DATA
Method Darcy
Reservoir Permeability 120.0 md
Reservoir Thickness 100 feet
Well-Bore Radius 0.354
PROSPER models gravel packed completions as a concentric cylinder having a user

specified permeability connected to the well bore via perforations of specified
diameter. By sensitising on perforation spacing and diameter, the effect pressure
drop due to flow concentration on well performance can be investigated. Likewise,
the effect of varying gravel length (i.e. the thickness of gravel between the OD of the
screen and the ID of the original open hole) on skin can be evaluated.
Gravel pack permeability (Enter the in-situ permeability for the gravel)
Perforation diameter (Diameter of perforation tunnel)
Shots per foot
Gravel pack length (Distance from the screen O.D. to the sand face)
Perforation interval (This affects the flow velocity in the perforations
only)
Perforation efficiency (Proportion of perforations that are open and
effective)
28
INPUT DATA
Method Darcy
Gravel Pack Permeability 5000 md
Perforation Diameter 0.5 inches
Shots per foot 12

Gravel Pack Length 2 inches
Perforation Interval ? feet
Perforation Efficiency 0.8
RESULT
AOF without Gravel Pack : ------------
AOF with Gravel Pack : -------------
29
Problem 13: Building IPR Model for Horizontal well with
closed boundaries.
Use PROSPER to build Horizontal Well inflow in close boundary
rectangular system and find the AOF. Find the effect of vertical
permeability on inflow.
Open the PROSPER file “training/prob09.out”.
This model is based on the work of Kuchuk and Goode. The inflow model
used here assumes that the horizontal well is draining a closed rectangular
drainage volume with sealing upper and lower boundaries. The well can be
placed anywhere in the drainage region. Pressure drops along the well bore
itself are not taken into account.
Reservoir permeability (Total permeability at prevailing water cut)

Reservoir thickness (Thickness of producing reservoir rock)
Well bore radius
Horizontal anisotropy (Ratio of Ky/Kx where Kx is permeability in
the direction of the horizontal well and Ky is
the permeability perpendicular to the
horizontal well)
Vertical anisotropy (Ratio of Kz/Ky where Kz is the vertical

permeability)
Length of well L
Length of drainage area Lx
Width of drainage area Ly
Distance from length edge
to centre of well (Xw)
Distance from width edge
to centre of well (Yw)
Distance from bottom
to centre of well (Zw)
30
Method : Horizontal Well-No flow
Boundaries
Reservoir Pressure : 3844 (psig)

Reservoir Temperature : 250.0 (degrees F)
Water Cut : 0 %
Total GOR : 500 scf/stb
Reservoir Permeability : 120 md
Well bore Radius : 0.354 feet
Reservoir Thickness : 100 feet
Horizontal anisotropy : 1 fraction
Vertical anisotropy : 0.0083 fraction
Length of well : 3000 feet
Reservoir Width : 5000 feet
Reservoir Length : 5000 feet
Distance from length Edge
To centre of well : 2500 feet
Distance from Width Edge to
Centre of Well : 2500 feet
Distance from Bottom to centre
Of well : 60 feet
Skin : 2 feet
RESULTS
Vertical Anisotropy AOF
0.0083 ______________
0.015 ______________
0.030 ______________
0.100 ______________
Save this file as “training/prob13.out”
31
Problem 14: Use PROSPER to build a Multi layer IPR
Layer 1
Layer 2
We have two layers of reservoir producing to a common perforated

completion. The reservoir and fluid properties are given, as well as the
perforation details. Skin values are not available. Model the individual
layer with Dual porosity IPR with the appropriate skin models to
determine the mechanical and deviation skins. Then determine the
overall IRP by using the multi-layer IPR model.
PVT DATA
Layer 1
Solution GOR 500 (SCF/STB)
Gas Gravity 0.798
Layer 2
Solution GOR 200 (SCF/STB)
Gas Gravity 0.810
32
INFLOW DATA – Layer 1
Method Darcy
Reservoir pressure 3000 psig
Reservoir temperature 200 oF
Water cut 50%
Permeability 100 md
Reservoir thickness 56 feet
Drainage area 500 acres
Total porosity 0.25
Well bore radius 0.354 feet
Storativity ratio 0.1
Interporosity coefficient 0.000005
Shots Per foot 12
Damaged Zone Permeability 40 md
Crushed Zone Thickness 2 inches
Deviation 45 deg
Penetration 1.0
RESULTS –Layer 1
Pick up 5 points from layer 1 IPR
Rate, STB/day FBHP, psig
Save this file as “training/prob14a.out”
33
INFLOW DATA – Layer 2
Method Darcy
Reservoir pressure 3250 psig
Reservoir temperature 200 oF
Water cut 70%
Permeability 120 md
Reservoir thickness 75 feet
Drainage area 500 acres
Total porosity 0.20
Well bore radius 0.354 feet
Storativity ratio 0.15
Interporosity coefficient 0.000008
Shots Per foot 12
Damaged Zone Permeability 35 md
Crushed Zone Thickness 2 inches
Deviation 45 deg
Penetration 0.8
RESULTS – Layer 2
Pick up 5 points from layer 2 IPR
Rate, STB/day FBHP, psig
Save this file as “training/prob14b.out”
34
Use multi-layer IPR model to determine the overall IPR
RESULTS Overall
AOF ______________
Save this file as “training/prob14.out”
35
Problem 15: Building Multi-rate C & n inflow model for gas

wells
“ Use multi rate C and n IPR method to construct an IPR. Based on this
find AOF and reservoir pressure.”
Notes:
The IPR Model is represented by
Q = C (Pr 2 − Pwf 2 ) n
C and n are determined from a plot of Q vs. ( (Pr 2 − Pwf 2 ) on log-log paper
and directly input by the user. n is usually found in the range 0.5 (complete
turbulence) to 1.0.
The multi-rate C and n determines the coefficients of the back pressure

equation that best fit measured flowing bottom-hole pressures
PVT DATA
Reservoir Fluid : Dry gas

Separator : Single Stage
Separator press : 1000 (psig)
CGR : 10.0 (STB/MMscf)
Oil Gravity : 44.00 (API)
Gas Gravity : 0.77 (sp. gravity)
WGR : 0.0 (STB/MMscf)
Method : Multi-rate C & n
Reservoir Pressure : ? (psig)

Reservoir Temperature : 302.0 (degrees
F)
Water Gas Ratio : 0 (%)
Test press 1 : 3600.00 (psig)
Test rate 1 : 250 (MMscf/d)
Test press 2 : 3000.0 (psig)
Test rate 2 : 500 (MMscf/d)
36
RESULT
AOF : ---------- (STB/d)
Reservoir pressure : ----------- (psig)
37
6. Artificial Lift Design Exercises
38
Problem 16
“ Gas lift is to be installed on a well that is not capable of flowing on its

own. The well is described in the PROSPER file ‘training/gaslift.out’.
Design the gas lift system for this well by hand. You can calculate the
performance curve by using PROSPER in order to determine the
optimum design rate and gas lift gas injection rate. The conditions for
which the design is to be done are given. Use the plots that are
provided.”
# LIFT GAS DATA #
Available Casing Head Pressure : 1200.0 (psig)

dP Across Valve : 50.0 (psi)
dP Across Operating orifice : 200.0 (psi)
Packer Depth : 11500.0 (feet)
# GASLIFT DESIGN ( NEW WELL) #
Flowing Top Node Pressure 250.0 (psig)

Design Water Cut 50.0 (percent)
Design oil rate ? (STB/d)
RESULT
Optimum rate : ----------

(STB/d)
Optimum GLR injected : ----------- (psig)
39
WHP = 250 psig Casing pressures

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
-2000
Kill fluid
gradient
-4000 Objective
gradient
Depth, ft
-6000
-8000
Traverse for GLR=2100

Static gradient
Pc=1200
-10000 Pc=1150
Pc=1100
Pc=1050
Pc=1000
-12000
Pressure, psig
Plot for gas-lift design by hand
40
RESULT
Valve and orifice depths : ---------- ft
: ---------- ft
: ---------- ft
: ---------- ft
: ---------- ft
41
Problem 17: Use PROSPER to determine the gas lift valve

spacing for the above well and compare to the
valve spacing calculated by hand.
Open the PROSPER file “training/gaslift.out”.
RESULT
Valve and orifice depths : ---------- ft
: ---------- ft
: ---------- ft
: ---------- ft
: ---------- ft
42
Problem 18: Designing a new gas-lift well in PROSPER
LIFT GAS DATA
Gas-lift Gas Gravity : 0.7000 (sp. gravity)

Mole Percent H2S : 0 (percent)
Mole Percent CO2 : 0 (percent)
Mole Percent N2 : 0 (percent)
Available Casing Pressure : 1900.0 (psig)

dP Across Valve : 200.00 (psi)
Maximum Depth Of Injection : 13500.0 (feet)
GASLIFT DESIGN ( NEW WELL)
Valve Type Casing Sensitive
Min CHP Decrease Per Valve 50.00 (psi)
Maximum Gas Available 6.000 (MMscf/day)

Maximum Gas during Unloading 6.000 (MMscf/day)
Flowing Top Node Pressure 250.0 (psig)
Unloading Top Node Pressure 250.0 (psig)
Operating Injection Pressure 1900.0 (psig)
Kickoff Injection Pressure 1900.0 (psig)
Desired dP Across Valve 200.00 (psi)
Packer Depth 13500.0 (feet)
Design Water Cut 50.000 (percent)
Static Gradient Of Load Fluid 0.450 (psi/ft)
Save this PROSPER file as “training/well1gl.out”.
43
Problem 19: Using Quick-look option of PROSPER as a

diagnostic tool
Using the file gl_ql_jv.out to perform a diagnostic using Quick look in

Prosper. Calculate the total gas injection rate.
PVT has matched to lab data

Use PI entry as IPR model
Existing mandrel – Valves information given
Well test results:
Tubing head pressure: 113 psig

Tubing head temperature 185 oF
Liquid rate 11970 stb/day
Water cut 73.3 %
Total gas rate 1.368 MMscf/day
Injection gas rate 0.4 MMscf/day
Casing head pressure 1740 psig
Valve depths and port sizes
Valve 1 1337 m 16/64th inches

Orifice 2362 m 32/64th inches
44
Problem 20: Use PROSPER to design an ESP system.
“Use the /training/well1esp.out file. Use this file perform an ESP design
using PROSPER. Then use the ESP selected to study various changed
conditions by doing a sensitivity analysis. Use the sensitivity analysis to
see if the selected ESP is appropriate for all the changed conditions.”
I. The design conditions are given in file.
45
7. MBAL Exercises
46
Problem 21: Building Tank model for a reservoir with a
known production history
We have the production history of a under saturated reservoir . we want
to use this history to find our OOIP and handle the various drive
mechanisms that this reservoir has.
PVT DATA
Reservoir Fluid : Oil
Separator : Single-Stage
Solution GOR : 500 (scf/STB)
Oil gravity : 39 (API)
Gas gravity : 0.798 (sp grav)
Water salinity : 100000 (ppm)
PVT MATCH DATA

Temperature Pressure Bubble Gas Oil Oil
Point Oil FVF Viscosity
Ratio
(degrees F) (psig) (psig) (scf/STB) (RB/STB) (cP)
-------------- -------------- -------------- -------------- -------------- -------------
250.0 2200.0 2200.0 500.0 1.3200 0.4000
RESERVOIR PARAMETERS
Reservoir Temperature : 250 (degrees F)
Reservoir Thickness : 250 (ft)
Reservoir Radius : 2500 (ft)
Reservoir Porosity : 0.23 (fraction)
Connate Water Saturation : 0.15 (fraction)
Initial Gas Cap : 0
Estimated Oil in Place : 186 (MMSTB)
Production Start : 01/01/1995 (date d/m/y)
RELATIVE PERMEABILITIES
Water Sweep Eff. : 100 (percent)
Gas Sweep Eff. : 100 (percent)
Residual End Corey

Saturation Point Exponent
(fraction (fraction)
------------- ------------- -------------
Krw : 0.15 0.7 0.8
Kro: 0.15 0.8 1.5
Krg: 0.02 0.9 1
47
PRODUCTION HISTORY
Open the file in training/res1h.xls and import the table in to MBAL

T im e T an k Cu m O il Cu m G as Cu m W at.
P ressu re P rod u ced Prod uced Prod u ced
(date d /m /y) (psig ) (M M ST B) (M M scf) (M M ST B)
01/01/95 4000 0 0 0
01/02/95 3885.64 0.356222 178.111 0
01/03/95 3836.75 0.586151 293.075 0
01/04/95 3762.57 0.927019 463.509 0
01/05/95 3705.21 1.24942 624.708 0
01/06/95 3655.34 1.57649 788.245 0
01/07/95 3707.56 1.57649 788.245 0
01/08/95 3647.76 1.89402 947.012 0
01/09/95 3602.54 2.20527 1102.63 0
01/10/95 3565.38 2.50173 1250.87 0
01/11/95 3531.51 2.80395 1401.98 0
01/12/95 3502.16 3.09282 1546.41 0
01/01/96 3471.13 3.39831 1699.16 0
01/02/96 3442.89 3.70051 1850.25 0
01/03/96 3418.26 3.98042 1990.21 0
01/04/96 3393.39 4.27695 2138.47 0
01/05/96 3370.5 4.56138 2280.69 0
01/06/96 3348.37 4.85076 2425.38 0
01/07/96 3327.59 5.12857 2564.29 0
01/08/96 3306.68 5.41345 2706.73 0
01/09/96 3286.27 5.69614 2848.07 0
01/10/96 3266.93 5.96765 2983.83 0
01/11/96 3247.3 6.24616 3123.08 0
01/12/96 3228.61 6.51371 3256.86 0
01/01/97 3212.06 6.77893 3389.46 0
01/02/97 3195.21 7.0423 3521.15 0
01/03/97 3179.94 7.27854 3639.27 0
01/04/97 3163 7.53836 3769.18 0
01/05/97 3146.66 7.788 3894 0
01/06/97 3129.82 8.04415 4022.07 0
01/07/97 3109.13 8.28415 4142.07 0.0289364
01/08/97 3088.14 8.53215 4266.07 0.0595856
01/09/97 3067.3 8.78015 4390.07 0.091
01/10/97 3047.2 9.02015 4510.07 0.122132
01/11/97 3026.48 9.26815 4634.07 0.15504
01/12/97 3006.46 9.50815 4754.07 0.18761
01/01/98 2985.81 9.75615 4878.07 0.221995
01/02/98 2965.19 10.0041 5002.07 0.257123
01/03/98 2946.59 10.2281 5114.07 0.289503
01/04/98 2926.01 10.4761 5238.07 0.326034
01/05/98 2906.12 10.7161 5358.07 0.362088
01/06/98 2885.58 10.9642 5482.07 0.400052
01/07/98 2865.73 11.2042 5602.07 0.437484
01/08/98 2845.24 11.4521 5726.07 0.476864
01/09/98 2824.77 11.7001 5850.07 0.516957
01/10/98 2804.98 11.9401 5970.07 0.556438
01/11/98 2784.55 12.1882 6094.07 0.597924
01/12/98 2764.81 12.4281 6214.07 0.638744
01/01/99 2744.42 12.6761 6338.07 0.681605
01/02/99 2724.07 12.9241 6462.07 0.725159
01/03/99 2705.7 13.1481 6574.07 0.765106
01/04/99 2685.39 13.3961 6698.07 0.809969
01/05/99 2665.76 13.6361 6818.07 0.854039
01/06/99 2645.5 13.8841 6942.07 0.900239
01/07/99 2625.93 14.1242 7062.07 0.945597
01/08/99 2605.73 14.3721 7186.07 0.993121
01/09/99 2585.56 14.6201 7310.07 1.04131
01/10/99 2566.08 14.8601 7430.07 1.08858
01/11/99 2545.98 15.1082 7554.07 1.13808
01/12/99 2526.57 15.3481 7674.07 1.1866
01/01/00 2506.54 15.5961 7798.07 1.23738
01/02/00 2486.55 15.8441 7922.07 1.28881
01/03/00 2467.89 16.0761 8038.07 1.33751
01/04/00 2447.98 16.3241 8162.07 1.39019
01/05/00 2428.75 16.5641 8282.07 1.44177
01/06/00 2408.92 16.8121 8406.07 1.4957
Save this MBAL file as “training/res1.mbi”.
48
Problem 22: Use of MBAL for oil water contact monitoring
We have a reservoir with the history matched. We know all its drive
mechanisms. We want to see how the contact moves with production.
Use the file previously saved training/res1.mbi
PORE VOLUME versus DEPTH

Pore TVD
Volume
(fraction) (ft)
0 15200
1 15450
Problem 23: Passing information from PROSPER well models

to well models in MBAL.
You have constructed a well model in PROSPER and you want to use
this well prediction calculations in MBAL.
Use MBAL file as “training/res1.mbi”
save this file as training/prob23
Problem 24 : MBAL model for a reservoir with an initial

gas cap.
Open the file training/res2.mbi and find the OOIP, initial gas cap and
observe the drive mechanisms that this reservoir has.
Save this MBAL file as “training/res2.mbi”.
Problem 25: Using MBAL to find the relative permeability set

for your reservoir.
The relative permeability measurement data set that we have is the core
data. We have matched the history of a reservoir and determined the
reservoir mechanisms in MBAL. We want to use the model for future
prediction. We will need a set of pseudo relative permeability that can be
used rather than core relative permeability.
Find the relevant set.
Use the MBAL file “training/res2.mbi”.
Save the file as / training /res2.mbi
49
Problem 26: Introduction to Variable PVT

The production history from a reservoir can be used to get a better number of oil in
place number using the MBAL software. However for high relief reservoirs, using the
production history and treating the reservoir as a simple tank with single PVT
properties will give wrong results. We need a MBAL model that can handle PVT
properties changing with depth. The following example demonstrates this.
Given the following data determine the OOIP
PRODUCTION HISTORY
date pressure cum oil cum gas

psig mmstb mmscf
18/09/96 2622.76 0.125 88.81125

20/09/96 2613.86 0.178 126.576
27/09/96 2577.85 0.411 292.279
01/10/96 2556.68 0.528 377.256
02/10/96 2551.1 0.562 402.436
06/10/96 2532.62 0.698 500.365
18/10/96 2488.48 0.884 630.495
24/10/96 2467.24 1.082 769.053
28/10/96 2454.5 1.212 864.665
02/11/96 2444.58 1.337 954.444
TANK PARAMETERS

Reservoir Temperature : 170 (degrees F)
Reservoir Porosity : 0.25 frac
Reservoir Thickness : 2000 ft
Reservoir Radius : 9200 ft
Connate water sat : 0.25 frac
Formation compressibility : 4e-6 1/psi
Initial gas cap : 0.05
Original oil in place : ?????
Production start : 14/09/1996 d/m/y
Monitor contacts : yes
50
RELATIVE PERMEABILITIES
Water Sweep Eff. : 8 (percent)
Gas Sweep Eff. : 25 (percent)
Residual End Corey

Saturation Point Exponent
(fraction) (fraction)
------------- ------------- -------------
Krw : 0.25 0.8 0.5
Kro: 0.2 1 1
Krg: 0 1 2
PORE VOLUME VS. DEPTH
Pore Volume TVD

Fraction ft
0 4509
0.1 5000
0.2 6000
1 7500
This is single PVT Data
BLACK OIL PVT DATA

Water Salinity : 200000 (ppm)
PVT MATCH DATA

Res. T Pressure Bubble GOR Oil FVF visc
Pt.
(deg F) (psig) (psig) scf/stb rb/stb cp
170 2642 2642 811 1.359 0.512
Result
OOIP
51
This is Variable PVT Data
An equation of state model has generated properties for the example

reservoir
Determine the OOIP
Datum Data
Datum depth : 4509 ft

Datum Pressure : 2462 psig
Datum Temperature : 170 F
Temperature gradient : 1.3 deg F/100 ft
BLACK OIL PVT DATA AT DATUM

Water Salinity : 200000 (ppm)
PVT LAYER DATA
LAYER DATA MATCH DATA

Depth GOR API gas gravity salinity Temp Psat layer ps GOR FVF Visc
feet scf/stb deg sp.gr. ppm deg F psig psig scf/stb rb/stb cp
4600 811 40.6 0.778 200000 170 2642 2642 811 1.359 0.512
5000 758 40.3 0.78 200000 176 2563 2563 758 1.408 0.33
5500 711 40 0.782 200000 183 2489 2489 711 1.3857 0.35
6000 671 39.86 0.783 200000 196 2363 2363 671 1.35 0.4
6500 604 39.47 0.786 200000 202 2309 2309 604 1.3353 0.406
7500 575 39.3 0.787 200000 209 2257.9 2257.9 575 1.322 0.422
Result
OOIP
52
8. Integrated field modelling using GAP
53
Problem 27: Integrated Production Modelling using GAP
Use the gap model we have constructed during the previous days to
describe the following situation:
• Natural flowing
• Artificial lift
Surface equipment
Pipe Line 1000 ft
Diameter 10 in
Surface temperature 50 F
Overall heat transfer 8 BTU/hr/ft2/f
Separator pressure = 150 psig

Available gas = 10 MMscf/d
54
Problem 28: GAP Workshop
There has been a new discovery and few data available on the
discovery. You want to study on basis of this information the best way
to manage this field or whether they proceed with the development of
the field.
Platform @
50000 ft
Sea level
600 ft
RES-1 RES-2
10000 ft
FIELD DESCRIPTION
Two subsea reservoirs in 600 feet of water.
Reservoir 1 is 10,000 feet away from reservoir 2.
Separator is 50,000 feet away.
Data: Reservoir 1 Reservoir 2

OOIP 150 85 (MMSTB)
Pressure 6500 11000 (psig)
GOR 500 1700 (scf/STB)
API 35 40
Gas gravity 0.7 0.72
Res Depth 14000 15000 (feet)
Permeability 50 500 (md)
Pay height 25 50 (feet)
Porosity 0.15 0.25 (fraction)
Swc 0.15 0.15 (fraction)
Salinity 100,000 10,000 (ppm)
Temperature 200 250 (F)
Wellbore radius 0.354 0.354 (feet)
Drainage Area 100 100 (Acres)
Res sat End Point Corey Exp

Krw: 0.15 0.7 0.8
Kro: 0.15 0.8 1.5
Krg: 0.02 0.9 1
55
Petroleum Experts
PROSPER
Course Notes
Petroleum Experts
Multiphase Flow
Course Notes
Petroleum Experts
MBAL
Course Notes
Petroleum Experts
GAP
Course Notes
Petroleum Experts
Step-By-Step Guide in building
the Simple.GAP model
In this section of the manual we shall be exploring the procedure taken in order to build a full
GAP model. These are the steps taken during the first four days of the course including
calculations and generation of results.
1 Building the GAP network

1.1 Setting the options
In order to build the network, one needs to setup GAP depending on what kind of model will
be built. This can be done from Options/Method
and then choose the most appropriate options for your model:
© Petroleum Experts Ltd 1 IPM GAP Manual

1.2 Building the network
When putting the model together, the following toolbar is used:
The model can be constructed using the following path:

1.3 Connecting the pieces of equipment
For this we use the “Link” Icon.
Please remember that whenever we need to construct a pipeline, we need to

do this by linking two joints together.

Point the mouse cursor in the middle of one joint, left click, drag keeping the mouse button
selected and drop in the middle of the second joint:
The rest of the equipment is linked together in the same way:

2 Building the well model
We are now ready to start filling in the data and describing the different elements of the
system.
Double click on the well icon W1:
GAP requires a set of VLPs and an IPR for the well to work. These are the two fields which
are highlighted red. They can be created through a well analysis package such as
PROSPER.
Please change the “Well Type” from Oil Producer (Gas lifted) which is the default, to Oil
Producer (No Lift):

Please select the “Run PROSPER” button, in order to create a PROSPER model for this well:
We can start entering the data required and performing the matching for this well.
2.1 Entering the well data (PVT, IPR and VLP)

In PROSPER, we can follow a logical sequence from left to right and top to bottom on the
main menu:
First we go to “Options” in order to make sure the well is set up correctly. The defaults are
OK for this example:
Select “Done” and move to PVT/Input Data

Enter the PVT Data given for Problem 1, page 8 of the example sheet:
Then we use the match data (given in Problem 6, page 17) to decide which correlations to
select and also make them reproduce the measured data. For this we click on “Match Data”:

Select “Done” and then “Regression”:
We will now match all the correlations and select the one for which Parameter 1 is as close
to 1 as possible and Parameter 2 as close to 0. Select “Match All”:

and then “Parameters”:

On this screen we need to select one correlation that matches the best on Bubble Point,
GOR and FVF. A different correlation needs to be selected for oil viscosity.
The reason for selecting a single correlation for the first three parameters is to respect
material balance. This is one of the fundamental strengths of BO models as opposed to EOS
models which do not inherently respect material balance.
In this case we select Glaso and Beggs. These correlations have to be set in the main PVT
screen:

Next we move to System/Equipment:

Please select All and Edit. This sequence will allow the program to bring the input data
screens up one by one, eliminating the possibility of us missing a screen in the process.
Enter the data in the following screens:
As no surface equipment will be entered (no pipeline), then we simply select Cancel on this
screen.

and finally the Cp database, which is left at default values:
We select done in the main equipment screen and move to the IPR data now:

In this screen we are asked to choose the IPR model to use. Select PI entry and then go to
Input Data in order to enter the PI of the well:

Then select “Calculate” to generate the IPR:
The input data is now entered and we can start matching the well model to some tests.

2.2 Matching to Well Tests
Go to:
Enter the match data as provided in Problem 6:

Firstly we need to match the temperature measured at the well head. Select the point and
then “Estimate U Value” as shown above.
Note down the number and go back to the equipment section, Geothermal Gradient and
enter this number:
We go back to the Matching screen, select the point and then Correlation Comparison:

Select “OK”:

In the screen above, we will first quality check the point. If it is OK is has to be between Duns
and Ross Modified and Fancher and Brown Correlations (Maximum and Minimum pressure
drops in the tubing).
Select these two correlations and then “Calculate” and “Calculate” again in the next
screen.

Note the temperature matches that of the test.
Select “Plot” to see if the match point is between the two limit correlations:
Now we can go back and select the correlations we are likely to use for commercial work in
order to find out which one is the closest:

and Calculate followed by Plot:

You can enlarge an area on the plot by dragging on that area with the mouse cursor:

We can see that PE3 is the closest correlation; therefore we will match this one. Select
“Finish” and done to go back to the main matching screen:
Select “match” as shown above and from the list of correlations only select the one you are
intending to match:

If we go back to the correlation comparison, you can see that the correlation
now has been made unique to the particular well we are analysing:

Now, from the main matching screen we will match the IPR:

By selecting “Calculate” the program will create a VLP corresponding to the match point that
we used earlier:

The BHP and rate calculate should be a solution to the system, i.e. the IPR should pass
through this point as well:

Select “Calculate”:

In this case we can see that the VLP matches the IPR quite well. However, if we need to
modify the PI of the well to force a match, we can do this by changing the PI from the data
entry screen. Select “Finish” and then Input Data:
And alter the PI here:
The model is now finished. Go back to the main screen and save the file as “Well 1”. Then
select “GAP” to pass control back to GAP:

We can now Browse and assign the PROSPER file to the corresponding well in GAP.
The same procedure can be repeated with the other well, using the data in Problem 7.

Notice that the well models in the main screen change colour to reflect the change of well
type:
3 Building the Reservoir Model

From the Main Screen of GAP, double click on the reservoir icon:

We need to build the reservoir model using MBAL. Please select “Run MBAL” so that we
create a new MBAL file:
3.1 Entering Basic Data

• On the menu bar go to Tools and click on Material Balance.
• On the menu bar go to Options

Then again on the menu bar go to PVT | Fluid Properties and supply the following data:
The Matching procedure is very similar to PROSPER. Select “Match”:

and then “Calc”:
Once the calculations are finished, select “Match Param.”

In the above screen we select one correlation for Pb, Rs and Bo and another for viscosities.
The selection can be set in the main PVT screen:
Now the next step is building you tank model. In the main menu bar go to Input | Tank Data,
and supply the following information:

You can follow the screens from Left to right as shown above. For the aquifer:

The history data can be copied and pasted from Excel:

This finishes our setting up of basic tank model. It is advisable to save the file at this point.
Next step would be to fine-tune the model, in terms of identifying and quantifying its various
drive mechanisms.
3.2 Matching to Production History data in MBAL

In order to begin the history matching, go to “History Matching” and then “All”:
The following screen will appear:

Note that in the graphical methods the plot shown in the screen above is the Campbell plot.
You may not get this initially. You should click on the graphical method screen and in the
menu bar of the above screen as shown appears. Select Method | Campbell Plot.
Then activate the Analytical Method plot and select “Regression”:

Select the variables you want to change and then “Calc”.

Transfer the calculated variables onto the model by selecting “Best Fit”:

After transferring the data if we click on Done we get the following plots.

3.3 Running Sensitivity Analysis on the Tank Model
Select History Matching and then Sensitivity:
On this screen if you click on plot you get the following plot.

We can see that there is a clear minimum on the plot so the solution is unique.
3.4 Using Simulation Option to Quality check the History

Matched Model
From the main menu we select History Matching | Run simulation as shown above. On
the following screen select “Calc”:

Then we select “plot” in order to compare the simulated results to the history:
From the plot screen, please select “Variables” and choose to display both History and
simulation results:

The results will be plotted together:
We will now concentrate on matching the Pseudo Relative Permeabilities
Go to:

Select “Regress” and “Save” in order to match the model as shown below:

No match can be done on the Fg as there is no free gas production.
Now, in order to confirm that the relative permeabilities have been matched properly, we will
do a prediction of history. Please go to:
and select the following options:

Then select “Done” and go to:
Select “Copy” in order to transfer the average rates from the simulation over to this section:

Select “Done” and go to the next option which is:

This screen simply needs to be activated so select “Done”. We are now ready to do the
calculations from:

Select “Calculate” and then “Plot” in order to compare the results of history, simulation and
prediction:
This concludes the History matching and verification process. We can now go to the main
screen of MBAL and select “GAP” (after saving the file), in order to go back to GAP:

4 Finishing the GAP model
In the main GAP model, we have now built the well models and the reservoir models.
4.1 VLP and IPR Generation

The next step is to Generate VLPs and IPRs for the wells. This can be done from the
Generate options:
Let us start from the IPR generation:
Click “All” in order to select all the wells in the model. Then the following screen will appear:

Click “Generate” and “OK” in the next screen:

Click OK.
Next we go to the main screen and go to the VLP generation:
Click on “data” in order to access the screen where the variables are entered:

And “Edit”:
We can fill in the table with a wide range of numbers covering the full operating conditions of
the well. Please note that there are 20 spaces for rate inputs.
After the table is finished, we can copy and paste this onto the other well using the following
procedure:
Select the check box next to well 1 and then “Copy”:

Then select the check box on the second well and “Paste”:

Then click “OK” and “Generate”:
When the VLPs are finished, the red circles around the wells will disappear:

4.2 Pipe data
In order to enter the pipeline description, we need to double click in the box in the middle of
the pipeline:
This will bring up the pipe summary screen:

Select “Pipe Data” and the following screen will appear:
Drop down the menu as shown above, select Line pipe and enter the necessary data:

You can now select OK and the colourless box will become Blue:
Do the same with the other lines entering the dimensions of each. 2000ft and 8in for the
second flowline and 1000ft and 10in for the trunk line to the separator.
The model in now ready to use:

5 Running the model
There are various runs one can do with this model. We will look at them in turn.
5.1 Solving the network
This is done from:
Enter the separator pressure:

The click “Calculate” and “Main”:
On the main screen, simply point the mouse cursor on the element you would like to see the
results and this will display them in a yellow box:

5.2 Solving with optimisation
We can add a constraint on the separator if we double click on it and select “Constraints”:
Then enter a constraint and select “OK”:
You can see the two arrows signifying the constraint:

Next we assign chokes to the wells. Right Click on the first well icon and select the last
option:
Do the same on the second well. This will show thin red circles around the well icons:

Now, follow the steps taken to solve the network but on the last screen select the optimise
button before calculating:
Now go to the main screen and point the mouse cursor on the separator:

In order to calculate the choke sizes put on the wells, double click on the well icon and go to
“Results”:
Scrolll to the right until you see the “Size” button:

Click on it and then “Calculate” in order to determine the choke size:

5.3 Performing a prediction:
This is done from:
Enter the relevant data and click “Next”:
and “Next”:

Enter the separator pressure and click “Next”:
and click “Calculate” to perform the calculations.

Then Back:
and Back again to get to the results screen:
Selecting “Plot Nodes” will bring up the following screen:

Select to see the well results and “Plot”

We can now see the results for liquid rate. You can see that the optimiser is honouring the
constraint in the beginning of the prediction and then dropping off naturally.

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PETROLEUM EXPERTS

TRAINING COURSE NOTES

INTEGRATED PRODUCTION MODELLING

PROSPER, MBAL & GAP

Integrated Field Development Analysis

1. The Concept of IPM

Integrated Production Modelling

•End product is at the tank level

• For a given reservoir how much of oil/gas we recover at tank level

• Decision making process should be based on how these components

2. The Petroleum Experts

• GAP, General Allocation Program

3. Introduction and Scope of Work

3. - Introduction and Scope of Work

Simple GAP example

Save this GAP file as “training/simple.gap”

4. - Well Bore Modelling Exercises

DATA FOR BUILDING A SINGLE WELL MODEL

BLACK OIL PVT DATA

Reservoir Fluid Water and Oil

Measured Depth (feet) True Vertical Depth (feet)

Measured depth Temperature

Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient 8 (BTU/h/ft2/F)

Reservoir Pressure 3844.0 psig

Well Head Pressure 200 psig

Oil Rate STB/day

Flowing BH Pressure psig

Save this PROSPER file as “training/prob01.out”.

BLACK OIL PVT DATA

The PVT Data is similar to that of Problem1.

SURFACE EQUIPMENT SKETCH

Measured Depth (feet) True Vertical Depth (feet)

Measured depth Temperature

INFLOW PERFORMANCE DATA

Reservoir Pressure 3844.0 psig

Manifold Pressure 200 psig

Oil Rate STB/day

Save this PROSPER file as “training/prob02.out”.

BLACK OIL PVT DATA

Reservoir Fluid Water and Oil

Measured Depth (feet) True Vertical Depth (feet)

Measured depth Temperature

Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient 8.0 (BTU/h/ft2/F)

INFLOW PERFORMANCE DATA

Reservoir Pressure 5000.0 psig

Manifold Pressure 200 psig

Oil Rate STB/day

Save this PROSPER file as “training/prob03.out”.

Problem 4: Importance of correct PVT

START WITH ‘training/prob02.out’ FILE

PVT MATCH DATA

Temp. Pressure Bubble Gas Oil Oil FVF Oil

Manifold Pressure 200 psig

Oil Rate STB/day

Save this PROSPER file as “training/prob04.out”.

START WITH ‘training/prob04.out’ FILE

PVT MATCH DATA

Temp. Pressure Bubble Gas Oil Oil FVF Oil

Manifold Pressure 200 psig

Oil Rate STB/day

Save this PROSPER file as “training/prob05.out”.

START WITH ‘training/prob01.out’ FILE

PVT MATCH DATA