7.

WIFI FAMILY 1

7. WIFI FAMILY

1. IEEE 802: What is it, and why should I care?

Thee ar
lyda yso fne tworkingo nlysaw wi re
linene t
works(ifyo udo n'
t
countt heo l
dAT&T Lo ngl i
nesmi crowa v
eba ck bonethatato net i
me
crossedt heUni t
edS ta
tes)No w ma nyne two r
k sa rebuil
tus ingbo th
wireli
nea ndwi r
ele
ssso l
utions.Typical
lyne t
wo rksba s
edo nwiresormo r
e
usua l
lytheseda ys
,%bresha veg r
eat
e rcapaci
tythanwi re
les
s.
Butl ayi
ng%br eismuc hmo reexpensi
vea ndtak e
st ime.Soo f
tennetwo rk
s
begina swi re
lessnetwo r
ksa nda st heyg r
owi nus e,%br
eba se
dne two rk
s
sta
r ttobede ploye
d.I nac ces
sne t
wo rks(thosene artheconsume rs
)o rin
dens eurba ne nvi
ronme nts,o f
tenwi rel
essismo r
epr a
cti
caltoo.Sov e r
y
impo rta
nt l
ya sy oube gi
nt ot hinka boutde ployingwi r
eles
sne t
wo r
k sin
yourl ocalareao rco mmuni ty,yourne tworkc ouldf ormtheba si
so fthe
futuregro wtho fnetworkinginy ourregion.

Ana spectofwiredandwi re
lessnetworksimpo r
tanttounderst
andisthe
vari
o usstandar
dst hatexi
sttodaya swellasthosenews t
andardstha
ta re
bei
ng de vel
oped.Wi rel
essstandardsa r
et he basisforma ny wirel
ess
produc ts
,e ns
uringintero
pera
bi l
it
ya nd useabi
li
tyb ythosewhode s
ign,
deploya ndma na g
ewi r
ele
ssnetwo r
k s
.Wet ouchedo nthi
ssubjec
ta l
re
ady
int hec hapterc a
ll
ed RadioS pect
rum.TheS tandar
dsus e
di nthev ast
ma j
o rit
yo fthene t
workscomef romt heI EEE S t
andar
d Associ
ati
on's
IEEE802Wo r
kingGr oup.I
EEE802r e
fer
stoaf a
milyofIEEEs t
andards
deal
ingwi t
hlocalareanetwor
k sandme tro
polit
ana r
eanetwork
s.

Mo res pec
i%cal
ly
,t heIEEE 802 s tandar
dsa rer es
tri
c t
edt o networks
car
r y
ingv ar
iabl
e-si
zepackets
.(Byc ontr
ast
,inc ellre
layne twork
sda tais
tra
nsmi t
tedinsho r
t,unif
ormlysize
duni tscal
le
dc e
ll
s).Thenumbe r802
wass implythene xtfreenumbe rI EEE coulda ss
ign,though“ 802”i s
some t
imesassoc
iate
dwi t
ht hedatethe%rstme e
tingwa sheld– Fe bruary
1980.Thes ervi
cesandprotocol
sspeci%edinIEEE802ma ptothel ower
twol ayer
s(Da t
aLi nkandPhy s
ica
l)o ftheseven-l
ay e
rOS Inetworking
ref
erencemo del
.Inf ac
t,IEEE802s pli
tstheOS IDa t
aLi nkLa ye
ri nto
twos ub-la
yersna med Logica
lLink Co ntrol(LLC)a nd Me di
aAc ces
s
Co ntr
ol(MAC) .
2 7. WIFI FAMILY

TheI EEE 802 famil

yo fstandar
dsismaint
ai
nedbytheI
EEE 802
LAN/ MAN S ta
ndardsCommi tte
e(LMSC).
Th emo s
twi del
yus e
ds t
andardsarefort
heEther
netf
ami
ly
,Token
Ring,Wi r
ele
ssLAN,Br i
dgingandVirt
ualBri
dge
dLANs.

Anindi
vi
dua
lWo r
kingg
rouppr
ovi
dest
hef
ocusf
ore
acha
reaa
ndt
heya
re
l
is
tedint
heta
blebe
low.

Name Description
IEEE 802.1 Bridging and Network Management
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
IEEE 802.11 a/b/g/n Wireless LAN (WLAN)
IEEE 802.15 Wireless PAN
IEEE 802.15.1 Bluetooth certi'cation
IEEE 802.15.2 IEEE 802.15 and IEEE 802.11 coexistence
IEEE 802.15.3 High-Rate wireless PAN
IEEE 802.15.4 Low-Rate wireless PAN eg. Zigbee
IEEE 802.15.5 Mesh networking for WPAN
IEEE 802.15.6 Body Area Network
IEEE 802.16 Broadband Wireless Access (basis of WiMAX )
IEEE 802.16.1 Local Multipoint Distribution Service
IEEE 802.18 Radio Regulatory TAG
IEEE 802.19 Coexistence TAG
IEEE 802.20 Mobile Broadband Wireless Access
IEEE 802.21 Media Independent Handoff
IEEE 802.22 Wireless Regional Area Network
IEEE 802.23 Emergency Services Working Group
IEEE 802.24 Smart Grid TAG
IEEE 802.25 Omni-Range Area Network
 2. The 802.11 standard 3

2. The 802.11 standard

Thesta
ndardwea remo s
tinte
res
tedinis802.
11a
sitde
%nest
heprot
ocol
fo
rWi re
lessLAN.
The802.11Ame ndme nt
saresonume r
ousthe
yhavei
nthela
stfewye
ars
st
art
edusing2lett
ersins
tea
do f1.(
802.11z-t
heDLSamendment-
gav
ewa yto802.11aa,ab
,ac..
.,e
tc)

Belo
wi sa t
abl
eo ft
he v
ari
ant
sof802
.11,t
hei
rfr
eque
nci
esa
nd
appr
oxi
mat
era
nge
s.

802.11 Release Freq. Bandwi Data Rate per Approximate Approximate

protocol dth stream indoor range outdoor range
(GHz) (MHz) (Mbit/s) (m) (ft) (m) (ft)
- Jun 1997 2.4 20 1, 2 20 66 100 330
a Sep 1999 5 20 6,9,12, 18, 24, 35 115 120 390
36, 48, 54
b Sep 1999 2.4 20 1, 2, 5.5, 11 35 115 140 460
g Jun 2003 2.4 20 6,9,12, 18, 24, 38 125 140 460
36, 48, 54
n 20 7.2, 14.4, 21.7, 70 230 250 820
Oct 2009 2.4/5 28.9, 43.3, 57.8,
65, 72.2
40 15, 30, 45, 60 ,
90, 120, 135, 150
ac Nov.2011 5 20 Up to 87.6
40 Up to 200
80 Up to 433.3
160 Up to 866.7

In2012IEEEiss
uedthe802
.11-
2012S
tanda
rdt
hatc
ons
oli
dat
esa
llt
he
pre
vio
usa
me ndment
s.

Thedocumenti
sfr
eel
ydo wnl
oadabl
efr
om:
htt
p:/
/s
tanda
rds
.i
eee
.or
g/%nds
tds/
sta
ndar
d/802
.11-
2012.
html
4 7. WIFI FAMILY

3. Deployment planning for 802.11 wireless

networks
Be forepa cketsc anbef o rwa r
de da ndr outedtot heI nte
rne t
,l ay erso ne
(thephy sical)andt wo( theda tal i
nk )ne edtobec o nnected.Wi t
ho utl i
nk
l
o ca lc onne ctivi
ty,ne two rkno desc anno tt a
lktoe a
c ho thera nd r oute
pa ckets.
Topr o vi
dephy s i
calco nne ctivit
y,wi rel
e s
sne tworkde vic
esmus to pe ra
tei n
thes a mepa rto fther adios pe ct
rum.
Thi sme anst hat802 .11ar a di
oswi l
lt alkt o802.11ar adiosa ta round5
GHz ,and802. 11b/gr a dioswi lltalkt oo ther802.11b/gr adiosa ta round
2.4GHz .
Buta n8 02.11ade v
icec annoti nte r
oper a
tewi t
ha n 802. 11b/ gde vi
c e
,
sincet he yus ec ompl etelydi Ee r
entpa r
tso ftheelectr
oma gne t
ics pec tr
um.
Mo res peci%c al
ly,wi r
eles sint e
rfacesmus ta gr
eeonac ommo nc ha nnel.If
one802. 11br adioc ar
di ss ettoc ha nnel2whi l
eano theriss e
tt oc hannel
11,t he nt her adiosc anno tc ommuni catewi t
he a
cho ther.
Thec ent r
ef re quencieso fe a chc hanne lfor802.11aa nd802b/ ga reg iven
inAppe ndixB:Cha nne lAl lo c
ations.
Whe nt wowi r
elessinter facesarec on%g uredt ouset hes a
mepr oto colo n
thes amer adioc ha nnel,t he nt heya r
er eadyt one goti
ateda tal inkl ayer
co nne ct
ivity.Ea ch802. 11a /b/gde vicec ano pera
tei no neo ffo urpo ssi
ble
mo des:

1. Ma st
ermo de( alsoc all
ed AP o rinfrastr
ucturemo de)i susedt o
cre
ateas er
vicet hatlo oksli
keat ra
ditionalacce
sspo i
nt .Thewirel
e s
s
int
erfac ec r
eatesane t
wo rkwithas pe c
i%edna me( call
e dtheS S
ID)
and c ha nnel,a nd o Eersne tworkser v
iceso nit.Whi lein ma s
ter
mo de,wi re
lessi nterf
acesma nageallc ommuni cat
ionsr ela
tedtot he
netwo rk ( authe nticat
ing wi rel
ess c l
ie
nts, ha ndling c hannel
content i
o n,r epe a
ting pa ck
ets,etc
.)Wi rel
es
si nterf
ace sin ma s
ter
mo dec a no nlyc ommuni catewithinterfa
cesthatarea ssoc
iate
dwi th
themi nma nagedmo de.
2. Ma nag ed mo de i ss o
me ti
me sa l
sor e f
err
edt oa sc l
ie
ntmo de.
Wi re
lessi nterf
a cesinma nagedmo dewi l
ljoi
nane two rkcrea
tedb y
ama s
te r
,a ndwi l
la utoma t
ica
ll
yc hanget hei
rc hanne ltoma tchi t
.
Theyt he npr esenta nyne ce
ssar
yc redenti
alstot hema ster
,andi f
thosec redentialsa r
ea ccepte
d,theya r
es ai
dt obea ssociat
edwi t
ht he
ma s
ter.Ma na gedmo dei nt
erfa
cesdono tcommuni catewithe ach
 3. Deployment planning for 802.11 wireless networks 5

otherdirectl
y,andwi llo nlycommuni c at
ewi thana ss
ociat
edma s
ter
.
3. Ad- hocmo dec re
atesamul ti
point-to-multi
pointne twork wher
e
thereisnos i
nglema sterno deorAP .I nad- hocmo de,eachwirel
ess
inte
r f
aceco mmuni catesdirect
lywithi tsneighbours
.
No desmus tbei nr angeo feac
ho t
he rtoc ommuni cat
e,andmus t
agreeo nane two r
kna mea ndc hanne l
.Ad- hocmo deiso f
tenals
o
cal
ledMe shNe twork i
nga ndy ouc an%ndde t
ail
so fthistypeo f
netwo r
kingi nthec hapterc al
l
edMe shNe two r
king.
4. Mo nitormo dei susedb ysomet ools( s
uc hasKi s
me t)topassi
vel
y
l
istentoa llradiotraHco nag i
venc hanne l
.Whe ninmo nit
ormo de,
wirele
ssi nterf
acest ransmitnoda ta.Thi si susefulfora nal
ysi
ng
problemso nawi rel
essl i
nko robservings pect
rum usageinthelocal
area.Mo nitormo dei sno tusedforno rma lcommuni ca
tions.

Fi
gur
eWF1:APs
,Cl
ie
nts
,andAd
-Ho
cno
des
.

Whe nimplement
ingapo int
-to-
pointorpo int-
to-
mul t
ipo
intlink,one
radiowillt
ypic
all
yoperat
einma ste
rmo de,whi l
etheo t
her
(s)oper
atein
ma naged mode.In a mul t
ipoi
nt-t
o-mul
tipointme sh,the r
a di
osa l
l
operateinad-hocmo desothattheycanc ommuni c
atewitheacho t
her
direct
ly
.
Itisimport
anttokeepthes
emo desi
nmi ndwhe nde s
igni
ngyournetwork
l
a yout
.
6 7. WIFI FAMILY

Rememberthatmanagedmo decli
ent
sc a
nnotco
mmunica
tewit
he ac
h
ot
herdir
ect
ly
,soiti
slike
lythaty
ouwi l
lwanttor
unahighre
peat
ersi
te
i
nma st
erorad-
hocmo de.
Ad-ho
ci smo r
eI e
xibl
ebutha sanumbe rofper
for
manceis
suesas
co
mpa r
edtousi
ngthema s
ter/manage
dmo des
.

4. The 802.22 Standard

Didy oue verwo nde rwhyo neo fthebi ggestuserso fwirel
essspect
rum in
almo stanyc ountryo ne a
r t
h,ne vergo tintot he2wa yc o
mmuni cati
ons
business?No?We ll
,y oua sk,whydi dt heTe l
evisi
onBr o a
dcastIndust
ry
neverwa nttodot wo -
wa yc ommuni cations.
Thes impl eanswe ristha tthi
swa sno tthebus inesstheywe rein.
Wha tthe ydidi nsteadwa sg etacces
stoa ndus eo fthebe st"beac
hf r
ont"
spectrum be t
we enDCa ndda yli
ght..anda lmo stforfreetobo ot
.
Asa na l
o gueTV g et
sr eplace
db ydi g
italTV,s o meo fthatbeachfront
spectrum i sbeingma dea vail
ableforwi rel
essne tworking.Andi npa r
tsof
thewo rl
dwhe reTV ha sbe e
nde pl
oyedl esse xt
ensivel
y,thesesamepa r
ts
ofther adios pectrum a r
ea vai
labl
ef orwirelessnetwo rk
inga swell
.
Thene w wi relesst echnologyi sc ommo nlyc alle
d TVWS ( TV Whi te
Spaces)a nda lt
ho ughr el
a t
ivel
yne wa tthet imeo fwr it
ing,thistec
hnology
isinma nyt r
ialsforrur a
lbr oadbandwi reles
s.

Fro m wikiped
ia-
IEEE802. 22,k nowni nforma ll
ya sS uperWi -
Fi,isas t
andar
df orWi r
eles
s
Re gionalAreaNe t
wo r
k s(WRAN)us ingwhi t
espacesintheTVf requency
spec t
rum.
Thede vel
opme nto ftheI EEE802. 22WRAN s t
andardisaimeda tusing
cog ni
tiveradi
o( CR)tec hniquestoa l
lows ha
ringofg eogr
aphic
allyunus ed
spec t
rum a ll
oc ate
dt ot he Te l
evision Broadcas
tS e
rvi
ce,o n a no n-
interfer
ing ba si
s,t o br ing br oadba nd acces
st o ha r
d-to-r
each,l o w
po pulat
ionde ns i
tya r
eas,t ypi
c a
lo fr uralenvir
onme nts
,andi st heref
ore
time l
ya ndha sthepo tentialforawi dea ppli
cabi
li
tywo rl
dwide.
IEEE802. 22WRANsa rede s
ignedt oo pera
teint heTVbr o a
dc a
stba nds
whi leassuri
ngt hatnoha rmfuli nterfer
enceisc a
usedt othei ncumbe nt
ope rat
ion,i.e
.,di git
alTV a nda na logTV br o
adcast
ing,andl ow po wer
l
ice nseddevicessucha swi rel
essmi crophones.
Thes tandardwa s%na l
lypubl i
shedinJ uly201 1.
 4. The 802.22 Standard 7

Te
chno
log
yof802.
22o
rTVWS
Theini
ti
aldraf
tsofthe802.22st
andar
ds peci
fytha
tthenet
wo r
kshoul
d
oper
atein apointtomul ti
poi
nttopol
og y(p2m).Thesyst
em wil
lbe
for
medb yBaseStat
ions(BS)andCustomerPr e
miseEqui
pment(CPE)
.
TheCPEswillbeat
tachedtoaBSv i
aawi re
les
sli
nk.

Onek eyf e
atureofthe802. 22WRAN Ba s
eS t
ati
onsisthattheywil
lbe
capableofpe r
formingsensi
ngo favai
lablespect
rum.
TheI nsti
tuteofElectr
icalandElectr
oni cEng i
neer
s(I
EEE) ,toge
therwit
h
theFCC,i ntheUS ,pursuedac entr
ali
s e
da pproac
hforavai
labl
espect
rum
disc
o ver
y.
Speci%cal
lye ac
hBa seS t
ati
o n(BS)wo uldbea rmedwithaGPSr ecei
ver
whichwo ul
da ll
owi t
spo si
ti
ontober epo rt
ed.
Thisi nf
orma t
ionwo uldbes entba c
kt oc e
ntr
ali
sedser
verswhichwo ul
d
res
po ndwi ththeinformationaboutav ai
labl
efreeTV channelsandguar
d
bandsi nthea r
eaoftheBa seStat
ion.

Othe
rproposa
lswoul
dallo
wl oca
lspec
trum s
ensi
ngonl
y,whe
ret
heBS
woul
ddecidebyits
el
fwhichchannel
sareavai
la
blef
orcommuni
cat
ion.
Thi
sisc
all
eddis
tr
ibut
eds
ensi
ng.

TheCPEswi l
lbes ensi
ngt hespectr
um ands e
ndingpe riodi
cr epor
tst o
theBSinf
ormi ngitaboutwha ttheysense
.TheBS ,witht heinformat
ion
gat
her
ed,willeval
uatewhethe rachangeisnece
ssa
ryint hec hannelused,
oronthecontrar
y,ifitsho
ul dst
ayt r
ansmit
ti
ngandr e
ceivingint hesame
one.Acombina t
ionofthesetwoa ppr
oachesi
sals
oe nv
isi
o ned.

The s
es e
nsi
ngme chanismsa r
epr i
ma ri
lyuse
dt oidenti
fyifther
eisa n
incumbenttra
nsmitt
ing,andifthereisaneedtoavoi
dinter
fer
ingwithi
t.
Thisme ansthatthephy si
callay
ermus tbea bletoa da
ptt odiEer
ent
conditi
onsandbeIe x
ibleinjumpi ngfro
mc hanneltochannelwit
hout
err
o r
sintra
nsmiss
iono rlos
ingcli
ents(CPEs)
.

ThisIexi
bil
it
yisals
orequi
redfordy
namic
all
ya djus
tingthebandwidt
h,
modulat
ionandcodi
ngsche
me s
.OFDMA( OrthogonalFre
quenc
y-Div
isi
on
Mu l
ti
pl
eAc ce
ss
)isthemo dul
ati
onsche
mef ort r
ansmiss
ionin upa nd
downli
nks.Wi t
h OFDMA i twil
lbe possi
blet oa chie
vet hi
sf as
t
ada
ptat
ionneededfo
rtheBSsandCPEs.
8 7. WIFI FAMILY

ByusingjustoneTVc hannel( aTVc hannelhasabandwi dt

ho f6MHz ,
insomec ountr
iestheyc a
nbe7o r8MHz )theapproxi
ma tema ximum bi
t
rat
eis19Mbi t
/sata30k m distance.
Thespeeda nddi s
tanceachievedi snote noughtof ul
%llther e
q ui
rement
s
ofthesta
nda r
d.
Thereisaf ea
turecall
edCh a
nne lBond ingwhichde al
switht hisprobl
em.
ChannelBo ndingus esmo ret hano nec hannelfortra
nsmi t
/recei
ve.Thi
s
al
lowsthes ys
temt oha vehig herba ndwidthwhi c
hwi llber eIecte
dina
bet
tersys
tem performance.

5. Summary
Aswe c a
ns e
et he sta
ndards for wi
rel
ine and wirel
es
sa re mos
tl
y
inco
rpo r
a t
edintotheIEEE802Wo rki
ngGr oup.
Atthemo mentthe802.11familyofWi Fista
ndardsande q
uipmentar
e
byfara nda wayt hemo stwidel
yma nufac
ture
da ndde pl
oyedinindo
or
ando utdoorwirel
essl
inks.
The c haptercall
ed Ha rdwar
eS e
lec
tio
na nd Co n%g
urat
ionlooksa t
equi
pme ntinmuc hmo r
ede t
ail
.

Thene w 802.22S t
anda
rdisexpect
edtopl a
ya nincreasingrol
einma ny
rura
l( and ur ba
n)wi r
ele
ssne t
works.The free
-ing up o funl i
cens
ed
spec
trum curr
e nt
lyusedbybroadca
stTV wi l
lenablet histohappen.As
yetthestandardsandthevar
iousgroupsinvol
vedint hissta
ndarda r
ein
thei
rinfancy
,a sar
ethebodie
sa r
oundt heworl
dinv o
lve dinspec
trum re
-
all
ocat
ion.

Avai
la
blee qui
pme ntiss til
lveryne wandde pl
oy ment
sa refe
wa ndf ar
bet
ween.I nt hene xt2- 3y ea
rsitisa nt
ic
ipat
edt hatthiswillchange
si
gni
%cantlyandthene xtrevi
si
ono ft
hisbookma ywe l
lhavecases
t udi
es
and depl
o ymenti nfo
r mati
ont os har
ewi thr espe
ctto 802.22 based
net
wo r
ks.Me anwhilethereisanint
eres
ti
ngpr o
jectunderwayinScotla
nd,
Unit
edKi ngdom whi c
hi sdeployi
ngTVWS802. 22ne t
wo r
ks.

Yo
uc a
nre
admo r
eabo
utt hepro
jecther
e:
ht
tp:
//
www.
wir
el
ess
whit
espace
.or
g/proj
ect
s.
as
px