UNIVERSIDAD DE LA SALLE

TOPIC: AC/DC CONVERTERS

Diego Gómez 42141047 – Alejandro Muñoz 42141044

LAB: RECTIFICATION MONOPHASE HALF WAVE UNCONTROLLED

1. OBJECTIVES

Design a single-phase half-wave rectifier to feed a resistive load, and check the results
obtained by using the "OrCAD" simulator.

1.1 SPECIFICS OBJECTIVES

A. Check the characteristics of FF, FR, TUF and performance of a rectifier.

B. Determine the apparent power of the transformer to be used.

C. Check the ripple value on the load by placing a filter on the rectifier outlet.

D. Select the diode according to its electrical characteristics by referring to the

technical data sheet of the manufacturer.

2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

A rectifier converts alternating current into direct current so the purpose of these is to generate
a pure continuous output or to generate a wave of voltage or current that have a certain
component of continuous. The half-wave rectifier is usually used in low-power applications
where the average network current will not be 0. A mean current other than 0 may cause
problems in the operation of the Transformers. And although it has limited applications it is
worth studying its operation and then more easily understand the other types of rectifiers that
may have more applications.

A half-wave rectification can be controlled or not controlled (control over the output signal). If
we want to be controlled employ a thyristor, if the rectification is not controlled, we will use a
diode as is our case. The media rectifier is the simplest circuit of power electronics and is used
in low-cost power sources for electronic items such as radios..

Figure 1 Circuito rectificador monofásico de media onda

 UNIVERSIDAD DE LA SALLE
TOPIC: AC/DC CONVERTERS
Diego Gómez 42141047 – Alejandro Muñoz 42141044

Figure 2 Forma de onda del circuito rectificador de media onda

OPERATION MODEL AND CALCULATIONS

Given a resistive load that needs to operate an average voltage of 54V and its power is 100w,
perform the design of a half-wave rectifier to feed the load.
To know the values of the elements to be used in the circuit are carried out the respective
calculations that are shown below:
Max Voltage was found: bearing in mind that Vic= 54 V

𝑉𝑑𝑐
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝜋

𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑉𝑑𝑐 ∗ 𝜋

𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 169.94 V

With the known parameter of the power, the current is found, after that the resistance to use in the
proposed circuit is found.

P= 100W
V= 54 V
𝑃
𝐼=
𝑉
100 𝑊
𝐼= = 1.85185 𝐴
54 𝑉

𝑉
𝑅𝑙 =
𝐼
 UNIVERSIDAD DE LA SALLE
TOPIC: AC/DC CONVERTERS
Diego Gómez 42141047 – Alejandro Muñoz 42141044

54 𝑉
𝑅𝑙 = = 29.16 Ω
1.85185 A

Once the calculations are obtained the values of the circuit and the design is made in OrCAD.

Figure 3 Rectificador de media onda para una carga resistiva

With these values the calculations of the voltages are carried out:

𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑 169.64
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑉𝑠 − 𝑅𝑀𝑆 = = = 119.646 V
√2 √2

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑉𝑐 − 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑜 = 54𝑉

𝑉𝑠 169.64
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑉𝑐 − 𝑅𝑀𝑆 = = = 84.82 V
2 2

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑉𝑐 –AC = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √𝑉𝑎𝑐 2 + 𝑉𝑑𝑐 2

𝑉𝑎𝑐 = √𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 2 − 𝑉𝑑𝑐 2
𝑉𝑎𝑐 = √84.82 2 − 542
𝑉𝑎𝑐 = 65.40 𝑉

169.64 𝑉
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐼𝑐 − 𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 = 𝐼 = = 5.8175 𝐴
29.16 Ω
𝑉𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑜 54𝑉
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐼𝑐 − 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝐼𝑐 = = = 1.85185 𝐴
𝑅𝑙 29.16Ω
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 84.82 𝑉
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐼𝑐 − 𝑅𝑀𝑆 = 𝐼𝑐 = = = 2.90878 𝐴
𝑅𝑙 28.16Ω
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 85 𝑉
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = = = 1.57
𝑉𝑑𝑐 54 𝑉

𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 % = 157%

 UNIVERSIDAD DE LA SALLE
TOPIC: AC/DC CONVERTERS
Diego Gómez 42141047 – Alejandro Muñoz 42141044
𝑉𝑎𝑐 65.40 𝑉
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 = = = 1.2111
𝑉𝑑𝑐 54 𝑉

𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 % = 121.11%

𝑉𝑑𝑐 2 54 𝑉 2
𝐷𝐶 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = = = 100 𝑊
𝑅𝑙 29.16 Ω

𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 2 85 𝑉 2
𝑅𝑚𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = = = 247.77 𝑊
𝑅𝑙 29.16 Ω

𝑉𝑝𝑖𝑐𝑜2 169.64 𝑉 2
𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = = = 986.89 𝑊
𝑅𝑙 29.16 Ω
𝑃𝑑𝑐 100 𝑊
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝜂 = = = 0.4036 ≈ 40.35 %
𝑃𝑟𝑚𝑠 247.77 𝑊

𝑃𝑑𝑐 100 𝑊
𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = = = 0.287
𝑉𝑠 ∗ 𝐼𝑠 119.646 𝑉 ∗ 2.90878 𝐴
100 𝑊
𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑟 = = 348.432 𝑉𝐴
0.287

3. RESULTS AND ANALISYS

Once the simulations have been carried out and the values requested are measured, they can be
observed in tables 1 and 2.

With resistive load Calculated Values taken in the

values simulator
Voltage Vs – rms 120 119.607
Voltage 𝑣𝑐 - peak 169.64 164.48
Voltage 𝑣𝑐 - average 54 53.48
Voltage 𝑣𝑐 - rms 84.82 85.72
Voltage 𝑣𝑐 - ac 65.40 64.663
Inverse peak voltage in the -169.64 -172.58
diode
Current 𝑖𝑐 - peak 5.8175 5.6305
Current 𝑖𝑐 - average 1.8518 1.8309
Current 𝑖𝑐 - rms 2.90878 2.8769
Table 1 Valores calculados y medidos

Table 1 shows the voltage and current values when there is only a resistive load..
 UNIVERSIDAD DE LA SALLE
TOPIC: AC/DC CONVERTERS
Diego Gómez 42141047 – Alejandro Muñoz 42141044

With resistive load Calculated Values taken in

values the simulator
Form factor 1.57 1.59
Curly factor 1.21 1.209
DC power in the load 100 102.6
RMS power in the load 247.77 245.12
Rectifier performance 0.4036 0.41

Transformer utilization 0.3475 0.3565

factor
Table 2 Valores calculados y medidos

Table 2 shows the form factor values, curly, transformer utilization and power.

Calculation of Errors

𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟 𝑇𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑜 − 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙

𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 % = 𝑋 100
𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟 𝑇𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑜

Valor Teórico Valor experimental Error %

Voltage Vs – rms 120 119.7 0.7
Voltage 𝑣𝑐 - peak 169.64 164.49 3.03
Voltage 𝑣𝑐 - 54 53.48 0.96
average
Voltage 𝑣𝑐 - rms 84.82 85.72 1.06
Voltage 𝑣𝑐 - ac 65.40 64.663 1.12
Inverse peak voltage -169.64 -172.58 1.73
in the diode
Current 𝑖𝑐 - peak 5.8175 5.6305 3.2
Current 𝑖𝑐 - average 1.8518 1.8309 1.08
Current 𝑖𝑐 - rms 2.90878 2.8769 1.03
Form factor 1.57 1.59 1.27
Curly factor 1.21 1.209 0.08
DC power in the 100 102.6 2.6
load
RMS power in the 247.77 245.12 1.06
load
Rectifier 0.4036 0.41 1.58
performance
Transformer 0.3475 0.3565 2.59
utilization factor
Table 3 TABLE DE ERRORES
 UNIVERSIDAD DE LA SALLE
TOPIC: AC/DC CONVERTERS
Diego Gómez 42141047 – Alejandro Muñoz 42141044
A condenser was subsequently placed in parallel to the load, allowing a ripple voltage of 10% of
the maximum load voltage, and with the simulator the output waveform was measured, and the
peak-to-peak value of curly was determined and the value of the average voltage Vcc.

Figure 4 Rectificador de media onda carga RC

𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒.

𝑉𝑟 = −10%𝑉𝑝
𝑉𝑟 = 169.64 𝑉 ∗ 0.10 = 16.96 𝑉
𝑉𝑟
𝑉𝑐𝑐 = 𝑉𝑝 −
2
16.96 𝑉
𝑉𝑐𝑐 = 169.64 𝑉 − = 161.16 𝑉
2
𝑉𝑐𝑐
𝐼𝑐𝑐 =
𝑅
161.16 𝑉
𝐼𝑐𝑐 = = 5.53 𝐴
29.16 Ω

𝐼𝑐𝑐
𝑉𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝑦 =
𝑓∗𝐶
5.53 𝐴
𝐶= = 5.43 mF
60𝐻𝑧 ∗ 16.96 𝑉

As the ripple voltage is 10% of the peak-to-peak voltage i.e. 120 V input, then:

120*10% = 12 V

With C1 Calculated Values taken in the Error %

values simulator
Vcc 161.16 161.18 0.012
Vcurly-pp 12 12.61 5.08
Table 4 Resultados con capacitor en paralelo a la carga.
 UNIVERSIDAD DE LA SALLE
TOPIC: AC/DC CONVERTERS
Diego Gómez 42141047 – Alejandro Muñoz 42141044
𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑑𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒.

5.53 𝐴
𝐶= = 5.43 𝑚𝐹 ∗ 2
16.96 𝑉 ∗ 60

𝐶 = 10.86 𝑚𝐹

After that, the value of VCC is found with the value of the duplicate capacitor.

𝐼𝑐𝑐
𝑉𝑟 =
𝑓∗𝐶

5.53𝐴
𝑉𝑟 = = 8.4868 𝑉
60 ∗ 10.86 𝑚𝐹
8.4868
𝑉𝑐𝑐 = 161.16 − = 165.397
2
For the peak-to-peak ripple voltage criterion, the duplicate capacitor must be half the previous
capacitor as this is intended to improve the ripple on the half-wave rectifier.

With 2C1 Calculated Values taken in the Error %

values simulator
Vcc 165.397 161.89 2.12
Vcurly-pp 6 9.037

Diode Electrical characteristics

The following aspects were taken into account for the electrical characteristics of the diode:

Inverse peak voltage: 169.64 V

Average current at diode: 1.86 A

The diodes support this practice is 1N5403 - 1N5408.

Simulations:

The simulations are in the annexes to the report

 UNIVERSIDAD DE LA SALLE
TOPIC: AC/DC CONVERTERS
Diego Gómez 42141047 – Alejandro Muñoz 42141044

Analysis of results:

When performing the first Test with only the resistive load, we note that the theoretical and
experimental values do not have much variation i.e. they do not exceed 5% what can be said that
the measures are reliable.

You can see that for peak voltage has the highest error between measurements of 3.03% we can
say that only how you have a diode is the one that has to withstand the stress next to the transformer
which can cause the wave is not completely pure.

The calculation of the apparent power is 348,432 VA ie an oversized value since only are required
100 W for the load.

CONCLUSIONES

 We learned to use the ORCAD software correctly and obtain the simulations requested in the
laboratory work.

 The half-wave rectifier has a high ripple in the output signal.

 When comparing the theoretical data and those obtained by means of the simulation, you can
see that they are very successful and the percentage of error is very low, being thus reliable and
very precise.

 The performance of the half wave rectifier is not as efficient, being only 40%, while the full
wave reaches 80%.

 The half-wave rectifier circuitry has a high ripple factor, this factor can be reduced by placing
a capacitor parallel to the load.

 The diode characteristics were important as observing the Datasen was not the only diode we
could use for this practice, as they are one that supports a peak to reverse peak voltage and a
required average current.

 The characteristics of FF, FR, TUF, and transformer performance were verified.

 A half-wave rectifier was designed to power a resistive load.

Bibliografía

[1] ELECTRÓNICA, D. P. Daniel W. Hart. 1ª edición en español, 2001. Ed.

 UNIVERSIDAD DE LA SALLE
TOPIC: AC/DC CONVERTERS
Diego Gómez 42141047 – Alejandro Muñoz 42141044
Rashid, M. H., González, M. H. R. V., & Fernández, P. A. S. (2004). Electrónica de potencia:
circuitos, dispositivos y aplicaciones. Pearson Educación.
Technical Data Sheets

1N5403- 1N5408
 UNIVERSIDAD DE LA SALLE
TOPIC: AC/DC CONVERTERS
Diego Gómez 42141047 – Alejandro Muñoz 42141044
 UNIVERSIDAD DE LA SALLE
TOPIC: AC/DC CONVERTERS
Diego Gómez 42141047 – Alejandro Muñoz 42141044
ATTACHMENT SHEET:

WITH RESISTIVE LOAD THE FOLLOWING SIMULATIONS WERE OBTAINED:

Figure 5 VOLTAJE VS-EFICAZ

Figure 6 VOLTAJE VC-PICO

 UNIVERSIDAD DE LA SALLE
TOPIC: AC/DC CONVERTERS
Diego Gómez 42141047 – Alejandro Muñoz 42141044

Figure 7 VOTAJE VC-MEDIO

Figure 8 VOLTAJE VC-EFICAZ

 UNIVERSIDAD DE LA SALLE
TOPIC: AC/DC CONVERTERS
Diego Gómez 42141047 – Alejandro Muñoz 42141044

Figure 9 VOLTAJE VCarga-AC

Figure 10 VOLTAJE PICO INVERSO EN EL DIODO

 UNIVERSIDAD DE LA SALLE
TOPIC: AC/DC CONVERTERS
Diego Gómez 42141047 – Alejandro Muñoz 42141044

Figure 11 CORRIENTE IC- PICO

Figure 12 CORRIENTE IC-MEDIA

 UNIVERSIDAD DE LA SALLE
TOPIC: AC/DC CONVERTERS
Diego Gómez 42141047 – Alejandro Muñoz 42141044

Figure 13 CORRIENTE IC-EFICAZ

Figure 14 FACTOR DE FORMA

 UNIVERSIDAD DE LA SALLE
TOPIC: AC/DC CONVERTERS
Diego Gómez 42141047 – Alejandro Muñoz 42141044

Figure 15 POTENCIA DC EN LA CARGA

Figure 16 POTENCIA RMS EN LA CARGA

 UNIVERSIDAD DE LA SALLE
TOPIC: AC/DC CONVERTERS
Diego Gómez 42141047 – Alejandro Muñoz 42141044

SIMULACIONES OBTENIDAS CON EL CAPACITOR EN PARALELO

Figure 17 VCC PARALLEL CAPACITOR

WITH DUPLICATE CAPACITOR VALUE.

Figure 18 Vcc capacitor duplicado

 UNIVERSIDAD DE LA SALLE
TOPIC: AC/DC CONVERTERS
Diego Gómez 42141047 – Alejandro Muñoz 42141044

Figure 19 Vpp Curly