Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Philippines in the 19th Century had the right to appoint the different positions. The
appointment of positions is obtained by the highest bidder
Social Structure which is the Governor-general of the country.
The Filipinos in the 19th century had suffered from feudalistic 4. Term of office
and master slave relationship by the Spaniards. Their social
structure is ranked into three groups:
Term of office or term in office is the length of time a
person (usually a politician) serves in a particular office is
• Highest class – the people that belong in this class dependent on the desire of the King of the country.
include the Spaniards, peninsulares and the friars. They
have the power and authority to rule over the Filipinos. 5. Distance of the colony
They enjoyed their positions and do what they want.
The Spanish officials traveled to various places and the
→ The Spanish officials needs of the Philippines were ignored. They did not put too
much attention to the needs of the other people. There were
→ The Peninsulares (Spaniards who were born in Spain). They inadequate administrative supervisions, they were unable to
held the most important government jobs, and made up the face and solve the problems regarding to the Philippines. There
smallest number of the population. were also overlapping of powers and privileges of officials
which made them competitive.
→The Friars are members of any of certain religious orders of
men, especially the four mendicant orders (Augustinians, 6. Personal interest over the welfare of the State
Carmelites, Dominicans, and Franciscans).
7. They were corrupt during the 19th century and the
• Middle Class – the people that belongs into this class Alcaldias/Alcalde is considered as the most corrupt
includes the natives, mestizos and the criollos. over the other corrupts. The Alcaldias/Alcalde includes
the administrators, judges and military commandants.
→ Natives – the pure Filipinos They usually have P25/mo liberal allowances and
privileges to take a certain percentage of money from
→ The Mestizos are the Filipinos of mixed indigenous Filipino the total amount of taxes. There were also monopoly
or European or Chinese ancestry. trades or business practices known as indulto para
comerciar.
• Lowest class – this class includes the Filipinos only.
Educational System
→The Indios are the poor people having pure blood Filipin
There are lots of criticisms received in the educational system
which ruled by the Spaniards.
of the Philippines in the late 19th century. Below are the
following:
Political System and the Sources of Abuses in the
Administrative System
1. Overemphasis on religious matters
The Spaniards ruled the Filipinos in the 19th century. The
The power of religious orders remained one of the great
Filipinos became the Spaniard’s slave. The Spaniards claimed
constants, over the centuries, of Spanish colonial rule. The
their taxes and they worked under the power of the
friars of the Augustinian, Dominican, and Franciscan orders
Spaniards. Sources of Abuses in the Administrative System:
conducted many of the executive and control functions of
government on the local level. They were responsible for
1. There was an appointment of officials with inferior education and health measures. These missionaries
qualifications, without dedication of duty and moral emphasized the teachings of the Catholic religion starting from
strength to resist corruption for material advancement. the primary level to the tertiary level of education.
Through the power and authority the Spaniards
possess, they collected and wasted the money of the
2. Obsolete teaching methods
Filipinos.
5. Absence of teaching materials Ideas of the enlightened philosophers like John Locke and
Jean Jacques Rosseau, masonry and the French Revolution
6. Primary education was neglected reached the Philippines.
7. Absence of academic freedom Liberty, religious freedom, democracy, human rights such as
suffrage, freedom of speech, press and form associations and
The absence of academic freedom in Spain’s educational assemblies.
system was extended to the schools that Spaniards established
in the Philippines. Learning in every level was largely by rote. • Opening of the Suez Canal on November 17, 1869
Students memorized and repeated the contents of book which
they did not understand. In most cases knowledge was
Connects Mediterranean and red sea; shortened distance
measured in the ability of the students to memorize, largely
between Europe and Orient
hampering intellectual progress.
Results: (a) Philippines became closer to Europe and Spain
8. Prejudice against Filipinos in the schools of higher
(b) encouraged European travelers to come to our country (c)
learning
exodus of literal ideas from Europe to the Philippines (d) more
educated and young Filipinos were able to study abroad
In entirety, education during the Spanish regime was
privileged only to Spanish students. The supposed Philippine
• Spanish Revolution of 1868 and the Liberal Regime
education was only a means to remain in the Philippines as
of Carlos Maria Dela Torre(1869-1871)
colonizers. For this reason, the Filipinos became followers to
the Spaniards in their own country. Even auspicious Filipinos
became cronies, to the extent that even their life styles were Glorious September Revolution of 1868: Queen Isabela II
patterned from the Spaniards. was overthrown resulting to the rise of liberalism in
Spain. Generals Juan Prim and Francisco Serrano appointed
dela Torre as the governor-general in the Philippines (true
9. Friar control over the system
democrat). Most liberal governor-general walked the streets
in civilian clothes and dismissed his alabaderos (halberdiers) –
The friars controlled the educational system during the the governor’s security guards – and went unescorted.
Spanish times. They owned different schools, ranging from the
primary level to the tertiary levels of education. The
missionaries took charge in teaching, controlling and • Accomplishments:
maintaining the rules and regulations imposed to the students.
(1) abolished censorship of the press and allowed unlimited
discussions of political problems and proclaimed freedom of
Economic Development and the Rise of Filipino Nationalism
speech
The country was opened to foreign trade at the end of the 18th
century which resulted in the rapid rise of foreign firms in (2) abolished flogging as a punishment
Manila. This stimulated agricultural production and export of
sugar, rice hemp and tobacco. The number of families which (3) curtailed abuses particularly the tribute and the polo
prospered from foreign commerce and trade were able to send
their sons for an education in Europe. Filipinos who were (4) allowed secular priests to be assigned to vacant parishes or
educated abroad were able to absorb the intellectual seminaries and created an office which would prevent abuses
development in Europe. by members of the regular religious orders
Factors Contributed to the Development of (5) reformed the Royal Audiencia to bring about speedier
Filipino Nationalism: administration of justice
(6) decreed educational reforms, ordered the setting up of a) American Revolution (1775-1789)
medical, pharmacy, and vocational schools · Gave birth to united states
b) French Revolution (1779-1789)
(7) created the Council of the Philippines on December 4, 1870 · Led to the overthrowing of the absolute rule of the Bourbon
which was a consultative body to study Philippine problems dynasty and the abolition of the feudal system; its ideology---
and propose solutions to them. liberty, fraternity and equality ---had influenced subject people
to cast off the yoke of colonialism by means of armed uprising.
• Rafael de Izquierdo (1871-1873), the Cavite Mutiny of
è The Liberals believed that a country should be free from
1872 and the Execution of GomBurZa (February 17,
domination by another and the people should enjoy liberty,
1872)
equality and opportunity while the Conservatives believed in
the “good old days” when monarchs and kings ruled over their
Monarchy was restored in Spain (Prince Amadeo of Savoy, subjects.
son of Victor Emmanuel I) ascended the throne in 1870. Throughout the 19th century, many people revolted against their
rulers.
April 4, 1871: Isquierdo became the governor-general; “with a) Greeks: with foreign aid won their freedom from the Turks in
crucifix in one hand and a sword in the other” restored press 1830
censorship (b) prohibited all talk on political matters and b) Norwegians: won their freedom from the Swedes in 1905
secularization of the parishes (c) disapproved the c) Italy: through the work of Camilo Cavour, Joseph Mazzini and
establishment of arts and trades in Manila (d) dismissed Joseph Garibabaldi became a free and united nation in 1861
natives and mestizos in the civil and military service. (with the excpetion of the city of Rome which remained under
the Pope and Venetia, trent and Trieste under Austria)
→ Cavite Mutiny (January 20, 1872) d) Germany: through the leadership of Otto Von Bismarck became
a united country through his policy of blood and iron.
About 200 Filipino soldiers and workers in Fort San Felipe e) Canada: became a self-governing nation in 1867
mutinied, under the leadership of Sgt La Madrid; caused by f) Colonies of Spain in Latin America: revolted between 1800 and
Izquierdo’s abolition of the exemption of the Filipino workers 1825 and won their independence
from polo and paying tributes; mutineers were able to kill the g) Northern South America: Simoun de Bolivar (The Liberator)
fort commander and some soldiers; mutiny leaders and freed part of America which is now Valenzuela, Colombia,
participants were arrested and shot to death Bolivia and part of Peru.
h) Jose San Martin, a patriotic upper-class Spaniard born in
Argentina freed Southern South America, the territory
→GomBurZa (fought for the Filipinization of parishes and
i) Japan: after a long period of seclusion under the shogunate,
champions of liberalism and humanitarianism)
slowly developed nationalism
j) China: it developed nationalism after some portions of it were
They were charged of sedition and rebellion due to the false under foreign control.
testimony of Francisco Zaldua (former Bicolano soldier and
was bribed by the Spanish prosecutors to implicate them as *** The development of Nationalism in the Philippines was
the masterminds of the mutiny). Military Court: three priests very slow. It only began after the unjust execution of Fathers
guilty and sentenced them to die by garrote. Gomez, Burgos, And Zamora on February 17, 1872.
- a Chinese immigrant from the Fukien city of Changchow. He Saturnina Mercado Rizal Hidalgo
is Rizal’s great-great-grandfather. He arrived in Manila about
- was born in 1818 and was the eldest sister of Jose Rizal. She
1690. He married a well-to-do Chinese Christian girl of Manila
had five children together with husband Manuel T. Hidalgo and
named Ines de la Rosa, then assumed Mercado as his surname
died the same year as her mother in 1913.
in 1731
General Paciano Mercado Rizal aka "Lolo Ciano"
- was the only brother of Jose Rizal. He was born in 1851 and - was born in 1870 making her the youngest of the Rizal
studied in Binan later attending school at the Colegio de San siblings. She married Pantaleon Quintero and together they
Jose in Manila. After the execution of his brother, he joined in had 5 children. Soledad died in 1929.
the Philippine Revolution where he rose up to the ranks of a
General. He later married Severina Decena of Los Banos and INFORMAL EDUCATION
had two children of which one died at an early age. Paciano Education in Binan
passed away in 1930.
Narcisa Rizal Lopez ▪ During the time of Rizal, education was characterized by
the 4Rs: reading writing, arithmetic, and religion.
- was born in 1852 and was the one who found the unmarked ▪ Rizal, although he was born a physical weakling, became
grave of her brother, Jose in the abandoned Old Paco an intellectual giant.
Cemetery. Narcisa married Antonio Lopez who was a teacher ▪ His first teacher was his mother.
and musician from Morong, Rizal. She died in 1938. ▪ At the age of 3, Rizal learned to recite the alphabet and
prayers.
Olympia Rizal Ubaldo ▪ Jose had private tutors to teach him lessons at
- was born in 1855. She married Silvestre Ubaldo and together home: Maestro Celestino, then Maestro Lucas Padua.
they had three children. She died in 1887 when she was only ▪ Leon Monroy, who as a former classmate of Jose's father,
32 years old. taught the young boy Spanish and Latin.
▪ When Leon Monroy died, Jose's parents decided to send
Lucia Rizal Herbosa him to a private school in Binan.
▪ When Jose left for Binan, he was accompanied by his
- was born in 1857. She married Mariano Herbosa and had 5 brother Paciano.
children together. In 1889 Mariano died due to an epidemic ▪ Jose lodged at his aunt's house in Binan.
but was denied a Christian burial. This was due to the fact that ▪ Rizal's school in Binan was in the house of his teacher,
he was the brother in law of Jose Rizal. This showed the Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz.
beginning of the persecution of the Rizal family by Spanish ▪ Pedro, the teacher's son, was not very fond of Jose. He
friars. Lucia died in 1919. bullied Rizal, and this led to Jose's first school brawl.
Maria Cruz Rizal ▪ Jose also took painting lessons in Binan, and was taught by
an old painter named Juancho, his schoolteacher's father-
- was born in 1855. She married Daniel Faustino Cruz of Binan, in-law.
Laguna and together they had 5 children. Mauricio Cruz, one ▪ He was the best student in school, beating all the Binan
of Maria's children became a student of Jose Rizal in Dapitan boys.
and was known to be one of his uncle's favorites. Maria was a ▪ His schooling in Binan lasted for a year and a half.
known recipient of many od Jose's letters during his lifetime.
Maria died in 1945. FORMAL EDUCATION
Concepcion Rizal Education in the Ateneo de Manila
- was born in 1862. Concepcion did not live very long as she
▪ Jose was sent to Manila four months after the friars
died at the age of 3 in 1865. Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora were martyred.
Josefa Rizal ▪ He studied in the Ateneo Municipal, which was under the
supervision of the Spanish Jesuit priests.
- was born in 1865. She was unmarried lived together with ▪ The Ateneo Municipal was later named Ateneo de Manila.
sister Trinidad until death. Josefa was said to have suffered ▪ Jose's father had intended him to study at Letran, but
from epilepsy. She died in 1945. changed his mind and sent him to the Ateneo instead.
▪ At first, the college registrar, Fr. Magin Ferrando, refused
Trinidad Rizal
Jose's admission because the boy had registered late and
- was born in 1868. She remained unmarried and lived together he was sickly and small for his age.
with her sister Josefa. Trinidad was the one who recieved an ▪ Rizal was nonetheless admitted to the Ateneo with the
alcohol lamp from brother Jose, in which he secretly hid the help and intercession of Manuel Xeres Burgos, a nephew
"Last Farewell" better known as "Mi Ultimos Adios," a poem of the martyred priest.
Rizal wrote on the eve of his death in 1896. Trinidad died in ▪ Jose adopted the name Rizal to escape suspicion. His
1951, outliving all her siblings. brother Paciano had used the name Mercado, and was
now known to the authorities as Jose Burgos' favorite
student.
▪ The quality of education in the Ateneo was more
Soledad Rizal Quintero
advanced.
▪ Students were divided into two groups: the "Roman
Empire" (boarders) and the "Carthaginian Empire" (non- Pre- Med Course
boarders). ▪ Curso de Ampiacion or Advanced course in Physics,
▪ The best student in each empire was the emperor, Chemistry and Natural History
followed by the tribune, then the decurion, the centurion, ▪ Out of the 28 young men taking Ampliacion only four
and the fifth best was the standard-bearer. including Rizal were granted the privilege of taking
▪ The Romans had red banners, and the Carthaginians had simultaneously the preparatory course and the first year
blue. of medicine
▪ Jose's first professor at the Ateneo was Fr. Jose Bech. ▪ Rizal also received his four year practical training in
▪ To improve his Spanish, Jose took private lessons in Santa medicine at the Hospital de San Juan de Dios in Intramuros
Isabel College at noon breaks. ▪ During his last year at the University, Rizal had obtained
▪ Rizal's first favorite novel was The Count of Monte the global grade of Notable (Very Good) in all of his
Cristo by Alexander Dumas. subjects, and he was the second best student in a
▪ He won a medal in Latin. decimated class of seven who passed the medicine course.
▪ Jose considered Fr. Sanchez as his best professor in the After which, Rizal decided to study in Spain.
Ateneo.
▪ He obtained the highest grades in all subjects and Academic Journey To Spain ( 1882-1885 )
graduated with the highest honors ▪ His departure for Spain was kept secret from Spanish
▪ When Rizal was 16 years old he had his first romance with Authorities, friars and even his parents especially his
Segunda Katigbak. Unfortunately, the lady was already mother because she would not allow him to go
engaged to be married. Rizal, as a shy and timid lover, ▪ To avoid detection, he used the name Jose Mercado
failed to propose despite her encouragement. ▪ On May 3, 1882 he boarded on Salvadora bound for
Singapore where he was the only Filipino passenger
Extra Curricular Involvement ▪ On November 3, 1882, he enrolled in Universidad Central
▪ An emperor inside the classroom de Madrid taking up two courses: Philosophy and Letters
▪ Campus leader and Medicine
▪ Active member and became a secretary, the Marian ▪ On June 21, 1884 , he conferred the degree of Licentiate
Congregation Religious Society in Medicine
▪ Member of the Academy of Spanish Literature and the ▪ The Following academic year , he studied and passed all
Academy of Natural Sciences subjects leading to the degree of doctor of medicine
▪ Poet ▪ Unfortunately, he was not able to submit the thesis
▪ Studied painting under the famous Spanish Painter, required for graduation nor paid the corresponding fees
Agustin Saez ▪ With that, he was not awarded his Doctor’s Diploma
▪ Improved his sculpture talents under the supervision of ▪ Jose Rizal also finished his studies in Philosophy and
Romualdo de Jesus Letters with higher grades
▪ Engaged in gymnastics and fencing and continued the ▪ He was awarded the Degree of Licentiate in Philosophy
physical training under his sports-minded Tio Manuel. and Letters by the Universidad Central de Madrid June 19,
1885 with the rating of excellent.
However, by the mid-18th century, Catholic colonial powers, But even if the Ateneo campus had been destroyed, the
notably France, Portugal, and Spain, had grown hostile to the university survived. Following the American liberation, the
Society of Jesus. The colonial powers eventually expelled the Ateneo de Manila reopened temporarily in Plaza Guipit in
Society, often quite brutally, from their realms. Sampaloc. The Padre Faura campus reopened in 1946 with
Quonset huts serving as buildings among the campus ruins.
The Jesuits had to relinquish the San Ignacio to Spanish civil
authorities in 1768, upon their violent expulsion from all In 1952, the university, led by Fr. William Masterson, S.J.
Spanish territories. Finally, under pressure from Catholic moved most of its units to its present Loyola Heights campus.
royalty, Pope Clement XIV formally declared the dissolution of Controversy surrounded the decision. An Ateneo Jesuit
the Society of Jesus in 1773. supposedly said that only the ‘children of Tarzan’ would study
in the new campus. But over the years, the Ateneo in Loyola
Pope Pius VII reinstated the Society in 1814, after almost seven Heights has become the center of a dynamic community. The
decades of persecution and over four decades of formal Padre Faura campus continued to house the professional
suppression. However, the Jesuits would not return to the schools until 1976.
Philippines until 1859, almost a century after their expulsion.
The first Filipino rector, Fr. Francisco Araneta, S.J. was leading to the issuance of such diplomas were supervised by
appointed in 1958. And in 1959, its centennial year, the Ateneo the Dominican professors of UST.
became a university. On September 17, 1902, Pope Leo XIII made the University of
Santo Tomas a “Pontifical University”, and by 1947, Pope Pius
The Padre Faura campus was closed in 1976. A year after, the XII bestowed upon it the title of “The Catholic University of the
University opened a new campus for its professional schools in Philippines”. The University of Santo Tomas is the second
Salcedo Village, in the bustling business district of Makati. In university in the world after the Gregorian University in Rome
October 1998, the University completed construction of a to be granted the formal title of Pontifical University. The
bigger site of the Ateneo Professional Schools at Rockwell, also Gregorian University was allowed to assume this title in 1873.
in Makati. The continuing increase in enrolment prompted the
administration, in 1927 to transfer the university campus from
UST HISTORY Intramuros to its present site in Sampaloc district, which
covers a total of 21.5 hectares. The Intramuros campus
The University of Santo Tomas (UST) is the oldest existing continued to operate until its destruction during the Second
university in Asia. In terms of student population, it is the World War.
largest Catholic university in the world in a single campus. The Since its establishment in 1611, the university academic life
institution was established through the initiative of Bishop was disrupted only twice: once, from 1898 to 1899, during the
Miguel de Benavides, O.P., third Archbishop of Manila. On July second phase of the Philippine Revolution and the Filipino-
24, 1605, he bequeathed the amount of one thousand five American War, and for the second time, from 1942 to 1945,
hundred pesos and his personal library for the establishment when the Japanese Occupation Forces during the Second
of a “seminary-college” to prepare young men for the World War converted the UST campus into an internment
priesthood. Those funds, and his personal library, became the camp where around 2,500 allied civilians were detained.
nucleus for the start of UST and its library. Buildings such as the Main Building, the Gymnasium and an
The founding of the University of Santo Tomas followed on annex building behind the Main Building called the Domestic
April 28, 1611. With the original campus located in Intramuros, Arts building, were used as living quarters. The internees were
the Walled City of Manila, UST was first called Colegio de liberated by the U.S. forces on February 3, 1945.
Nuestra Señora del Santisimo Rosario, and later renamed Throughout its more than 400 years of existence, the
Colegio de Santo Tomas, in memory of the foremost University has become the alma mater of four Filipino heroes
Dominican Theologian, St. Thomas Aquinas. who shaped the nation’s destiny like Jose Rizal, Emilio Jacinto,
Marcelo H. del Pilar, Apolinario Mabini; Philippine Presidents
On July 29, 1619 the Colegio was authorized to confer such as Manuel Luis Quezon, Sergio Osmeña, Jose P. Laurel and
academic degrees in theology and philosophy. By November Diosdado Macapagal; various Chief Justices of the Supreme
20, 1645, Pope Innocent X elevated the college to a university. Court, senators, congressmen, scientists, architects, engineers
In 1680, it was subsequently placed under the royal patronage and writers, all outstanding in their chosen professions. It was
of the Spanish monarchy. In 1681, Pope Innocent XI declared it visited by three popes, Pope Paul VI, Pope John Paul II, , and
a Public University of General Studies allowing it to confer Pope Francis, and various heads of states and foreign
other degrees. In 1734 Pope Clement XII authorized the dignitaries.
University to confer degrees in all existing faculties as well as
in all others that might be introduced in the future. The Pope INTRAMUROS- SPANISH TIME
also approved the curriculum in the entire field of
jurisprudence. In 1564, conquistadors led by Miguel López de Legazpi sailed
During the British invasion of Manila in 1762, the University from New Spain (Mexico) and arrived on the island of Cebu in
raised four companies of students and professors numbering February 13, 1565. There they established the first Spanish
400 men each. These saw action in battles against the British colony in the archipelago. Having heard of rich resources of
until 1764. Manila by local natives, López de Legazpi dispatched two of his
The expulsion of the Society of Jesus from the Philippines in Lieutenant-commanders, Martín de Goiti and Juan de Salcedo
1768 left the University of Santo Tomas as the only institution to explore the northern regions of the Visayas.
of higher learning in the islands.
In 1570, the Spaniards arrived in the island of Luzon. After
In 1785 in recognition of the role of the students and faculty in quarrels had erupted between the Islamic natives and the
resisting the British, King Charles III conferred the title of Spaniards; Goiti and López de Legazpi's soldiers waged war on
“Royal” to the university and formally granted it the status of the people, before they were able to take control and establish
a royal university. a permanent settlement in the area. In 1571 after the natives
On May 20, 1865, a royal order from Queen Isabella II gave the were defeated in battle, López de Legazpi made a peace pact
University the power to direct and supervise all the schools in with Rajah Sulayman, Rajah Lakandula and Rajah Matanda;
the Philippines and the Rector of the University became the ex- who, in return, handed over Manila to the Spaniards.
officio head of the secondary and higher education in the
Philippines. All diplomas issued by other schools were López de Legazpi declared the area as the new capital of the
approved by the Rector of the University and examinations
Spanish colony in the Philippines on June 24, 1571; Referring
to the rich resources and location of Manila; The King of Spain,
delighted at the new conquest achieved by López de Legazpi
and his men, awarded the city a coat of arms and declaring it
“Distinguished and ever loyal city".
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