LABORATORY REPORT

SOLUBILITY

NAME : INDRA POLMA SIANTURI

STUDENT ID : 018201800015

MAJOR : ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

BATCH : 2018
A. BACKGROUND

In our daily activities, especially in mining, the principle of solubility is used to get the elements
which they want. For example, in gold mine, they use mercury to separate the gold from the other
material by mixing mercury. And there is a process of solubility to get the gold. But, do we know the
meaning of solubility itself? According to WIKIPEDIA, Solubility is the property of a solid, liquid, or
gaseous chemical substances called solute to dissolve in a solid, liquid, or gaseous solvent. And
according to the IUPAC, solubility is the analytical composition of a saturated solution expressed as a
proportion of a designated solute in a designated solvent. And the purpose of this experiment is to
ensure the solubility whether it will produce precipitation or not.

B. APPARATUS AND REAGENT

1. Apparatus
- Test tube
- Standing test tube
- Measuring cylinder
- Dropper

2. Reagent
- KI 0.02 N
- CuSO4 0.1 M
- BaCl2 0.002 N
- HgCl2 0.0.2 N
- HCl 0.1 N & 1 N
- NaOH 1 N
- AgNO3 0.1 N
- Pb(NO3)2 0.02 N

C. PROCEDURE
- Prepare all of the apparatus and regent
- Measure any solution randomly by using measuring cylinder
- Measure also the other solution which will be mixed with the first solution
- Mix both of the solution
- Shake the test tube a little bit
- Observe the changing
- Do the steps to get as many as the variant of the solution

D. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
In this experiment, we could make twelve solutions by mixing eight reagents randomly.
HgCl + NaOH HgOH + NaCl BaCl + KI KCl + BaI CuSO4 + Pb(NO3)2 PbSO4 + Cu(NO3)2

CuSO4 + NaOH Cu(OH)2 + Na2SO4 AgNO3 + KI AgI + KNO3 BaCl + HgCl BaCl + HgCl

AgNO3 + HCl AgCl + HNO3 BaCl2 + HCl BaCl2 + HCl Pb(NO3)2 + KI PbI2 + KNO3
NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O AgNO3 + BaCl2 AgCl2 + Ba(NO3)2 HgCl2 + KI HgI2 + KCl

E. DISCUSSION
From the experimental result, we can observe and see that some solution could produce
precipitation and the other don’t. It is caused by the characteristic of the element
contained in the reagent which mixed each other randomly. Actually we can know the
solution whether will produce precipitation if we mix reagent by knowing the
characteristic of the element itself. This is the characteristic of elements:

Soluble ion compounds :

1. All nitrat salts (NO3-)

2. All chlorate salts (ClO3-)
3. All acetate salts (CH3COO-)
4. All halide salts (Cl-, Br-, I-) except those derived from metals Ag +, Hg +, Pb2+, and
HgI2
5. All sulfate salts (SO42-) except from metals Ba2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, and Pb2+
6. Liquid: PbCl2, PbBr2, PbI2 easily dissolves in hot water

Ionic compounds that difficult to dissolve

1. All bases except LiOH, NaOH, KOH, NH4OH, Ca(OH)2, Si(OH)2, Ba(OH)2
2. All carbonate salts (CO32-) except from metals Li+, Na+, K+, NH4+
3. All sulfite salts (SO32-) except from metals Li+, Na+, K+, NH4+
4. All silicate salts (SiO32-) except from metals Li+, Na+, K+, NH4+
5. All phosphate salts (PO43-) except from metals Li+, Na+, K+, NH4+
6. All arsenate (AsO32-) salts except from metals Li+, Na+, K+, NH4+
7. All sulfide salts (S2-) except Li+, Na+, K+, NH4+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Mg2+
 For example, we see the reaction of :
AgNO3+HCl AgCl+ HNO3

From the characteristic of element, we could see that all halide salts (Cl-, Br-, I-) are
soluble ion except those derived from metals Ag +, Hg +, Pb2+, and HgI2. And it’s proved
that it produced precipitation of AgCl. But, there are some reactions don’t produce
precipitation even though according to the characteristic of element that it will produce
precipitation. There are some factors which make it happen, maybe the reagent is in a
good condition, or the apparatus doesn’t clean properly, so it can have impact with the
reaction which will be held on it.

F. CONCLUSION
Conclusion from this experimental is that the elements have their own characteristic. So,
when we mix with other reagents, we can know the solution whether it will produce
precipitation or not by knowing the characteristic. And knowing the characteristic of the
elements, we could utilize it to help us in solving problems which related with it.

G. SOURCES
http://sharringilmu.blogspot.com/2012/10/senyawa-mudah-dan-sukar-larut.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solubility