1. Describe the chemical properties of water. Give its importance.

 Water is a polar inorganic compound that is at room temperature a tasteless and odorless
liquid, which is nearly colorless apart from an inherent hint of blue, it is by far the most studied
chemical compound and is described as the "universal solvent" and the "solvent of life".
 It is the most abundant substance on Earth and the only common substance to exist as a solid,
liquid, and gas on Earth's surface.
 There are metabolic roles of water as a reagent; in particular hydrolysis uses water to hydrolysis
substances such as protein to amino acids and polysaccharides to monosaccharides.
 Without water we would not be able to obtain oxygen, which is created by photosynthesis, or
be able to remove waste from our bodies.

2. What does pH value means? What is the normal range in human blood ?
 pH is a logarithmic scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.
 It is approximately the negative of the base 10 logarithm of the molar concentration, measured
in units of moles per liter, of hydrogen ions..
 Human blood stays in a very narrow pH range right around ( 7.35 - 7.45 ).
 Below or above this range means symptoms and disease.

3. What is the Henderson-Hasselbach equation? Illustrate and describe each part. Give its
importance.
 The Henderson–Hasselbalch equation describes the derivation of pH as a measure of acidity
(using pKa, the negative log of the acid dissociation constant) in biological and chemical systems.
 The equation is also useful for estimating the pH of a buffer solution and finding the equilibrium
pH in acid-base reactions

 Ka is the dissociation constant of the weak acid, pKa = log Ka, and [HA] and [A] are the molarities
of the weak acid and its conjugate base.
 Buffers act as ‘Shock absorbers” against sudden changes of pH by converting injurious strong
acids and bases into harmless weak acid salts.
HA –> H+ + A- and BA –> B+ + A-
 If a buffer solution is composed of weak acid HA and its salt BA, they ionize as follows:

On addition of an Alkali, We shall have,

Na+ + OH– + H+ + A– –> NaA + H2O

 On addition of an acid,
H+Cl– + B+ + A– —> HA + BCl
 The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation is widely used to calculate the isoelectric point of proteins.
 The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation provides a general solution to the quantitative treatment
of acid-base equilibrium in biological system.
 As may be seen from the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation, when the pH of the solution equals
the pK′ of the buffer, [conjugate base] = [acid], the buffer can respond equally to both added
acid and added base.

4. What is equilibrium constant? What is its role in Henderson–Hasselbalch equation and what
is its relationship with pH ?
 The equilibrium constant of a chemical reaction is the value of its reaction quotient at chemical
equilibrium, a state approached by a dynamic chemical system after sufficient time has elapsed
at which its composition has no measurable tendency towards further change.
 For a given set of reaction conditions, the equilibrium constant is independent of the initial
analytical concentrations of the reactant and product species in the mixture.
 Whenever an acid is added to water, some of the hydrogen atoms from the acid are added to
water, leaving behind the conjugate base of the acid.
 When we first add the acid to the water, we have a bunch of the hydrogen atoms transferring to
water, then some of the hydrogen atoms return to the conjugate base (reforming the acid), and
then they keep going back and forth between the water and the acid. This continues until the
products and reactants reach equilibrium.
 The equilibrium constant expression shows that the concentrations (ph) of H+ and OH- in water
are linked.
 As one increases, the other must decrease to keep the product of the concentrations equal to
1.01 × 10-14 (at 25 °C). If an acid, like hydrochloric acid, is added to water, the concentration of
the H+ goes up, and the concentration of the OH- goes down, but the product of those
concentrations remains the same. An acidic solution can be defined as a solution in which the
[H+] > [OH-].

5. What is a buffer system? Define and describe each component and their relationship and give
an example of each.
A buffer system is a solution that resists a change in pH when acids or bases are added.
• A buffer system can be made of a weak acid and its salt or a weak base and its salt. A
classic example of a weak acid based buffer is acetic acid (CH3COOH) and sodium acetate
(CH3COONa).
• Buffer solutions are solutions which resist change in hydronium ion and the hydroxide
ion concentration (and consequently pH) upon addition of small amounts of acid or base, or
upon dilution. Buffer solutions consist of a weak acid and its conjugate base (more common) or
a weak base and its conjugate acid (less common). The resistive action is the result of the
equilibrium between the weak acid (HA) and its conjugate base (A−).
• HA(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ H3O+(aq) + A−(aq)
• Any alkali added to the solution is consumed by hydronium ions. These ions are mostly
regenerated as the equilibrium moves to the right and some of the acid dissociates into
hydronium ions and the conjugate base. If a strong acid is added, the conjugate base is
 protonated, and the pH is almost entirely restored. This is an example of Le Chatelier's principle
and the common ion effect. This contrasts with solutions of strong acids or strong bases, where
any additional strong acid or base can greatly change the pH.
• buffers are composed of "weak acid and its corresponding salt" or "weak base and its
corresponding salt " say ACETATE BUFFER. it contains acetic acid (weak acid) and sodium
acetate( salt ).
• pH maintance is done by both the components. explaining with ACETATE BUFFER. they
are normally remain ionized:
• CH3COOH-----> CH3COO- + H+
• CH3COONa-----> CH3COO- + Na+
• when acid(H+ ion) is added in the solution, CH3COO- take it and converted into
CH3COOH as no free H+ so no decrease in pH.
• when alkali(OH-) is added Na+ uptake it and converted into NaOH. so no increase in pH.
thus buffer components maintain pH.

REFRENCES :

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water

www.markedbyteachers.com/...importance-of-water-and-its-properties

https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-pH-of-blood-in-humans

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henderson–Hasselbalch_equation

https://www.thoughtco.com/henderson-hasselbalch-equation

https://www.sciencedirect.com/.../hendersonhasselbalch-equation

https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-the-dissociation-constant

https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20070425195324AA6L45M