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ABSTRACT
In this study, a reserve estimation attempt in a silver ore deposit was carried out by the help of Geographic Information
Systems (GIS). Using GIS, 3D model of the studied region, most suitable section planes and grade distributions were
obtained and reserve estimation by cross-section method was approached. Besides, tabular cutting depth values were
stored, and the relationships were encoded between the drillings, lithological units, and cross-section in a GIS database.
1. INTRODUCTION
As mining operations become larger and more complex, large volumes of geological and production data, which are
almost spatial, must be manipulated and interpreted on a day to day basis. Working with large volume of data brings out
the need of sophisticated data storage strategies, and tools for interpretation and visualization in exploration and mining
operations. In order to remain competitive, mineral industries must be adopted to the improvement of information
technologies.
Today, the classical methods used in mining operations are forced to work in a harmony with the information and
computer technologies. When spatial data and information technologies were considered together GIS comes to mind,
because spatial data from a variety of sources such as bore-hole locations, tabular cutting depth values, geological paper
maps, can be captured in a GIS database, manipulated and transformed to extract particular features in the data, and
combined together to produce new derived maps that are useful for decision-making and understanding more effectively.
Digital elevation data are a set of elevation measurements for locations distributed over the land surface. Several terms
have developed that refer to digital elevation data and its derivatives. Digital Terrain Data (DTD), Digital Terrain
Models (DTM), Digital Elevation Model (DEM), and Digital Terrain Elevation Data (DTED) are the more commonly
used terms (Aronoff, S., 1989). In this case the elevation measurements are the elevation contours and spot heights that
was sketched on the topographic paper map. So when the vector-based digital topographic map was used as input, the
DEM of the studied region was derived from it in Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN) data model, after a
computerized interpolation process (Figure.2). TIN is a vector-based topological data model that is used to represent
terrain data. A TIN represents the terrain surface as a set of interconnected triangular facets. For each of the three
vertices the XY coordinate (geographic location) and the Z coordinate (elevation) values are encoded (Aronoff, S.,
1989).
The geological map of the studied region was digitized as similar as the topographic map, except the absence of the
elevation values (Figure.4).
Figure.4 Geological map of studied region.
Each lithological unit was represented by a closed polygon and the non-graphic data related to the unit were stored as
attributes in a GIS database. The geological map and the DEM, which was obtained before, had the same coordinate
values as boundaries of the studied region. So it was possible to drape the geological map over the DEM, and in this
manner the geological block model was obtained (Figure.5).
Figure.5 Geological block model.
The cutting depth values were evaluated to generate the lithological unit boundaries on cross-sections. Three main
lithological units, named Dolomite, Schist and Tuff, were chosen for this application. Due to the fact that the other sub-
units, such as silicified, altered, or semi-altered tuff, were found as very thin bands in drilling logs, they were
generalized as Tuff.
In the generation of geological cross-sections a small macro, which was written in Pascal Programming Language, was
used. The tabular cutting depth values were read and the Z coordinates of the cutting depths on the XZ plane were
calculated by the macro. Then a small line segment for each depth was placed and an annotation near the segment that
defines the lithological unit was put on the drilling log. Afterwards, the output of the macro, which is in (AutoCAD Data
Exchange Format) DXF format, were opened in a CAD software and the lithological unit boundaries were digitized
manually by taking the three main lithological units (Dolomite, Schist, Tuff) and the faults of the region into
consideration.
As a result, the tabular cutting depth values were converted to graphic format, so the graphical data, which were
obtained from this process, represent the geological maps on XZ plane for each cross-section (Figure.7).
Figure.7 An example to cross-section map.
5. GIS DATABASE
In the geological cross-sections the closed polygons which represent the lithological units were cut with the influence
area boundaries of the drillings. Henceforward, rebuild process, that is used to build topology, was applied to the new
polygons. Topology is a mathematical method used to define spatial relationships, and it is the most widely used method
of encoding spatial relationships in a GIS (Aronoff, S., 1989). Unique IDs were assigned to all polygons at the GUI
(Graphical User Interface) part of the software, in order to identify them in the database.
A database is a collection of information about things and their relationships to each other (Aronoff, S., 1989). Drillings,
lithological units and cross-sections are in a relationship with each other. So, a database structure was built, in order to
store this collection of information with its relationships (Figure.8).
6. CALCULATIONS
In calculations, primarily the weighted average method was applied to cutting depths by grade values of each drilling, in
order to obtain the average grade values of drillings. Afterwards, the same method (weighted average method) was
applied to average grade values of drillings by area values of litho-polygons to obtain average grade values of each litho-
polygon. Henceforth, to obtain the average grade values of each cross-section, again weighted average method was
applied to the average grade values by the area values of litho-polygons.
All these calculations were made on XZ plane, and the average grade and the total area values of cross-sections were
obtained. For reserve estimation volume and density parameters must be included into calculations. To include the
volume parameter into calculations the width of a block (on XY plane) must be obtained. Therefore, in order to obtain
the influence area borders of cross-sections the same method, which was applied to the drillings, was applied to the
cross-section paths. The borders were drawn from the midpoint of the perpendicular distance between the neighbor
sections, so the widths of the blocks (on XY plane) were obtained.
In order to obtain the volumes of the blocks the width values were multiplied by the area values of cross-sections. Also
the average grade values of cross-sections were assigned to the blocks. Finally to express the reserve estimation in tones,
the volumes and the average grade values of them multiplied by the rock density of the region.
7. CONCLUSIONS
All these complicated and dense calculations were done by formulized equations encoded in the GIS database, without
any calculation error risk. As a result, by using GIS techniques the calculations for reserve estimation can be done in a
very short time and the results are more accurate than the classical approaches.
In this study GIS techniques were applied to a classical method as an example, and the accuracy of this method can be
discussed, but the benefits of the information technologies to mining and mineral industries can not be belittled. Today, a
wide variety of software tools, which are very powerful, have entered the mining and mineral industries. Consequently,
the improvement of the information technologies, which is very fast, must be followed and adopted to the mineral
industries to remain competitive.
REFERENCES
ARONOFF, S., 1989, Geographic Information Systems: A management Perspective, WDL Publications, Canada, 288 p.
BONHAM-CARTER, G.F., 1994, Geographic Informatin Systems for Geoscientists: Modelling with GIS, Elsevier
Science Publications, Canada, 398 p.
CANER, G., 1983, Maden Ekonomisi, Mineral Kaynaklarinin Degerlendirilmesi, Teknik ve Ekonomik Kavram Deger
Kriter ve Yontemler, Maden Tetkik ve Arama Enstitusu Yayinlari Egitim Serisi, Ankara, 206 p.
UYGUCGIL, H., 1994, Usage of Geographic Information Systems in Mining Engineering, Unpublished M.Sci. Thesis,
Osmangazi University, Turkey, 50 p.
AUTHORS DETAILS
Hakan Uygucgil
Anadolu University
Satellite & Space Sciences Research Institute
26470, Eskisehir, TURKEY.
Tel: +90 (222) 322-2059 Ext:105
Fax: +90 (222) 322-1619
e-mail: uygucgil@vm.baum.anadolu.edu.tr
Can Ayday
Anadolu University
Satellite & Space Sciences Research Institute
26470, Eskisehir, TURKEY.
Tel: +90 (222) 322-2059 Ext:105
Fax: +90 (222) 322-1619
e-mail: cayday@vm.bau.anadolu.edu.tr