4 Multipole Expansion

Coulomb potential
Z
1 (~x0 )
(~x) = d 3 x0
4 0 j~x ~x0 j
X 1 Z `
1 r<
= d3 x0 `+1
(~x0 ) Y`m ( 0 ; 0 ) Y`m ( ; )
`;m
0 2` + 1 r>
X q`m
= Y ( ; )
`+1 `m
`;m
r

When r > r0 is at the region where no charge exists and

Z
1 1
q`m = d3 x (~x) r` Y`m ( ; )
0 2` + 1

Since Y`m ( ; ) = ( 1)m Y`; m ( ; ), we have

q`m = ( 1)m q`; m

4.0.1
Theorem 1 If `0 is the minimum order of non-vanishing q`m , then q`0 m is
invariant under coordinate translation.

If origin of the translated coordinate system is at the point ~a, the position
vector ~x is related to ~x0 in the new coordinate system as

~x = ~x0 + ~a; xi = x0i + ai

Then
r02 = r2
Since r` Y`m ( ; ) satis…es the Laplace equation

r2 r` Y`m ( ; ) = 0 = r02 r` Y`m ( ; ) ;

r` Y`m ( ; ) may be expanded as

X 0 B (`m; `0 m0 )
r` Y`m ( ; ) = A (`m; `0 m0 ) r0` + Y`0 m0 ( 0 ; 0 )
`0 ;m0
r0`0 +1

1
Now as ~x0 ! 0, ~x ! ~a: In this limit, the right hand side of the above equation
remains …nite. We must have B (`m; `0 m0 ) = 0. So
X r0`
0

Y`m ( ; ) = A (`m; ` m ) ` Y`0 m0 ( 0 ; 0 )

0 0

`0 ;m0
r

But as ~x0 ! 1, ~x ! ~x0 ; ( ; ) ! ( 0 ; 0 ) : So we have A (`m; `0 m0 ) = 0 if

`0 > ` and A (`m; `m0 ) = mm0 : Equivalently
X 0
r` Y`m ( ; ) = r0` Y`m ( 0 ; 0 ) + A (`m; `0 m0 ) r0` Y`0 m0 ( 0 ; 0 )
`0 <`;m0

A charge distribution (~x) becomes 0 (~x0 ) = (~x) in the translated coordi-

nate system. So
Z
1 1
q`m = d3 x (~x) r` Y`m ( ; )
0 2` + 1
Z
1 1
P r0` Y`m ( 0 ; 0 )
= d3 x0 0 (~x0 ) 0
0 2` + 1 + `0 <`;m0 A (`m; `0 m0 ) r0` Y`0 m0 ( 0 ; 0 )

Thus q`0 m = q`0 0 m

4.1 Angular Momentum

~ as
De…ne the angular momentum operator L

~ 1~
L ~x r
i

which has the commutator

[Li ; Lj ] = i ijk Lk

In spherical coordinates,

~ = e^r @ + e^ 1 @ + e^ 1 @
r
@r r@ r sin @
and

2
 ~ = @ 1 @ 1 @
L ir^
er e^r + e^ + e^
@r r@ r sin @
@ 1 @
= e^ e^#
i@ sin i@
Thus

~ k^ = 1 @ @
Lz = L e^# k^ =
sin i@ i@
~ ^{ = sin @ @
Lx = L cos cot
i@ i@
~ |^ = cos @
Ly = L sin cot
@
i@ i@
So
Lz Y`m = mY`m
Furthermore

~ L
~ = @ 1 @ @ 1 @
L2 = L e^ e^# e^ e^#
i@ sin i@ i@ sin i@
1 @ @ 1 @2
= sin
sin @ @ sin2 @ 2
De…ne

L = Lx iLy
i @ @
=e cot
@ i@

We have

[Lz ; L ] = [Lz ; Lx iLy ] = iLy Lx = L

Lz L = L (Lz 1)

Since L Y`m is an eigenfunction of Lz with eigenvalue (m 1)

Lz L Y`m = L (Lz 1) Y`m = (m 1) L Y`m

3
and
L2 (L Y`m ) = L L2 Y`m = ` (` + 1) (L Y`m )
L Y`m must be proportional to Y`;m 1

( )
L Y`m = A`m Y`;m 1

2 D E
( )
A`m = hL Y`m jL Y`m i = Y`m j (L )y L jY`m
= hY`m jL L jY`m i = Y`m jL2x + L2y i [Lx ; Ly ] jY`m
= Y`m jL2 L2z Lz jY`m = ` (` + 1) m2 m
= (` m) (` m + 1)

( )
p ( )
So A`m = (` m) (` + m + 1). To …nd out the phase of A`m , we resort
to the de…nition of Y`m ( ; )
s
(2` + 1) (` m)! m
Y`m ( ; ) = P (cos ) eim (1)
4 (` + m)! `

where
( 1)m m d`+m `
P`m (x) = ` 1 x2 2
`+m
x2 1 (2)
2 `! dx

i @ @
L =e cot
@ i@
!
i
1 @ x @
=e 1 x2 2
1 jx=cos
@x (1 x2 ) 2 i@

s
(2` + 1) (` m)! i(m+1)
L+ Y`m ( ; ) = e
4 (` + m)!
!
1 @ mx
1 x2 2
1 P`m (x)
@x (1 x2 ) 2
p
= (` m) (` + m + 1)Y`;m+1 ( ; )

4
 ~ =
Note that L ~ and L =
L L . So

L Y`m = L Y`m = f L+ [( 1)m Y`; m ( ; )]g

p
= ( 1)m+1 (` + m) (` m + 1)Y`; m+1 ( ; )
p
= (` + m) (` m + 1)Y`;m 1 ( ; )

To summarize, we have
p
L Y`m = (` m) (` m + 1)Y`;m 1

4.1.1 Product of two spherical harmonics

The angular function Y`1 m1 ( ; ) Y`2 m2 ( ; ) may be expanded as a linear
combination of spherical harmonics
X
Y`1 m1 ( ; ) Y`2 m2 ( ; ) = A`m Y`m ( ; )
`;m

Since the LHS is an eigenfunction of Lz with eigenvalue m1 + m2 , m on the

RHS must be equal to m1 +m2 . Applying (L+ )(`1 m1 +`2 m2 +1) = (L+ )(`1 `2 m+1)
on both sides, the LHS equals zero because operating L+ (`1 m1 + `2 m2 + 1)
times either raises m1 past `1 or raises m2 past `2 and thus gives null results.
In order for the RHS to vanish, ` must be (`1 + `2 ). Furthermore, since

A`m = hY`m ( ; ) jY`1 m1 ( ; ) Y`2 m2 ( ; )i

= Y`m ( ; ) Y`1 m1 ( ; ) jY`2 m2 ( ; )
= Y`m ( ; ) Y`2 m2 ( ; ) jY`1 m1 ( ; )

we see that one of the terms in the expansion of the angular function Y`m ( ; ) Y`1 m1 ( ; )
in terms of spherical harmonics must be proportional to Y`2 m2 . Thus `2
(`1 + `). Similarly `1 (`2 + `). So ` j`1 `2 j and we have
`=(`1 +`2 )
X
Y`1 m1 ( ; ) Y`2 m2 ( ; ) = A` Y`;m1 +m2 ( ; )
` j`1 `2 j

4.1.2 Product of ni ( ; )
The angular function ni1 ni2 :::ni` is a linear combinations of Y`x ; Y` 2;x ; Y` 4;x :::
Only ` di¤ers by even orders are involved because of the re‡ection parity is

5
 equal to ( 1)` . To be more precise, ni1 ni2 :::ni` ! ( 1)` ni1 ni2 :::ni` under
~x ! ~x and
Y`m ( ; + )
s
(2` + 1) (` m)! m
= P ( cos ) eim( + )
4 (` + m)! `
s
m (2` + 1) (` m)!
= ( 1) ( 1)`+m P`m (cos ) eim
4 (` + m)!
= ( 1)` Y`m ( ; )

Note that we have used P`m ( x) = ( 1)`+m P`m (x). If ni1 ni2 :::ni` 2 is a
linear combination of Y` 2;x ; Y` 4;x :: . Since ni` 1 ni` is a linear combinations
of Y2;x and Y0;x , this assertion can be proved inductively.
Let S^ (^
n) be a linear combination of the tensor product of ni1 ni2 :::ni`
S^ (^
n) = Si1 i2 ::i` ni1 ni2 :::ni`
where the coe¢ cient Si1 i2 ::i` is a constant and symmetric under the permuta-
tion of its indices. Like ni1 ni2 :::ni` , S^ (^
n), in general, is a linear combination
of Y`;x ; Y` 2;x ; Y` 4;x :: .
r2 S^ (~x) = @ @ Si1 i2 ::i` xi1 xi2 :::xi`
X
= in @ Si1 i2 ::n::i` xi1 xi2 ::xc
in ::xi`

n
XX
= in im Si1 i2 ::in ::im ::i` xi1 xi2 :::xc c
in :::x im :::xi`

m6=n n
X
= 2 in im Si1 i2 ::in ::im ::i` x x :::xc
i1 i2 c
in :::x im :::xi`

n6=m

= ` (` 1) i` i` 1
Si1 i2 :::i` 2 i` 1 i`
xi1 xi2 :::xi` 2

Note, the property that Si1 i2 ::in ::im ::i` is symmetric under the permutation of
its indices is utilized in the last step. If S^ is traceless, i.e., in im Si1 i2 ::in ::im ::i` =
0, then we have r2 S^ (~x) = 0 and S^ (~x) = r` S^ (^ n) must be equal to r` times
some linear combination of Y`m .
X̀
S^ (^
n) = Si1 i2 ::i` ni1 ni2 :::ni` = Am Y`m ( ; )
m= `

6
On the other hand, if the above identi…cation is valid, then r2 S^ (~x) = 0
and S^ must be traceless. This is equivalent to saying that Si1 i2 ::i` being
traceless upon contraction of any two indices is thus a necessary and su¢ cient
condition for S^ (^
n) being a linear combination of spherical harmonics of order
`:

4.2 Multiple Expansion in Cartesian coordinates

1
The Taylor series expansion for x ~
j~ x0 j
is

1 X
1
( 1)n 1
= x0i1 x0i2 ::x0in @i1 @i2 ::@in
j~x ~x0 j n=0
n! j~xj
In a charge free region where r is su¢ ciently large,
Z
1 (~x0 )
(~x) = d3 x0
4 0 j~x ~x0 j
1 Z
1 X 3 0 0 0i1 0i2 0in ( 1)
n
1
= d x (~x ) x x ::x @i1 @i2 ::@in
4 0 n=0 n! j~xj
The monopole order n = 0 is
Z
1 1 1 Q
d3 x0 (~x0 ) =
4 0 j~xj 4 0r
The dipole order term at n = 1 is
Z
1 n
^ 1 p~ n^
d3 x0 (~x0 ) ~x0 2 = 2
4 0 j~xj 4 0 r
Quadrupole n = 2
Z
1 1 1
d3 x0 (~x0 ) x0i x0j @i @j
4 0 2 j~xj
Z 2
1 1 3xi xj ij r
= d3 x0 (~x0 ) x0i x0j
24 0 r5
Z 2
1 1 1 02 ij 3xi xj ij r
= d3 x0 (~x0 ) x0i x0j r
24 0 3 r5
Z
1 1 ni nj
= d3 x0 (~x0 ) 3x0i x0j r02 ij
24 0 r3
1 1 ni nj
= Qij 3
4 02 r

7
In general, we may write the `th order term
Z `
3 0 0 0i1 0i2 0i` ( 1) 1
d x (~x ) x x ::x @i1 @i2 ::@i`
`! j~xj
as
1 ~ i1 i2 ::i` (2` 1)!!Mi1 i2 ::i` (^n)
Q `+1
`! r
where Z
Q~ i1 i2 ::i`
= d3 x0 (~x0 ) x0i1 x0i2 ::x0i`

and
( 1)` 1
n) = r`+1
Mi1 i2 ::i` (^ @i @i ::@i
(2` 1)!! 1 2 ` r
= (ni1 ni2 ::ni` + ::::)
is totally symmetric and vanishes under contraction on any two of the `
indices because r2 1r = 0 when r 6= 0 and

( 1)` 1
n) = r`+1
in im Mi1 i2 ::i` (^ @i @i ::@c c
i ::@i ::@i r
2
=0
(2` 1)!! 1 2 n m ` r
Mi1 i2 ::i` (^
n)
Furthermore, r2 r`+1
= 0 when r 6= 0; so we must have

Mi1 i2 ::i` (^
n) 1 X i1 i2 ::i`
= D Y`m ( ; )
r`+1 r`+1 m m

and
0 = r2 r` Mi1 i2 ::i` (^
n) = r2 (xi1 xi2 ::xi` + ::::)
By de…nition xi1 xi2 ::xi` is also totally symmetric and therefore have (`+2)!`!2!
=
(`+2)(`+1)
2
di¤erent components. The terms that have at least one factor of
nm
in M i1 i2 ::i`
have (` `!)!2! = `(`2 1) di¤erent components. So e¤ectively, only
(`+2)(`+1) `(` 1)
2 2
= (2` + 1) independent components are in Mi1 i2 ::i` . This is
consistent with the (2` + 1) dimensional representation of Y`m :
Since Mi1 i2 ::i` vanishes under contraction of any two indices, we have
r02 x0i1 x0i2 ::x0i` Mi1 i2 ::i` (^ n)
X
=2 d
x0i1 x0i2 ::x d
0in :::x 0im ::x0i` in im
Mi1 i2 ::i` (^
n) = 0

8
and we may set
n) = r0` Mi1 i2 ::i` (^
x0i1 x0i2 ::x0i` Mi1 i2 ::i` (^ n0 ) Mi1 i2 ::i` (^
n)
n0 ) ni1 ni2 ::ni`
= r0` Mi1 i2 ::i` (^
and
Z
3 0 0 0i1 0i2 0i` ( 1)` 1
d x (~x ) x x ::x @i1 @i2 ::@i`
`! j~xj
Z
1 ni1 ni2 ::ni`
= (2` 1)!! d3 x0 (~x0 ) r0` Mi1 i2 ::i` (^
n0 )
`! r`+1
1 ni ni2 ::ni`
= Qi1 i2 ::i` 1 `+1
`! r
where Z
i1 i2 ::i`
Q = (2` 1)!! d3 x0 (~x0 ) r0` Mi1 i2 ::i` (^
n0 )
n)
Mi1 i2 ::i` (^
If r2 r`+1
= 0, then Mi1 i2 ::i` (^
n) and i1 i2
n) must be linear
Mi1 i2 ::i` (^
i1 i2
combinations of Y`m only. But n) contains at most ` 2 factors of
Mi1 i2 ::i` (^
n and its inner product with Y`m must be zero. Therefore i1 i2 Mi1 i2 ::i` (^
i
n) =
i1 i2 2 `
0. On the other hand, n) = 0 leads to r r Mi1 i2 ::i` (^
Mi1 i2 ::i` (^ n) = 0
and Mi1 i2 ::i` (^
n) is a linear combinations of Y`m of order ` only.

4.3 ~ in a sphere
Average of E
Consider the following integral over a sphere of radius R.
Z
d3 xE ~ (~x)
r<R
Z Z
3 ~ 2
= d xr (~x) = R d n^ (~x)
r<R r=R
Z Z
2 3 0 (~x0 )
= R dx d n
^
4 0 j~x ~x0 j
X Z ` XZ
2 1 3 0 0 r<
= R d x (~x ) `+1 d n ^ Y`m ( ; ) Y`m ( 0 ; 0 )
0 (2` + 1) r > m
`
P ~ R
Let n
^ = m Am Y1m ( ; ). So d n ^ Y`m ( ; ) = A ~ m `1 and
Z X
d n ^ Y`m ( ; ) Y`m ( 0 ; 0 ) = ~ m Y1m ( 0 ; 0 ) `1 = n
A ^ 0 `1 :
m

9
We thus have Z Z
3 R2
~ (~x) = r< 0
d xE d3 x0 (~x0 ) 2 n
^
r<R 30 r>
When all the charge density is distributed outside the sphere, then r< =
R; r> = r0
Z Z
3 ~ R2 R 0
d xE (~x) = d3 x0 (~x0 ) 02 n
^
r<R 30 r
Z
4 R3 1 0 ~x0
= d3 x0 (~x0 ) 03
3 4 0 r
3
4 R ~
= E (0)
3
If there is no charge outside the sphere, r> = R; r< = r0
Z Z
3 ~ 1 p~
d xE (~x) = d3 x0 (~x0 ) ~x0 = (3)
r<R 30 30

The above result has some consequence for the electric …eld E ~ (~x) due to a
dipole p~ at the origin. The potential for the point dipole p~ is 4 1 0 p~r3~x which
yields

~ (~x) = p~ ~x
1 ~ 1 p~ p~ ~x
E r = 3 n
^
4 0 r3 4 0 r3 r4
1 3 (~p n
^) n^ p~
= 3
4 0 r
Now 3 (~p n
^) n
^ p~ = pi (3ni nj ij
) e^j is a linear combination of Y2m , and
Z
[3 (~p n
^) n ^ p~] d = 0:

Therefore
Z Z Z
3 (~p n
^) n^ p~ 3 dr
3
d x= [3 (~p n
^) n
^ p~] d =0
r<R r r<R r
The …eld due to a dipole at the origin needs to be modi…ed to

~ (~x) = 1 3 (~p n
^) n
^ p~ p~
E (~x)
4 0 r3 30
to yield (3).

10
4.4 Multiple Expansion of energy for a charge distrib-
ution in an external …eld
Z
W = d3 x (~x) (~x)

Suppose is localized. Expand in a Taylor series

X 1
(~x) = xi1 xi2 ::xin [@i1 @i2 ::@in j0 ]
n;i
n!

Since (~x) is an external …eld, we must have r2 j0 = 0 and only

Z
1
traceless part of d3 x (~x) xi1 xi2 ::xin
n!
P
contributes to W . So., W = n Wn with
Z
W0 = d3 x (~x) (0) = q (0)
Z
W1 = ~ (0) =
d3 x (~x) ~x r ~ (0)
p~ E

Z
1
W2 = d3 x (~x) xi xj @i @j (0)
2
Z
1 1 3 ij
= d3 x (~x) xi xj r @i @j (0)
2 3
1 1 ij
= Qij @i @j (0) = Q @i Ej (0)
2 2
The interaction energy of two dipoles p~1 at ~x1 and p~2 at ~x2 is

~ p2 (~x1 ) = p~1 p~2

p~1 E
3 (~p1 n^ ) (~p2 n
^)
4 0r 3

~
x1 ~x2
where r = j~x1 ~x2 j, n
^= r

11
4.5 Elementary Treatment of Ponderable Media
Let ~e be the microscopic electric …eld. The macroscopic …eld E ~ is de…ned
to ~ ~ ~ ~
D be theE average E = h~ei. When E is time independent and r E =
~ ~e = 0, E
r ~ may be written as E ~ = r
~ where is called the macro-
scopic electrostatic potential. The dipole moment per unit volume or electric
polarization P~ in the medium is given by
X
P~ (~x; t) = Ni h~pi i
i

where p~i is the dipole moment of the ith type of molecule in the medium,
the average is taken over a small volume centered at ~x and Ni is the average
number per unit volume of the ith type of molecule at the point ~x. If the
molecules have a net charge ei and there is macroscopic excess or free charge,
the macroscopic charge density is
X
(~x; t) = Ni hei i + excess
i

Up to the dipole approximation (full justi…cation in chapter 6), from a macro-

scopic point of view, the potential (~x) may be considered to be contributed
from each macroscopically small element d3 x0 by charge (~x0 ) d3 x0 and dipole
P~ (~x0 ) d3 x0 at the variable point x0 .
Z " #
1 (~x 0
) ~ (~x0 ) (~x ~x0 )
P
(~x) = d 3 x0 +
4 0 V j~x ~x0 j j~x ~x0 j3
Z
1 (~x0 ) ~ (~x0 ) r ~0 1
= d 3 x0 + P
4 0 V j~x ~x0 j j~x ~x0 j
Z " !#
1 0 ~ 0 ~
(~x ) r P (~x ) ~ 0 0 ~ 0
P (~x )
= d 3 x0 0
+r
4 0 V j~x ~x j j~x ~x0 j
"Z Z #
1 0 ~ 0 ~
(~x ) r P (~x ) 0
n 0 ~
^ P (~x )0
= d3 x0 0
+ d2 a0
4 0 V j~x ~x j S=@V j~x ~x0 j

which corresponds to the potential generated from a surface charge density

= n^ P~ and volume density (~x) r ~ P~ (~x0 ). On the other hand, all
physical charge distribution will not have surface charge density and we may

12
assume there is a thin layer L at the boundary @V in which P~ decreases
rapidly to zero.
L

Then
Z ~ 0 P~ (~x0 )
(~x0 )
r
d 3 x0
V j~x ~x0 j
Z ~ 0 P~ (~x0 ) Z ~ 0 P~ (~x0 )
3 0 (~x0 ) r x0 ) r
3 0 (~
= dx + d x
V L j~x ~x0 j L j~x ~x0 j
As the layer L ! 0,
Z ~ 0 P~ (~x0 )
(~x0 ) r
d 3 x0
L j~x ~x0 j
Z " !#
(~
x 0
) P~ (~x0 ) (~x ~x0 ) ~ (~x0 )
P
= d 3 x0 + r~0
j~
x ~
x 0j
j~
x ~
x 0 j3 j~x ~x0 j
L
Z ! Z !
~ (~x0 )
P n
^ 0 ~
P (~
x 0
)
! ~0
d3 x 0 r = d 2 a0
j~
x ~
x 0j j~x ~x0 j
L @L
Z
2 0n^ 0 P~ (~x0 )
= da
@V j~x ~x0 j
We get the same result for as before. Thus
"Z #
1 (~
x 0
) ~ 0 P~ (~x0 )
r
~ E
r ~ (~x) = r2 (~x) = r2 d3 x 0
4 0 V j~x ~x0 j
Z
1 ~ 0 P~ (~x0 )
= d3 x0 (~x0 ) r (3)
(~x ~x0 )
0 V
(~x) ~ P~ (~x)
r
=
0

~ as
De…ne the electric displacement D
~ =
D ~ + P~ = E;
0E
~

13
Then
~ D
r ~ =r
~ ~ =
E

where = 0 (1 + e ) is called the dielectric constant and P~ = 0 e E.

~ The
constant e is called the electric susceptibility. = (~x) may be coordinate
dependent.

4.6 Boundary-value problems with Dielectrics

~ D
r ~ = yields
~2
D ~1
D n
^ 21 =
where n^ 21 is a unit normal to the surface, directed from region 1 to region
2, and is the macroscopic surface-charge density on the boundary surface
(not including the polarization charge r ~ P~ ).
~ E
r ~ = 0 ensures that n
^ E ~ is continuous and

~2
E ~1
E n
^ 21 = 0

This can be seen by using a line integral of a rectangle with in…nitesimal

width dw~ = dw^ n21 along the normal across the boundary and with its length
d~s parallel to the boundary surface (d~s on region 2, d~s on region 1). In
~ H
general, if r ~ = J~ then
I Z
~ ~ ~
H2 H1 d~s = H d` = r ~ ~ H ~ dA~

= J~ (dw
~ ~ (^
d~s) = K n21 d~s)
~
= K n
^ 21 d~s

where dA ~ = dw ~ d~s and K ~ = Jdw;

~ satisfying K ~ n^ 21 = 0; is the surface
current density that resides on the surface only. Since the above identity is
valid for arbitrary d~s perpendicular to n
^ 21 , we must have

n
^ 21 ~2
H ~1 = n
H ^ 21 ~
K n ~
^ 21 = K ~ n
K ^ 21 n ~
^ 21 = K

Consider the problem of a point charge q located at (0; 0; d).

14
The space z > 0 is …lled with dielectric 1 medium and …lled with dielectric
2 medium for z < 0. We thus have

q
r2 = ~x dk^ for z > 0
1

r2 = 0 for z < 0
At z = 0+ , the potential may be considered due to a point charge q at dk^
and another image charge q 0 at dk. ^ The tangential electric …eld at z = 0
plane is
!
~+ = 1 [(x; y; 0) (0; 0; d)] [(x; y; 0) (0; 0; d)]
E q p 3 + q0 p 3
4 1 2 2
x +y +d 2 x2 + y 2 + d 2

with

(x; y; z > 0)
1 q q0
= +
4 1 j(x; y; z) (0; 0; d)j j(x; y; z) (0; 0; d)j
0 1
0
1 @ q q A
= q +q
4 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
x + y + (z d) x + y + (z + d)

On the other hand, At z = 0 , assume the potential is due to a point charge

q 00 at dk^ and we have
!
~ = 1 [(x; y; 0) (0; 0; d)]
E q 00 p 3
4 2 x2 + y 2 + d 2

15
with
(x; y; z < 0)
1 q 00 1 q 00
= = q
4 2 j(x; y; z) (0; 0; d)j 4 2
x2 + y 2 + (z d)2

The boundary condition k^ D

~ z=0 is continuous yields
@ @
1 (x; y; 0+ ) = 2 (x; y; 0 )
@z @z
or
q q 0 = q 00 (4)
Continuity of k^ ~ yields
E
@ @
(x; y; 0+ ) = (x; y; 0 )
@x @x
@ @
(x; y; 0+ ) = (x; y; 0 )
@y @y
or
(q + q 0 ) q 00
= (5)
1 2
Combine (4) and (5).
1 1
0 2 1 1 2
q = 1 1 q= q
1
+ 2
1 + 2

22
q 00 = q
1+ 2
The 2nd example is a dielectric sphere of radius a with dielectric constant
.

16
Assume the center is located at the origin. We then have, for r < a
X
1
r `
= A` P` (cos )
`=0
a

for r > a
X
1
r ` a `+1
= B` + C` P` (cos )
`=0
a r
X
1
a `+1
= E0 r cos + C` P` (cos )
`=0
r

Since ! E0 r cos as r ! 1;

B` = E0 a `1

Continuity of E and at r = a yields

A` = B` + C`

Continuity of Dr yields

`A` = 0 (`B` (` + 1) C` )

For ` 6= 1, the solution of the above two identities is

A` = B` = C` = 0

For ` 6= 1, we have
(B1 + C1 ) = 0 (B1 2C1 ) ;
0 0
C1 = B1 = E0 a;
+2 0 +2 0
and
30 30
A1 = B1 + C1 = B1 = E0 a
+2 0 +2 0
So, for r < a
30
= E0 r cos
+2 0

17
for r > a
0 a3
= E0 r cos + E0 cos
+2 0 r2
p~ n
^
= E0 z +
4 0 r2
where
0 4 3 3 0( 0)
p~ = 4 0 a3 E0 k^ = a E0 k^ :
+2 0 3 +2 0
The electric …eld inside is
3 0
~ in =
E E0 k^
2 0 +
~ outside is
while E
p~ n
~ out = E0 k^ ^ ~
E r
4 0 r2
The polarization inside is uniform and equal to
3 0( 0)
P~ = ( ~
0 ) Ein = E0 k^
+2 0

which shows
4 3~
p~ = aP
3

4.7 Molecular polarizability and electric susceptibility

The dipole per molecule induced by an external electric …eld is de…ned as
h~pmol i = ~
0 mol Ea

where mol is called the molecular polarizability and E~ a is the average applied
electric …eld at the molecule. This applied electric …eld should not include
the dipole contribution of the molecule in question to the macroscopic E: ~
~ we may exclude E
In principle, to calculate E, ~ p which is the contribution
from a macroscopically small measurable but microscopically nearly in…nite
spherical region centered at the molecule in question and then add back E ~ near
which stands for the average of the electric …eld due to all nearby dipoles in
the sphere except the one at the origin. We may write
~a = E
E ~ ~p + E
E ~ near

18
Since E~ p is the average of the contribution of the dipoles in the sphere at the
origin, R
~
E d3 x P~
~ r<R source in (r<R)
Ep = 4 =
3
R3 30
E~ p is the contribution from those molecules treated in an average continuum
approximation described by the polarization P~ . Assume the dipoles are
p~ situated on rectangular sites (i; j; k) with side length a where i; j; k are
integers. (0; 0; 0) stands for the dipole of the molecule in question. The
contribution from site ijk to E ~ near is
X 1 X 3 (p1 i + p2 j + p3 k) (i; j; k) p~ (i2 + j 2 + k 2 )
~ near =
E ~ ijk =
E p 5
4 0 a3 i2 + j 2 + k 2
ijk6=(0;0;0)

1 X 3 (p1 i2 ; p2 j 2 ; p3 k 2 ) p~ (i2 + j 2 + k 2 )
= p 5 =0
4 0 a3 i2 + j 2 + k 2
Thus !
~
P~ = N h~pmol i = 0 N mol
~+ P
E
30
N mol
P~ = 0 N mol
~ =
E 0 eE
~ =( 0) E
~
1 3
and
3 0
1
mol =
N 0
+2

4.8 Electrostatic Energy in Dielectric media

When the charge changes by an in…nitesimal amount (~x) d3 x ! (~x) d3 x +
(~x) d3 x. We need to exert work (~x) (~x) d3 x to bring q = (~x) d3 x
from in…nity to the point ~x in question against the macroscopic electric E ~
…eld. Assume (1) = 0, we then have
Z Z
W = 3
(~x) (~x) d x = E ~ Dd
~ 3x
Z Z Z
~ ~ 3 1 ~ ~ 3 1
= D Ed x = E Dd x = (~x) (~x) d3 x
2 2

19
where we have required (~x) to be unchanged, (~x) = 0.
Z Z
1 ~ Dd~ x=
3 1
W = E (~x) (~x) d3 x
2 2
Suppose we allow non-zero variation (~x) but without varying charge distri-
bution. i.e., =r ~ D ~ = 0. If = 0 + is a smooth varying function that
falls rapidly but continuously from to 0 at the edge of V1 . (This happens
when we insert a small dielectric object of volume V1 into the vacuum), for
the variation of 0 ; D~ 0; E
~ 0 ! ; D; ~ E ~ with r ~ D~ =r ~ D ~ 0.
Z
1 ~ E ~ D ~0 E ~ 0 d3 x
W = D
2
Z
1 ~ D ~0 E ~ +D ~0 E ~ E ~ 0 d3 x
= D
2
Z
1 ~0 E ~ E ~0 ~ D ~0 E ~ 0 d3 x
= D D
2
Z
1 ~ ~ E ~0 ~ ~ ~ 0 d3 x
= 0 E0 E E 0 E0 E
2
Z Z
1 ~ ~ 1
= ( 3
0 ) E E0 d x = P~ E ~ 0 d3 x
2 2
If we move the dielectric media by an in…nitesimal amount along cer-
tain direction against the force F , the mechanical work done by us is
equal to F that may be considered to be lumped into the change dW
of the electrostatic energy of the system. In addition, if there is an accom-
panying movement of macroscopic charge by some external means, it will
contribute to dW
Z Z
3 1
W = F + (~x) (~x) d x = (~x) (~x) d3 x
2
If charge distribution is kept unchanged = 0, the change of electrostatic
energy is
Z Z
1 3 1
QW = F = Q (~x) (~x) d x = [ Q (~x)] (~x) d3 x
2 2
and
W
F =
Q

20
On the other hand, if instead, we are able to manage the variation such that
potential is unchanged = 0, then
Z
VW = F + (~x) [ V (~x)] d3 x

This V variation may be considered to be composed of two variations Q

followed up by . The …rst one is Q with accompanying = Q . The
2nd variation under which the dielectric property (~x) is not change and
we have = . To restore to the original potential as what V does,
we must require that = Q . So

VW = QW + W
Z Z
1 3 1
= [ Q (~x)] (~x) d x + (~x) (~x) d3 x
2 2
Z Z
1 3
= [ Q (~x)] (~x) d x + [ (~x)] (~x) d3 x
2
Z
1
= [ Q (~x)] (~x) d3 x = Q W
2
and
W W
F = =
Q V

5 Magnetostatics
5.0.1 current density J~ :
~ we may de…ne the current i ~ ‡ows through dA
For an in…nitesimal area dA, ~
dA
as
dq
idA~ =
dt
the amount of charge dq ‡ows through dA ~ divided by the duration dt. Let ~v
~
be the velocity of charge near the surface dA.

J~ = ~v

and
idA~ = J~ dA
~

21
For a large surface S, the current iS ‡ows through S is
Z
iS = J~ dA
~
S

For a closed surface S which is the boundary of the 3 dimensional volume V ,

we have I Z
dQ V d
iS = J~ dA ~= = (~x; t) d3 x
dt dt V
S=@V

where QV is charge inside V . The di¤erential form of the above identity gives
us the continuity equation
@ ~ J~ = 0
+r (6)
@t

5.1 Biot and Savart Law

Biot and Savart established the basic experimental law relating the magnetic
induction B~ to the currents. Speci…cally, if d~` is an element of length (point-
ing in the direction of current ‡ow) at the position ~` of a …lamentary wire
that carries a static current i, then its contribution to the magnetic …eld at
the observation point ~x is

0 ~x ~`
~ (~x) =
dB id~` 3
4 ~`
~x

In SI unit 7
newton per squareh ampere N ~
h ik = = 10 i h iA2 and B has the
0
4
dimension B ~ = N
. ~ is E
The dimension for E ~ = F~ = N .
AM q C
Lorentz force law
F~ = q E
~ + ~v ~
B

The magnetic force acting on a current element id~` is

X
dF~ = ~ = Jd
qi~vi B ~ 3x ~ = id~`
B ~
B
i

Assume the small wire segment d~` is has cross section A. Its volume is
d3 x = A d~` .

22
The current density J~ also points in the same direction as d~` in this small
volume. Thus
id~` = JAd~` = JA
~ d~` = Jd
~ 3x

If a current distribution J~ is in a external magnetic …eld B,

~ the total force
on the current distribution is
Z
F = J~ (~x) B
~ ~ (~x) d3 x

Similarly, the total torque is

Z
~= ~x J~ ~ d3 x
B

5.2 Ampere’s Law

I ~` I ~`
0 ~x 0 ~x
~ (~x) =
B id~` 3 = jAd~` 3
4 ~` 4 ~`
~x ~x
Z
0 ~x ~x0
= d3 x0 J~ (~x0 )
4 j~x ~x0 j3
" Z #
~ 0 J~ (~x0 )
=r d3 x0
4 j~x ~x0 j
~
=r ~ (~x)
A

where the vector potential

Z
~ (~x) = 0 J~ (~x0 )
A d 3 x0
4 j~x ~x0 j

23
 ~ (~x) is divergenceless.
This A
Z !
~ 0
J (~x )
~ A
r ~ (~x) = 0 ~
d 3 x0 r
4 j~x ~x0 j
Z
0 1
= d3 x0 J~ (~x0 ) r ~
4 j~x ~x0 j
Z
0 1
= d3 x0 J~ (~x0 ) r~0
4 j~x ~x0 j
Z " ! #
0 J~ (~x0 ) ~ 0 J~ (~x0 )
r
= d 3 x0 r ~0
4 j~x ~x0 j j~x ~x0 j
=0
We also have
~ B
r ~ (~x) = r
~ ~
r ~ (~x) = r
A ~ r
~ A
~ (~x) ~ (~x)
r2 A
= ~ (~x) =
r2 A ~ (~x)
0J

Integral form for the above gives us the Ampere’s law

I
~ d~` = 0 iS
B
c=@S
Note that the vector potential is not unique as
~ =r
B ~ A ~
~ The gauge transformation A
is not enough to determine A. ~ ! A~0 = A~+
~
r (~x) ; where (~x) is an arbitrary scalar function ( may even be time
~ invariant.
dependent), leaves B
~ =r
B ~ ~=r
A ~ ~+r
A ~

5.3 Magnetic Moment for localized current

Let ~x be the observation point and ~x0 describes the location of current source
~ Assume j~x0 j is con…ned and j~xj
J: j~x0 j.
Z ~ x0 )
~ 0 3 0 J (~
A (~x) = dx
4 j~x ~x0 j
Z
0 1 ~x ~x0
= d3 x0 J~ (~x0 ) + 3 + :::
4 r r

24
Since Z Z
3 0 i 0
d3 x0 @j0 x0i J j (~x0 ) = 0
d x J (~x ) =
Z Z
d x x J (~x ) + x J (~x ) = d3 x0 @k0 x0i x0j J k (~x0 ) = 0
3 0 0i j 0 0j i 0

we have
Z
~ (~x) = 0 ~x ~x0
A d3 x0 J~ (~x0 ) + :::
4 r3
i
R
0 x e ^j d3 x0 x0i J j (~x0 )
= + :::
4 R r3
i
0 x e ^j d3 x0 [x0i J j (~x0 ) x0j J i (~x0 )]
= + :::
4 h2r3 i
R
xi e^j ijk d3 x0 ~x0 J~ (~x0 )
0 k
= + :::
4 h 2r3 i
R 0
~x J~ (~x0 ) d3 x0 ~x
0
= + :::
4 2r3
0 m
~ ~x
= + :::
4 r3
R
where m
~ = 1
2
~x0 J~ (~x0 ) d3 x0 and

~ = 0 ~ m
~ ~x
B r
4 r3

=
0 ~ 1
r (m
~ ~x) +
1~
r (m~ ~x)
4 r3 r3
2 3
~ ~x m
r ~ ~ ~x
~ r
m
= 4 3n
^
0
(m
~ n
^) + 5
4 r3 r3
0
= [ 3^
n (m
~ n
^ ) + 2m]
~
4 r3
0
= [3^
n (m
~ n
^) m]
~
4 r3

25
A reminder:

~ m
~ ~x ~ ~ 1 ~ r
~ 1
r = r m
~ r ~ r
= m
r3 r r
~ ~ 1 ~ m
~ ~x
=r ~ r
m = r
r r3

Recall that the potential for a point electric dipole p~ located at the origin
1 p~ ~x
=
4 0 r3
gives
~ = 1 ~ p~ ~x
~ = 1 3^n (~p n^) p~
E rr 3 = 3
4 0 r 4 0 r
while the dipole …eld due to point magnetic dipole m
~ is

~ = 0 ~ m
~ ~x 0 ~ m
~ ~x 03^
n (m
~ n^) m
~
B r = r =
4 r3 4 r3 4 r3

The integration of B ~ over a sphere of radius R is

Z
~ (~x)
d 3 xB
r<R
Z Z
3 ~ ~ ~ (~x)
= d xr A (~x) = d2 S n
^ A
r<R r=R
Z
= R2 d n ^ A ~ (~x)
r=R
Z Z
2 0 3 0 J~ (~x0 )
=R dx d n^
4 r=R j~x ~x0 j
X Z ` Z
1 r<
2
=R 0 3 0
dx `+1
d Y`m ( ; ) n
^ J~ (~x0 ) Y`m ( 0 ; 0 )
`;m
2` + 1 r> r=R
2 Z
0R r< 0 ~ 0
= d 3 x0 2 n
^ J (~x )
3 r>
2 Z r0 0
0R 3 0 R 2n^ J~ (~x0 )
= dx
3 R 0
02 n
^ J~ (~x0 )
r

26
So
Z
d3 xB~ (~x)
r<R
R 3 0 0
0
d x ~x J~ (~x0 ) ; all current density is contained within the sphere
= 3
4 R3 0
R
3 4
^ 0 J~ (~x0 ) ; all the current is external to the sphere
d3 x0 r102 n
2 0
3
m
~
= 4 R3 ~
3
B (0)
The magnetic …eld to to a point dipole at the origin thus is equal to
~ (~x) = 0 3^
B
n (^
n m)
~ m
~
+
2 0
m
~ (~x)
4 r 3 3

5.4 Force and Torque on a localized current distribu-

tion
Z
F~ = d3 xJ~ (~x) ~ (~x)
B
r<R

Assume is generated by external sources, so r~ ~ (~x) = 0 and expand B

B ~ (~x)
in terms of Taylor series expansions, we get
i j
~ (~x) = B
B ~ (0) + ~x r ~ (0) + x x @i @j B
~ B ~ (0) + :::
2!
Since
Z Z Z
d xJ~ (~x) =
3 3
d xJk (~x) e^k = d3 x@i xk J i (~x) e^k = 0
r<R r<R r<R
Z Z
3 i j j i
d x x J (~x) + x J (~x) = d3 x@k xi xj J k (~x) = 0
r<R r<R
So
Z
F~ = d3 x J~ (~x) ~ B
~x r ~ (0) + :::
r<R
Z
= ijk d3 x J i (~x) xl @l B j (0) e^k + :::
r<R
lip Z h i
ijk 3 ~
= d x ~x J (~x) @l B j (0) e^k + :::
2 r<R p
ipl
= ijk ~ p @l B j (0) e^k + :::
m
~ m
=r ~ (0)
~ B ~ B
r ~ (0) m ~ m
~ =r ~ (0)
~ B

27
Likewise, the torque exerting is
Z
~
N= d3 x~x J~ (~x) B ~ (0) + :::
r<R
Z j
= ijk d3 x xi J~ (~x) B ~ (0) e^k + :::
r<R
Z
jpn
= ijk d3 x xi J p B n (0) e^k + :::
r<R
Z
= d3 x xi J k B i (0) e^k xi J i B k (0) e^k + :::
r<R
Z
ikp
= d3 x ~x J~ (~x) B i (0) e^k + :::
2 r<R p

= ikp m i
~ p B (0) e^k + ::: = m ~ B ~ (0) + :::

Under rotation speci…ed by ~ with ~x = ~ ~ = ~

~x, m ~ then
m

~
W =N ~= m
~ ~ (0)
B ~

= ~ m
~ ~ (0)
B

= m ~ (0) =
~ B m ~ (0) =
~ B U

Thus, we have
U= m ~
~ B

28
5.5 Macroscopic magnetic …elds
The magnetic …eld in the approximation may be attributed to free macro-
scopic current J~ and magnetization M ~ such that
Z " #
0
~ (~x0 )
J ~ (~x0 ) (~x ~x0 )
M
~=
A d3 x0 +
4 V j~x ~x0 j j~x ~x0 j3
Z " #
0
~ (~x0 )
J 1
= d3 x0 +M~ (~x0 ) r ~0
4 V j~x ~x0 j j~x ~x0 j
Z " !#
0 J~ (~x0 ) + r ~0 M ~ (~x0 ) M~ (~x0 )
= d3 x0 ~0
r
4 V j~x ~x0 j j~x ~x0 j
"Z #
0
~ (~x0 ) + r
J ~0 M ~ (~x0 ) I M~ (~x0 ) n ^ 0
= d 3 x0 + d 2 a0
4 V j~x ~x0 j @V j~x ~x0 j

e¤ective current density due to magnetization is r ~0 M ~ (~x0 ) and surface

current density is M~ (~x0 ) n
^ 0 where n
^ 0 is the outward normal. From the
above, we get
h i
~ B
r ~ =r ~ r~ A ~ = r2 A ~ = 0 J~ (~x) + r
~ M ~ (~x)

and let
~ = 1B
H ~ ~
M
0
we have
~
r ~ = J~
H
For a isotropic diamagnetic ( < 0 ) and paramagnetic ( > 0 ) substances,
~ = H
the simpler linear relation B ~ holds. is calledhthei magnetic perme-
ability. For ferromagnetic substances, we have B~ =B ~ H ~

5.6 A sphere with uniform magnetic permeability and

uniform magnetization
~
Since there is no macroscopic current density r ~ = 0 so we may let
H
~ = r
H ~ M and
X
1
r `
M = A` P` (cos ) for r < a
`=0
a

29
B.C. at r = a; H being continuous yields
X
1
a `+1
M = A` P` (cos ) for r > a
`=0
r

~ = 1B
H ~ ~
M
0
@
Hr = M
@r
and Br = (Hr + Mr ) is continuous at r = a and
0
!
X 1
A`
Bin;r = 0 ` P` (cos ) + M cos
`=0
a
X
1
A`
Bout;r = 0 (` + 1) P` (cos )
`=0
a
Thus
A` = 0 if ` 6= 1
and
A1 A1 1
+ M = 2 ; A1 = M a
a a 3
1
M = M r cos for r < a
3
1 a3
M = M cos for r > a
3 r2
For the …eld

~ in = 1~
H M
3
~ in = 2 0 M
B ~
3

~ out = ~ 1 3 ^ ~x
~
H 0 Bout = r
a Mk 3
3 r
1 0 ~ 4 3 ~ ~x
= r aM 3
04 3 r
1 0 3m
~ (m
~ n ^) m~
= 3
0 4 r

30
where
4 3~
m
~ =
aM
3
Superimpose a uniform magnetic …eld B~ 0 , we get

~ in = 1 B
H ~0 1~
M
0 3
B ~0 + 2
~ in = B 0M
~
3
Thus
~ in + B
2 0H ~ in = 3B
~0
h i
~ =B
If the relation B ~ H~ is known, then B
~ in can be solved. e.g. if B
~ in =
~ in
H
we then get
B~ in = 3 B~0
2 0+

5.7 Spherical shell of permeable material in a uniform

magnetic …eld
A spherical shell of inner radius a; outer radius b, made of material of per-
meability , and placed in a constant magnetic induction B ~ 0 . Since there is
no current, H~ is derivable from a scalar potential M , H~ = r ~ M . Since
~ ~ ~ ~ 2
B = H and r B = 0, r M = 0. Expanded in terms of spherical harmon-
ics, only ` = 1 survives

M = Ar cos for r < a

1
M = Br + C cos for b > r > a
r2
1
M = H0 r + E cos for r > b
r2
B.C. at r = a; b H being continuous yields
1
A=B+C
a3

31
 1 1
B+C 3
= H0 + E 3
b b
Br continuity gives
1
A= B 2C
0 a3
1 1
B 2C = H0 2E
0 b3 b3
A; B; C; E may be solved in terms of H0 from the above four equations.

5.8 Induction Law

I
~ d~` = ~ ~ = ~
We assume E k dtd B or r E k @@tB . For a slowly moving
loop with velocity j~v j << c, then a charge q with velocity ~u experiencing the
force F~ 0 = q E
~ 0 + ~u0 B ~0 = q E ~ 0 + (~u ~v ) B
~ 0 in the moving frame

but experiences F~ = q E~ + ~u ~ . For a non-relativistic particle, F~ 0 = F~ ,

B
so
~ 0 + (~u
E ~v ) ~0 = E
B ~ + ~u ~
B
We thus have
~0 = B
B ~
~0 = E
E ~ + ~v ~
B

In relativity, the transformation of E~ and B ~ is given in 11.149 on page 558,

for the nonrelativistic limit, or equivalently, let c = 1; we have

~x0 = ~x ~v t
t0 = t

and

r~ 0 = @~x @ + @t @ = r ~
@~x0 @~x @~x0 @t
@ @t @ @~x @ @ ~
= + = + ~v r
@t0 @t0 @t @t0 @~x @t

32
Now
~ 0 (~x0 ; t0 ) = B
B ~ (~x; t)
~ 0 (~x0 ; t0 ) = E
E ~ (~x; t) + ~v ~ (~x; t)
B

~0 B
The equation r ~ 0 = 0 needs to be transformed to r
~ B
~ = 0: Observe

~0 ~
~0
r ~ 0 + k @B = r
E ~ ~ + ~v
E ~ + k @ B + k ~v r
B ~ B
~
@t0 @t
~
~
=r ~ + k @ B + (k
E ~ B
1) ~v r ~
@t
So we must have k = 1:

5.9 Magnetostatic energy

The work done on charge dq = d3 x is equal to dq E ~ d~x = E~ ~v d3 x t which
may be considered to be release from the energy stored in magnetic …eld. So
Z Z
W = t E~ ~v d x =
3
t J~ Ed
~ 3x
Z Z
= t ~ ~
r H Ed x = ~ 3
t ~ E
r ~ Hd~ 3x
Z ! Z
@B~
= t ~ 3
Hd x = ~ Hd
B ~ 3x
@t
Z Z
= ~
r ~ ~
A Hd x = 3
A~ r ~ H ~ d3 x
Z
= ~ Jd
A ~ 3x

~ and J~ are linearly related, we have

If A
Z Z
~ ~ 3 1 ~ Jd
~ 3x
A Jd x = A
2
or Z Z
~ Hd
~ 3x = 1 ~ Hd
~ 3x
B B
2

33
so Z Z
1 ~ Hd
~ x=
3 1 ~ Jd
~ 3x
W = B A
2 2
The change of energy when an object of = 0+ is placed in a
magnetic …eld while keeping J~ …xed J~ = 0 . Then, with r
~ H ~ =r~ H ~0
Z Z
1 ~ H
~ ~ ~ 3 1 ~ H ~0 B ~0 H
~ d3 x
W = B B0 H0 d x = B
2 2
Z ! Z
1 ~
B ~
0H 1
= B~ 0d x =
3 ~ B
M ~ 0 d3 x
2 0 2
Also if magnetic permeability is changed (e.g. a little substance subject to
force F and move a distance ) while current or potential is varied, we have
Z
W = F + J~ Ad ~ 3x

and in particular, WA = F or
WA
F =

Now assume we hold the current density …xed while moving the magnetic
substance, the energy change is
Z
WJ = F + J~ Ad ~ 3x

The can also be accomplished by two stage variations, the 1st variation 1 W
magnetic material moves under 1 A~ = 0 but gives 1 J~ ; the 2nd variation
the material does not move but 2 J~ = 1 J~ and 2 J~ A ~ = J~ 2 A ~
Z Z
1 ~ A
~ + J~ ~ 3 1 ~ Ad
~ 3x
1W = WA = F = 1J 1A d x = 1J
2 2
WJ = 1W + 2W
Z Z
1 ~ ~ 3 1 ~ A
~ + J~ ~ d3 x
= 1 J Ad x + 2J 2A
2 2
Z Z
1 ~ ~ 3 ~ Ad
~ 3x
= 1 J Ad x + 2J
2
Z
1 ~ ~ 3
= 1 J Ad x = WA
2

34
5.10 Self and Mutual Inductance
!
1 X
N X
W = Li Ii2 + Mij Ii Ij
2 i=1 i;j
I I ~ (~x) J~ (~x0 )
0 3 3 0J
= d xd x
8 j~x ~x0 j
N I
X XN I
0 3 J~ (~x) J~ (~x0 )
= dx d 3 x0
8 i=1 ci j=1 cj
j~x ~x0 j

Thus I I
0 J~ (~x) J~ (~x0 )
Li Ii2 = dx 3
d3 x 0
4 ci ci j~x ~x0 j
I I
0 3 J~ (~x) J~ (~x0 )
Mij Ii Ij = dx d 3 x0
4 ci cj j~x ~x0 j
R
and Mij = Mji . If current is concentrated in a cross section ci
d3 xJ~ (~x) !
R
Ii ci d~`i Thus
I I I Z
0 d~`i d~`0i ~ ~ ~ ~i ~ ~i
Li Ii2 = Ii2 = Ii d`i Ai `i = Ii dS r A
4 ci ci ~`i ~`0 ci Si
i

Z
1 ~i ~ ~i
Li = dS r A
Ii Si

Similarly
I I I I
0
~ (~x) J~ (~x0 )
3 3 0J
0 d~`i d~`0i
Mij Ii Ij = dx dx = I I
i j
4 ci cj j~x ~x0 j 4 ci cj ~`i ~`0i
I Z
= Ii d~`i A
~ j ~`i = Ii dS~i r ~ A ~j
ci Si

So Z
1 ~i ~ ~j
Mij = dS r A
Ij Si

35