Size reduction

Size reefers to the physical dimension of the object and reduction means
decrement or decreasing the size of the object. Size reduction is the operation
carried out for reducing the size of bigger particles into smaller ones of desired
size and shape with the help of external force

Objectivity:
In the material processing industry size reduction is carried out in order to;
 Increase the surface area because the rate of reaction is directly related
to area of contact
 To break the material into constituents to separate the valuable
constituent
 Achieve intimate mixing
 To dispose waste easily
 To improve handling characteristics
Factors affecting size reduction:
Type of method or machine used
Size of particles required
Nature of the substance
Hardness:
It is the surface property of the material. A hard molecule has stronger forces
of attraction present in its component so therefore it is difficult to reduce the
size of a hard substance however brittle substances can be easily reduced to
desired size.
Softening temperature;
Heat is generated during the size reduction some substances may undergo
change in physical state like waxy substances so cooling jets are used to avoid
such problems.
Equipment used for crushing:
Different types of equipments are available which are used according to the
demanded size particle.
Hammer mill:

Hammer mill is the most widely used grinding mill and among the oldest.
Hammer mills consist of a series of hammers (usually four or more) hinged on a
central shaft and enclosed within a rigid metal case. It produces size reduction by
impact. The materials to be milled are struck by these rectangular pieces of
hardened steel (ganged hammer) which rotates at high speed inside the
chamber.
These radically swinging hammers (from the rotating central shaft) moves at a
high angular velocity causing brittle fracture of the feed material.
The material is crushed or shattered by the repeated hammer impacts, collisions
with the walls of the grinding chamber as well as particle-on-particles impacts. A
screen is fitted at the bottom of the mill, which retains coarse materials while
allowing the properly sized materials pass as finished product.
Advantages of Hammer Mill
 It produces specified top size without the need for a closed-circuit crushing
system.
 Produces relatively numerous size distributions with a minimum of fines due
to self-classification.
 It has high reduction ratio and high capacity whether used for primary,
secondary or tertiary grinding.
 Relatively reasonable energy requirements.
 Brittle materials are best fractured by impact from blunt hammers.
 It is capable of grinding many different types of materials
 The machine is easy to install and operate and its operation is continuous.
 It occupies small space
 It is easy to maintain and clean.
 It is inexpensive
 Its ease of manufacture allows easier local construction.

A pulverizer or grinder is a mechanical device for the grinding of many different types of
materials. For example, a pulverizer mill is used to pulverize coal for combustion in the
steam-generating furnaces of fossil fuel power plants.
 Evaporation

Evaporation is a type of vaporization that occurs on the surface of a liquid as it changes into the
gas phase.[1] The surrounding gas must not be saturated with the evaporating substance. When
the molecules of the liquid collide, they transfer energy to each other based on how they collide
with each other. When a molecule near the surface absorbs enough energy to overcome
the vapor pressure, it will escape and enter the surrounding air as a gas.[2] When evaporation
occurs, the energy removed from the vaporized liquid will reduce the temperature of the liquid,
resulting in evaporative cooling.[3]

Factors influencing the rate of evaporation

Note: Air used here is a common example; however, the vapor phase can be other gases.
Concentration of the substance evaporating in the air
If the air already has a high concentration of the substance evaporating, then the given
substance will evaporate more slowly.
Concentration of other substances in the air
If the air is already saturated with other substances, it can have a lower capacity for the
substance evaporating.[citation needed]
Flow rate of air
This is in part related to the concentration points above. If "fresh" air (i.e., air which is
neither already saturated with the substance nor with other substances) is moving over
the substance all the time, then the concentration of the substance in the air is less likely
to go up with time, thus encouraging faster evaporation. This is the result of the boundary
layer at the evaporation surface decreasing with flow velocity, decreasing the diffusion
distance in the stagnant layer.
The amount of minerals dissolved in the liquid
Inter-molecular forces
The stronger the forces keeping the molecules together in the liquid state, the more
energy one must get to escape. This is characterized by the enthalpy of vaporization.
Pressure
Evaporation happens faster if there is less exertion on the surface keeping the molecules
from launching themselves.
Surface area
A substance that has a larger surface area will evaporate faster, as there are more
surface molecules per unit of volume that are potentially able to escape.
Temperature of the substance

PURPOSE OF EVAPORATORwe can use evaporator for many purposes few

important purpose in industry are

 Reduce transportation cost

 Reduce storage cost
 Preparation for next unit operation
 Recovery of solvent