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(Av.size: 20 micrometers)
Electron microscope
Organelles
Nucleus
Structure
RER
SER
Steroid synthesis
Lipid synthesis
Lipid & steroid transportation
Storage of Ca ions
Structure
No ribosomes
Rarely form cisternae
Membrane distinctly more tubular & smooth
ER in general
Ribosomes
2 types
structure
Golgi Apparatus
Vesicles
Secretion
To become part of plasma membrane
To become functions of enzymes
Lysosomes
Mitochondria
Synthesis of ATP
Biosynthesis
Found in all eukaryotes except mature red blood cells.
Number depends on activity of cell.
High metabolically active ones- have large numbers.
Low ones- have small numbers.
Contains
70s ribosome’s, DNA circlet, Matrix- fluid of mitochondria, double membrane & Cristae which is an inner
folded membrane containing stalked particles.
Chloroplast
Site of photosynthesis
Contains
Lamellae, DNA circlet, double membrane, Stroma- fluid of chloroplast, starch grains, granum,
thylakoid & chlorophyll.
Cell wall
Structure
Centrioles
Structure
Differential centrifugation
Cell transport
Plasma membranes
1. Diffusion (passive)
Movement of lipid soluble, small & gas mols from a (H-L) conc. through intrinsic membrane
proteins
Fatty acid tails creates a hydrophobic barrier to entry.
2 types of f-d proteins
Pore (channel) proteins
Can be gated by chemicals / a change in voltage is required to open the protein pore.
Carrier proteins
Mols. undergo a conformational shape change.
Small mols. that cannot pass through the phospholipid bilayer, glucose, charged mols., ions.
Na, K move by facilitated diffusion.
3. Osmosis (passive)
Movement of water mols from a less to more (-) WP via a selectively permeable.
Pure (distilled) water has the highest WP = 0 & has a greater average KE of water mols.
Water + solute has a (-) WP & has a less average KE of water mols.
WP is the ability of water mols to move. (Kpa)
Osmosis & plant cells
WP = OP + PP
Cell WP = cytoplasm’s OP + wall PP
When plant fully turgid WP=0
Uses KE of mols., or ions, themselves as the motive power to move these materials… so
direction of movement depends upon concentration & / electrical (charge) gradients.
E.g.: diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion
Uses energy from ATP to move molecules / ions against unfavourable concentration & /
electrical gradients. (L-H)
Movement is against conc. gradient
Requires the hydrolysis of ATP
E.g.: Na, K pumping by nerve cell membranes.
1. Endocytosis
2. Exocytosis
PROTEINS
TRANSPORT ATP REQUIRED HIGH TO LOW
INVOLVED
Simple diffusion N Y N
Facilitated diffusion N Y Y
Active Transport Y N Y
http://www.mrothery.co.uk/module1.htm
http://www.mrothery.co.uk/
http://www.cie.org.uk/qualifications/academic/uppersec/alevel/subject?assdef_id=734