CHAPTER A 10

THtr CAStr : (OF NOUNS

" j"'
*::
AI\D PROI{OUNS)
I. Wtra-T IS CASE (Casefr?)
Definition : case is the relation of nouns or pronouns (or noun
equivalents) with some other words in a sentence.
qdls case (sK$) {4
sentence-€sl TC$ noun, pronoun, {l noun-qlft{ Csl;t fiecq< c'fcsl A
sentence-€4 gIll{i word S< clcq cs q9-6
qE r

€qTq{ffic<nrBI e <n"ffi qfu qqcq mlqfl Tls lr.rq $-{ esF <Fl-ne
eats his own mango. (cc \5F frreT<
q{ fi r) aelca qffi fiFI €:Jlf,{ noun
€{( pronoun csl{ mnF I s"Rlcl, case qE . . . i{(€Ifr q(Ts<R flp I

6efK< {|fsi noun {{ mango, pronoun € He € his. W{i qSF word

eats-€ verb Efqcq He . . . q< qftal q*t=6q'6q. . . . eats €K
his . . . q< qlc?t q-t-6qtre mango €31
FFrcl, c{ {l{ I 6$ fir s-s< qE'fr' I q4q, 'c{'(He) s<
q{l{ qi"6'"flT'
(eats) {n qfcql r qFil<-q< q1q r TK q|{r E-s< qo El-d I
qql s.It-fl l'l l vf{C{
E.l{ ihis)€< ifl-[q qell \s,g{lq qq:f qq ql{ (mango) il]K I ql<K c{ft {m? Bs{
SE qlT (mango) rilSi (eats). gl{CE 6q'rlT {l(q. eats €< Cl[cl mango e<€ ry{-6
qlCR I mango 4 alf$fE eating F$ Gs?

Eq {*16 cq,n ft qtg?

Etc< retq<t 6qr{rqt c{ He €<'( his Bs{R pronoun. ftq ft{ fud word 4K
ql{f<
ffiei q-f-6 $aI{ EIc[< m'l {166 ctcq r €sx {[T he <'<'CI{ s-<1 6qs 4,
6-sR qRT fris-s Tj?t-{l-i +-fl C{s 41, {< S11q qq & q*t=f I
qr€S word €i II(cl
€r€$ <-sr qq=6 qrfo< +-Kr"i .cr? part of speech fr&-{ qrq <Kqs q{ t glrmt
<fr el q-F6r.| ffi srqcq rfF qlr{ 4ffi word €< rd1 q"iF <rsqs qc< vl
qFN "llf,<q'l; TFT ts6tCKq+{-€fir;6s {K{qt 1

q"ffi{ e|-ol<l-fsq
sl{ffi q{<1 cq-{mF FmFK frq ers.K q*r6 afisl q€-< 3
I
(noun,/prc,noun) subject -€< qIC?i verb €3 / 93!\
\SV/
 106 A Passage to the English Language

Verb 4i wq object * ("" tr tr)

pronoun rl noun q< qftq noun €3r ("*S +)
EqICffiiq noun Tl pronoun €it nominative case qR I

CS-fq noun il pronoun eK objective case e! |

frrftg
gfu mz"A noun il pronoun (31 possessive case qR I

-c; II TYPES OF CASES

3., $4j q*16ft eFFKcsq qlrflb-{ o-<ts firs gFBtl case q< qffi erslTr\rqerEl
E.mq o'm rsn& r onsR q?F {<tcs qR<t <c-< r

frcu ,.lo lB(g g65s q< efsl<rq'mlt I

i". Nominative case

(a) Nominative of address or vocative case
(b) Nominative absolute
(c) Complementary nominative.
2. Objective case
J. Possessive Case
(a) Double possessive
(b) Treble possessive
(c) Elliptical possessive

III. EXPTANATION WITH EXAMPLES

1. Norninative case
l. Norninative case (TtcFR<F) B Noun <l pronoun u=1;l a661E +-6
<l fu'Tf-q*ffi kqf< Ofq sr< s?F sBt nominative case e{ I 6Tri{ s
He lives here.
€rltf,{ He {eT subject. qq-{-I q{< case eF nominative case. gJT
nominative case T6{ His, Him-€C-< <j?|qE ETfr, ne Tt{qE ECT6q I e{sltr{
Rahim eats rice-€ Rahim €K case QF nominative case. (noun ,!< S1 6<r<E
possessive case-€ "tffig q{, qTIf{I 6iF6e noun q< frfl gTl aflr$ r ,!.ci.ll
qlTkq-< qlCqTE-{K qqT q$j
€ pronoun {k Kel frftX s6ss q fifr{ r$n qI r)
He, she, you, they, its tsfifr pronoun €( case {4 nominaiive case,
4T{.i, .{i pronoun BrEt 6s ,4? (("F sentence -4 subject Rcc.C{ <I{qs qn' r

2. Objective case
2. Objective case (SfOR-s) 3 Noun tT pronoun {fi sentence_€
verb {i
objeci {C1 <F|qE qS efi qfh-< objective case qR r CT:F{, he {fi
sentence-€ object (o{) ffi1 <1:tqu qt \ofi E1r1 K1 {T him; qE q{F qq' he
4R objective case.
 Grammar : The Case : (Of Nouns and Pronouns) 107

frfF Tri-sF pronoun-4R nominative (subjective) r€ objective s6ss qr€i

${lor cq-fleq 3
Nom. Case (Jbj. Uase
he him
we us
you you
ihey them
she her
it it
who whom
I me

ffi C.**t the following and explain why. (R-6u-{ {fsierEl

correct o< q<(sKcl {ilr81 €< t)
(1) I love he.
i2\ tln guun my a pen. and I gave his a football.
(3) I saw they going there.
(4) He told your the storY.
qftq Fctl Tqls
isi witr, *rtl do you *uni to speak? (qft TI< 51\e?)

Ans. (1) him (2) rne, him (3) them (4) you (5) whom
TFq qfuF pronoun verb (K object RCIC{ <Icqs qclrq | {qdl(-slch3
objective case {l{Qs {c-< r (a) q( eff;$ whom <I{-qE qK oK'l {ft with
€K obiect Rqli-{ <Kqs qLTcq I

3" POSSESSIVE CASE

3. Possessive case (qs$ "m) 3 {{i noun (l pronoun 4< clcei
q{}
qT
noun €K qj?6{1flT \ofi Tf{q noun Kl pronoun €( possessive case I 4Q

c-i-6 sq .:qfr<p1q6 q€r<f" r c{:Fr, B*ry

n$.
(<ftx< afu)-q"n-c{
'Rahim' nounF{ qlcel 'house' noun fr< 19"6 {<lTeq I <R{ cE house fr<
qlfr+ r iott sQ qe;t' "41frq1-q1-l qqf I Possessive case <tF[ Rahim ilTds;fi
{C{ Rahim's <I:l-qs EC{fq | €916{ pronoun €i €Sffi possessive case 43
Snq<q qq His pen. €r[6{ He (Irfe\o TI {LT His <I{q\o qLTR t sl-<'t I-{e {{
penft-< ffiE e<q qE $fr-sFr< q*F6F qaT{ q{cE {6{ His <KqK sTcs
q{ I

qE q"l-dt
fgf-q ETa< pronoun Q6{l3t possessive case fro< W-+ cq"I[cTl seC{t
$rqT1< cq{ I

Nom. (}bj. l'oss.

me mine, my
we US our, ours
you you your, .yours
he him hrs
they them their, theirs
she her her, hers.
it it its
who whom whose.
 108 A Passage to the English Language

EXFRCISEI Use the correct case of the pronoun given in the

brackets ;an-ft< XcV 4ti$ pronoun q< q$-s case il€lit T;l l) |

(1) I know--brother's name (she).

(2) Do you know-pen is this? (who).
(3) We sow-cows. (they)
(4) The dog is looking (dqrq)-mother.
for (it)
(5) They came to-house. (we)
iv. TYPES OF THE NOMINATM CASE
" g,'o
(Nominative Case €K e-$T-{ Csq)
3,,
(a) Nominative of address or vocative case : iifi sentence-
q< C$'f-{ noun-6$ rtGlt|-i's-r{ <l i5fs ftcT frq ffi qT E{{ & noun €R
nominative case qT I

q<( qfS-CEI & .urn CS {GE vocative case il nominative of address Rl

qrfifi qri I c{5FI 3
Biva, what are you doing?
Tuhin, come here.
Shuman, do the sum (q(s).
E"tt<-< Eqr{<qefqts Biva, Tuhin, Shuman t{f,(il vocative case qr{Tq I

(b) Nominative Absolute :9FF{.l S"ir< CmqR GI nominative case

s< 'R q$E finite verb lqqlaFt fuT|) <<<u qr I R'{{-
Rahim eats rice. 4{C{ eats {at finite verb, $T{q .{fr qs6 "l{ sf{ g-sf.f
FCT I ft-q {fr noun q< elCT rFfie present participle (: verb + ing {1
continuous tense al}{ sGtr q, sR.i q< 9l({ auxiliary verb qlf6$ Ct) il perfect
participle (= having + verb €K pasi participle) <I{qE E{, iIC{ & noun €K
nominative case RT q<( q$l nominative CrF TC{ nominative absolute. C{'HB
He having departed, we began the discussion (m uf* {ffi< eR ql:l<l
qIr{IF-{ ts+ s-?r4T)
€rllC-{ finite verb Ri began, Rtq .e< 4Tat qqd {fl We-€K, He €K
lll I He-4R Ck{ C-"f-6 Sq having departed qK i qsT{j He €R case R6l
nominative absolute" He (d {6{ Him {t His <I{$f Tilt C{s {I I

qEEi ?FTf, Sfi€ laying Tl having been BS ?I|SIS. eilr{,

RIFI :
The play (having been) over, we left for home.
The work (having been) done, they went to bed.
(c) Complementary nominative. <qT csl{ noun 6sF[ sentence-
.{K complement fufc< Ti-{qE E{ trfi vRtr nominative case qT I €fr1
nominative CS complementary nominative (C{ r (Complement Slf,S TCE sl
6<I<fl-< q-lf parts of sentences-9$T[T Cqq I q?tR L{+*{f{ cqfq ils, sRrE

1<lTs {R{f Ec< t) c-{q TeIlTtr subject Rl object qTCfi 6q noun qfuR-s ftg <r{
\5lfrF complement ?16{ | C{rf{ g
 Grammar : The Case : (Of Nouns and pronouns) 109
He is a doctor. We made him captain.
They selected me chairman. We elected her mLmber of the
union counsil.
Sel5T <fstfrrs He = doctor fr.frq vq qs at ,
s?F? c<Rtl {Fi doctor.rqfr He-q<R qstr qBRs
"lRF-{ r esfm him
(C{ <Irsi) € object E"{ captain -fqtr< qafe-+ RCTtcR r Captain frm ne c+E
{<|"lC{l qcq r qgrEt >Ft complement. vli 4(El case F nominative case €1i
LCq'{i rS< RnS;1"fi R{ complementary nominative.

Position of the nominative

Nominative L{< q{{l{ {I{Kcls verb €31 VlCel r

3 We run people shout ffi

C$FT t

Nom. T- -Nom -V-

frE finit" verb (l auxiliary verb €K 'lCT nominative iI{eE ECs etl6{,
R5FI 3

(i) Interrogative sentence-4 B

Do you know me? Can I use it?

Are they students?
B"nK< <ttsl' rrftp qryqaq you, I, they {dl nominative pronoun. €{'l
qalrqdq do, can, are-41 auxiliary verb alql3tr
"ird {rcrq | <EF5 c{-{? Tl3t6l
€ell6{ sentence sC{l I-<\ interrogative sentence.
(ii) Imperative sentence-4 B

Do the sum. (V<oF +-<)

$e1l.qg <I+ifrIu subject (nominative) {l?; BS T6R'cq | €rlfc{ subject R{
you. {fr qfr <r+sR s-{T Re= sfqr{ sentence fr fro< rs s'c{ fr{cs E\o s Do
(you)the sum. (gfr) q.+m s-< l)
E[Tt <t3t, €tl[6{ you (nominative) iC{Te 6uxih2ry verb "Do" q< {CT I

(iii) Exclamatory sentence-€ t

fr60-i sentence F exclamatory sentence :

How nice the bird isl (fi 1i1s "ttfitFr;

€qlC'{ bird (nominative) <Kq\5 RtrSCQ 6udl16ry verb "is" rlK qlCrf-{1
c5-<'tD< qrT eiffs I R\ sentence ft-$ frffi sl-{qH€ cErfi csio s
How nice is the bird!
efi nominative (bird) <r{qs F auxiliary verb (is) ,{i eiK I qslr{ a
What a fool is he! How fine am I today!
(iv) Optative sentence-( I
cq qffis frT clT afiT rql{ftq-< c!i{ qtft{ etrs t*q}r< qrsj q$tr Tl{-{l
efsTFFs qcq' r qq-{i qac{t optative sentence. frcD sca-sF Qcr<ft <lq' cqq s
Lons live the president. (TE"tfr A{ftR cdl{)
May you pass the exam. (gfr {ftelx'tl.t sil r)
110 A Passage to the English Language

{f$1 EfrIE nominative (president (3( you)Tt{qs ECF-(E' verb (live Qi(
may) 4n el6{ t

(v) Ernphatic sentence-cq 3

s{{€ s"F{€ {s]fu 6q4 ftr"in word 43---vl6{it efu cqt-d frcs culcE &
word €R q*-t1ks q-€4 ffi<\t{ F{c\9- E{, c{'5r'{ 3

fr'qT?fl <rEfi
<foiF< ors
qs?fi
cq<r{fr
<]Timrc TcEfi'-< E"r< mm c<ft "rcv, q<1 <ls-trs {6{ emphatic
sentence. GFl4 3

Sweet is the night (q{< qt <@)

Smack went the whip ('IflI('t"ll(D1-{$ "lVE)
<f$lqfqlcs the night € whip (nominative) {qfqd{ is € went verb 5 6K
elc< {Ficq I

(vi) Conditional clause-€ 3

you come, then I will go with You.

If
Ffr gfr qfq, sf{rE qtfr otal< ws {R)
Though he is poor, he is honest'
(<Fs m qR<, v$e cc cs l)
glCtt
<IfiEtrCg you €(( he (nominative) {ql@'Cq verb come €l( is 4K
Tc{(q r fr-q <tol qTDrc {fr if though 4l
€ qFrs \e-R you €:f( he sl[q-{ verb
€5I elr{<rfisi | tr5fit g
Were you present there, you could see everything. (-e-R cc"lR-{
EqQs arsrE q-<frq ma.s r) ^
Poor as he is, he can do it. (trl afr-a q5qs-;
(vii) Sentence 4 clause 'here' 'no sooner', 'there'bltfr frc{ EF
E6{ 3

Here is the man.

There comes the man. (& cs msF qFrQ l)
No sooner had we reached home than the rain started (Sl{<i
<t& cfrqrc at c{wv 1P qq ,;
<lTiq6f6s nominative {Cfi(Q vglS ,4< eif< I

(viii) Sentence-€ neither {t nor, €q( :{T (and not) qT{ qqqv {T a

He could not pass the exam, neither could his brother"

(fr "fl'l st-<fr, $Kfr \oR qe€ t)
She does not understand mathematics, nor do l.
(c{ q(s KR-{t i], lRt qt ffie)
E"ll<< <f$i EF[s brother € I iFl-QE qc{CQ could € do {i "lC< Erq[q I

' Sentenc" q1 ftfr{ clause fr so, the more 19ffi ql<tt tsF Erqs
(ix)
As you sow, so shall you reap. (cT:14 <"( cq-a p-q;
The more man gets, the more will he want. (:tl$ {E 'tlT Es El{ l)
 Grammar : The Case : (Of Nouns and pronouns) 111

(x) Direct Speech (narration) €? reporting verb Tq{€ Sfi€

subject-qt VlC{ {G{ a
"l gave him much," said the man, "but he gave me nothing in
return. "

F{ case ft ft
"11-C<
qcs
El 6fr5;1-{ sdil6r ffis{l {E r Affi word .qir qn1 cfi-s
F-{trqFs ({ Beqtre tqamF FIrkBiXfr{t<wier< 6c.€$qE s
Sentence Vocative Nominative uomplementary
Case Absolute Nominative
1. Biva is a gentle girf-
2. Jesmine, start dancing.
3. She was elected
chairperson of the
committee.
4. We will go there, G o d
willing.
5. Shuma, do not shout.
6. The Chairman having
died, the committee was
dismissed.

V. Objective Case
Noun Rl pronoun {fi verb (T preposition_€K object RCI-C< V<qv qg
\5?t{ gk objective case {T r objective case-g noun-L{< K1ts 6qa
"iffi qn
it, frq pronoun-€3 qR-q 4r[ qtqg| q|-6fi oq54Q r ,{<l-< Et bqq{"f 6h?fi
{ls3
She told me everything.
I saw him running.
(tllc{ told €i( saw-4K object Rmr< <t<-qE E€{l{ s{r@[\ me €{( hini
{K objective case RCSCR r

Objectm freX 5Bcm celrs dfifr-se s-fl ${ q<( EG 6srel noun -<t
pronoun {F objective case R_! I {E<T( q|Tffq_<f$ Wq(q object Ts ef€k, EIR
ftftffir
Kinds of Objects
I (i) Direct object & indirect object :
t"{CDd sentence S6;fl flp B

He saw me. He showed Ene the book.

She gave him the pen.
 I72 A Passage to the English Language
qalT <lcsl object €TfrQ | fuE Cr <Ir$i E{q object € the book
(q(5-sq <qF) e<( frfr{ object € me. (<1fu, e< ffi)
{rllC{ the book e the pen {fl direct object 4K( me € him {4 indirect
obiect.
-
fooq<esr.q-smGnr€q 6{{l€ 3

({q4E-s)
told me the story.
will show her the room.
',ntu will bring you a ribbon.
ljll '
teaches us,/ them English.
built her a house.

B"rc<< Table c{r+ R c€l{ q-$F <r+i c{'{t qls s

She told me the story- "

€qlf{ finite verb € 161d, ul{ fr, fiFE fi f€14

EI5II <tC'A indirect oblect
qlrq Tcq vf{cq indirect
{Irtr direct object (the story)-F eE finite verb-€K
object-qR 9I[5t to nl for {l{QE
q{ I c{5I;T 3
She told the story to me-
qsr{- He built a house for her-

Fill in the blanks.

1. Direct object fr E{--<l5T I

2. Indirect object F R.{----(Irs t

r (ii) Retained Object :

firb< <rsiE flg-
He gave me a Pen.
qfi.eg {rFIfr active voice-
<rsrFrc indirect s direct-EiF object q.168 r
q qI[q I ftE qrs passive-€ qftqs o-<t qto s
A Pen was given me bY him'
or, I was given a Pen bY him'
QalT passive <fsifrtg A pen (tffi KtC{Ftr direct object)
subject-€
4TQ q-<"{C{ indirect object (me)
"fftqs <qTq 1 ftq {inite verb "l{ (gave)-€K
q< c$'l{ {ka6{ qlR <re qrs <cq Retained object"
fr <m c{cq I
qsR< frq{ passive <.rsIF65 retained object {f, a pen. tr'f{c:{ cq"fi ctl"T,
passive EQ vlr< s-fi cs.cs qlr{
EIF object (direct e indirect) frFr? <ir+r< I

€f$-{<l{ qf$-Str object ilfi{I retained object SC'l Calfs {.IR I

 Grammar : The Case : (Of Nouns and Pronouns) 113

r (iii) Cognate Object :

frru{<lorF rc-
islept(slfrffitql
€{f6{ slept CE .!sB intransitive verb, :FFtct, q< cs'l{ Object OQ r ftq
frn-<<l'siF qv-
I slept a sound sleep. (qTfr qE g'l, $trR{T{)
€{16{ intransitive verb (slept) S< "lCa .CTF object C{ltt Oil {CS(Q (sleep)
$ & verb €?Q noun-S1 I qfrq object fs TCq cognate object. FtKot
intransitive verb q<t q+F n"tqF[l3l object fuqr{ slq sTcq i qqr{
We fought a fight. (ElT-{l qa +mRqtqi
He ran a race.(cr.{s anV ffiel
I{f@F fight s race {61 cognate object. (WVlqW +{) qqi
<lSIsC4'fCs
s-<, E&r*'cq qsF intranqitive verb <f{qtr qLtr' €sB transitive verb (>ro(re
fu*i Rmr< r

Cognate objectffiFFe|:n'|rtr{Ecs 'lt< s

(a) Verb s Object,4{ qtq qTq-m"t 3 She dreamt a dream. They

slept a deep sleep. She sighed a deep sigh (ftd?ffq'). The monk (+{ffi;
prayed a prayer.
{b) Verb e Object EtT iTctefT 3 May you live a long life. They
walked a long way. She ran a race. They fought a battle. You struck
(qqu sC{Rcq) a strong biow (vtRls;.
qEl[-{ life s live; walked € way : ran € race; fought e baftle 4FI 4$Q
wef< r

(c) Cognate objecrB-q (implied {l understood) {FFm effCit; she

played the heroine (: part of the heroine). The audience (q'f$, c{1-q)
shouted applause (E{ffi).
(d) E-q Cognate object-4T adjective EtEtt object-4it elsF t s
He spoke his last (= last speech) (cC ER 6-ls Tqll <HET)
The patient (c{Ift) breathed her last (last breath) (ffiFIft q< rF fr e'tf,q
slrts-fi t)
Kurrrar Visyajit sang hrs sweetest (= sweeiest song).
Btr+q 'qfq'tr{'lce 16s1, sweetest-qtsIafi {4 adjective. qe(ql ef{E{rq'
i$rfi?r object (3-{fr{ fi{T fi-ql) affilcr er€P.l srrq I

rrilr!frc{
{e} Cognate object-fs T{fIiFl G€s {trif I
We wili walk it. (=the waY).
They fought it. {=the fight).
She sang it (:t5o tonn,.

APTEL-8
 714 A Passage to the English Language

object 9 ({)fr€ frrr ftf-f $< I qqqF EqR.t ft6q.R o?.ef{ EE I

bentence Direct lndirect Retained Uognate

Object Obiect Objcet Object
utve m€ a pen.
, He ran a race.
3. We fought a battle.
4. Mother showed me the
picture.
5. Let a pen be given me.
" 6. English is taught us by
'tJ.'
Mr. Karim.
tn
(a) He eats rice-TF$-JFCE direct object € indirect object_(qfq
tilQ)
(b) He was killed by.his brother-Tl$lFCe retained
(qftqAR)
object--
He writes a letter-<ff,iFCs a letter €T,fr

r (iv) Factitive Object :

frru-<<tofi "rv:
We made him captain.
{ITIEF object {f, him {lK verb {fl made. v{s captain .Rfr CS-{ <I{qs
€? Captain ,{:i Ckcl .{?tf({ q-F6 R{ him_€K r €el4 him captain, Vdlq
=
captain Skt \5kR qSF {RDn cs ECE qgl qrq we-€3r i...{ I 6q1qq
him {l
object-(F qffi {frD-{ captain, 6{f$oq €1116{, captain 6Sre object iaRs
qrE r qq lrttrFr object m {FI Factitive
obje.:t. qtril $LT-{E Uq.R;q ,
He called you a fool.
We elected her chairperson.
The Headmaster appointed him clerk.
We named him Kurban.
NOTE : Factitive object €K E{-{f' qFF dI{ qE objective complement,
Sl<"1, qF object €<Q complement.
NOTE : Factitive object t{K q-Crl 6q verb ll{es q$ q'C$ {C{ Factitive
verb.

r (V) Qomplementary object :

firu.s<ffi qg:
I know him.
(vtfr Errs sTR a fifi)
4{lI4 objectaF him. ft-qfro<<tolF 19 a
I know him to be a doctor.
(qR sn+ .r'sq-{ vtsk <rq qrfi)
 Grammar : The Case : (Of Nouns and Pronouns) 115

q{lr{him 4K 'l{ to be {l{di5 qf-{Cq, q<( sf<iii

qSF noun <I{Qs
q6cq I ei nounfi object (him) 4<E 4FF qRuX r qr4 TCq complementary
({'{(
object. vl{C{ q|{'fl <6tF "tlR cq, objective case-S{ 'R io be ?F-qs EC{
& io bn q< eK 6S];I noun (I{Qe qCq vlCS R-Cal complementary object' 9dt\ e

S+V+O+tobe+Com.Obj.
qT{ noun q-fl COf{ parts of
NOTE : Complementary object Wt {-rtr |

(tr{{ adjective) sR-s {6{ objective complement' qlsrs

speech Ecq
complementary object€ qS qT'K objective complement' C{trrFl 3

i found him dead

(l6sl' dead (adjective) € objective complement'

EXenCtSEl 1. Fill in the gap in each sentence using any noun you
tnint?ppropriutn"(q6+ <rt l,6{ qs 'll-{ c{ c+l{ noun ftrt firu< Wql{ t<"f
ffi)
(1) He thought me to be a-
(2) They Iound him to be a-
(3)He was deemed (q-{ee {L-TRE) to be an--'
(4) We discovered him to be-'
;;t : fr(n< word erEI <'3.qF 4-fi 61s 'tF{ : (1) lawver (Gfuo) (Z;
merchant (<ft$) (3) emperor (4) a thief'
2. FrcF< bold (mfi qsC+{) word efr complementary object T{ csl-
g

(1) We hate (!clt+R) to be fools.

-afaqq{s
(2) He thought me to belazg.
(3) Man wants to be great.
Ans : sFt't-
(1) noun (foob) F{ qfc't c.$F object 6{Q t

(2) word fr noun iltr t

(3) word fr noun qT q<( ql(tt C-S1-{' obje918

'C<

r (vi) Dative of Interest

' 'fuu<<r+iF :
c
"rV
Pluck the flower. (q-{F o*)
€rIl-C{ pluck (oitg) verb F< qs6-R object (the flower). ft-q 6ol{ <]fr
{fr fuq & flo,u", F< sT Esq+ <t W{Q (interested)€ sl{cef sltrss pluck
verb €{ qn<-sF (indirect) object RlSc cq"lk{f Rcs flIGl I Grl;I 3
Pluck me (= for me, ql:Ifd q-dl) the flower'
€1116{ me {4 dative of interest.
4{"1fl Break me (=f61 me = in my interest =
ql{f< flfd) the stick'
 176 A Passage to the English Language
r (vii) Dative of Disinterest :
(vi)f(-q< indirect object {fr interest l.l $k{ disinterest (frq*f)
{<flT E,Iq6E iofr+ qcq dative of disinterest. R:FI 3
It pains me to say so. (sFrll <Errs qFm o? skrt r)
It hurts me to support it. (qfi q'qefu T-{F qFIk <53 AIc{ r)

r (viii) Adverbial Object :

Where? (CftefiT)-qry{ E-S{ m word C?'S el € adverb, C{rf{ s
;ld.' He lives here.
\ql<]3t, when? ($IF)-S({T €-g< 6{ word CEitr iof e adverb, 6$I;{ B He
will go now.
ftE qn llt adverb 33ll19 {fr 6sF[ noun C$ objective case € TJ-{qR s-{l
q{ uFfCq sffs TFI adverbial object. G:Ft B
We want to workall day (when?)
VAb- Noun
Go home now (where?)
VaE No""
He lived tweniy years (how much time?)
---Noun
$c166 a;a1sfr6s noun e6{l adverb q< alq $r{rq I
W<l( q<T adverbial
object. (slr< adverbial object EFI time (:T:t{), place ({{), distance ([<q),
weight (sqq), price (41it,1ry) ffi
E1m r

EXERCISEI frcu-< UoU (mFIwFt-T{) word erqt qE

"dr*bt"l "bj".t.
S"lcT{ time, ptace, ffirlq qsfr wordgr{t6{<frcs Tl<qq{\e I

(1)We ran a mile. (+1<+-;

(2) The child weight's four killograms. (o.ffi{-;
(3)She studied one hour. (o1;1ct-;
u. POSITION OF THE OBJECT
Cl${qe object (-{q-{qTfrT{'f s

tilV+dl
6{{;T 3 He eats rice. €3(
5-T -o-
S + V + Indirect Obj. "t Direct Obj.
GIFI gShe gave me a pen
s --V- Fd.O6'j Dir.O6i
E1sR 531, e1fuT1aQ object lGfQ verb 4-1 fll-< I ft-q ffi,fiF5 (sGI object
verb-€il qlCtt <]:l-q-s ET
 Grammar : The Case : (Of Nouns and Pronouns) 177

I (a) For emphasis (C9.R cnsTl{ q-{t) s

Money or men have I none (vd, cqfs c+-F"lt ql':rT{ 6R)
Research must we do (461u* qtm q-+{it s-{c{t - We must do
research = q[{<t qa'$Q efaqcfi s-tr{ 1;
f G) Object Tfr interrogative 1l relative pronoun {T t
What do you want? (lnt. Pronoun)
This is the man that we saw. (Relative Pronoun.)
*'r$? That 6s 6{;T objectivei-al-it? stra< lx <l{Frs Frcu< w s[n Eltt $r{
'*- .q"ns q]R s
(a) This is the man (b) We saw the man.

ErE +'<, (b)-Cs the man {4 object. qQ the ma.t-R that Rrrltrl <g
<rolfts <rEqs E[Tcq I qr<-sF ftfrq {s] s-d 3
(a)-€K a man fuq <v qrsIEF the man-q qRqs qc<rq t sl-<cl (a) e (b)
tfi {g; 3:'c{ <-v <ffi tff{ 3s-{r qq, \5.1{ a-qd'f6{ that ql{F s6[cf a-{Rqs qe
theFl
I (c) Preposition-€T object \5ld 'lc{ <ctT I c{5FI 3
el{ the
I talk of the rat. (vlfr ?[{F{ salt fiR l) .c{f6{ of (prep.)4K
rat (obj.) <Kdu q656q I frq Tffi {rl{ interrogative (SfFl{s;-c "tRqs <l
vrl{ object fr TC{ preposition €K 9[Crt t

6{:l-{ s What do you talk of? (What = object)"

Gfiftq<$all<6ie?)
ql<F, the rat (object) 54 qft 46i-4 EenF <r{qK S-fl qr q-{rE of S'{ '16{
<c{ r

A rat is nothing to talk of. q"lffi A rat-subject-4 1frqs SCTR r

qqM frc6< <f$Ierql Esl r-{ s

Give me a pen to write with' There is no chair to sit on'
I have no friend to talk tolwith.

EXERCISE interrogative-q "fRqg s-{ s Bq|{{"f

Rcqr< o'm cq{rqEE r

1. (a) I look at the skY.

(b) Question : What do I look at?
2. (a) He went with me'
b) Wno-z
3. (a) She looks after the goat.
(b) What-r
4. (a) Man hankers after moneY.
(b) What does-?
5. (a) She lives with her father.
(b) Who-z
 118 A passage to the English Language
VII. POSSESSIVE CASE
qlffil qtCtt possessive FICS Tffi CqCqe I qq{ ffiq< possessive case
ftqr<'ft{o;rrcqr I

f (i) CI${"ls singular noun €K {ICel apostrophe (') € s C{l{ FGt

possessive carn oIh s-irrs E{ I qdts
lxouil'r] -+ lF.ss*.i"el
6{'{T 3 He is Rahim's brother.
She found a rat's hole ({-6;
I (ii) Noun {frplural qT q<( \df{ e|61 plural eft{-otft s q6rs vRrE slro
possessive F{CE q[-{ \5K 6.fCS R9{ apostrophe (') 6qt t T-?fCs
E{. 6$FT s 6{tEt
4,ilFE{TI tR5FT 3

This is a girls' school. (girls's l-rl).

Where is the officers' club?
45R F?t s girl's {16{ qTtr
cqc{'-{ frS girls'qfr{ mcK?-{; officer,s TIr{
q-sq-{ qfr-{l< frg officers'qk{ qft{l<tc< I qelc{ s
Workers' association, teachers' room, boys, school etc.
4sB s;t, S'fm plural noun sFlli elc{ pluial 6*
noun €3[ C'IGI s q}-€ alls'Cg
"fffi s R{ r Otr.ut
'llK I Rrl"l 3
children (q-qTTcrfll
women (qREttt"f)
men (oloer4) ffi r

€qlt plural noun CS possessive €trCu q5q qfi-{ elcq ,s 6{trt T-{CE qT I

cTst{ 3

children's dress
women's bags
men's clubffi t

I (iii) Sake Ttn

?nfr<, fld 1 6q{{ cE[T{ tftrT-for love's sake;
6fr-qr{n rfi&t< for beauty's 56ks ffi I 4l sake q< qkrl Tfr q:[{ noun
{lrs {R Flc{ ice, ss <l sus alfr+, E-Rrq El6$ possessive ssll3t q-{l vr{ 6-ln etr
(') o-ccsqs r criFl s
qfl-{ frDTt-T{ qfiFc<-for justice' sake
sIFr< qfuT-for goodness' sake
I (iv) Compound noun ,{< 6rlfs-{ word F{ '16{ 's C{lrt s-r{ v,lrs
possessive li3lcg qn' 1

ffi:l;t 3 Sister-inlaw's husband ; Brother-in-law's wife.

r (v)frcr-<<tsi{t l-s s
This is Rahim's house. This is Karim's house.
€fi house F sfr Rahim 4R Karim E-scar<? ql, qdts fi wm {fr .!FB
house $tr \5l{6{ This is Rahim's and Karim's house.
 Grammar : The Case : (Of Nouns and Pronouns) 119

ql fu"t fi'qp W<-fhis is Rahim and Karim's house'

Tt?6t s{rc{ c{lq qf<-or< foint possession)FtT[a ft-q,{fr err]-rs-< qGilql

I

qrqFil <r& T4IIT sRr4 erFrCS-< r'rcq< cltct 's T{lti qr{ | RsFi 3 These are
Rahim's and Karim's houses.
I (vi) Case in apposition q< cFCq Fl{ word ff< cRq 's C{lEl oc<
possessive ttfq +<re E{ I cs'{'{ s
This is Akbar, ihe lawYer's library'
,{cll({ Akbarsti lawYer qst {'e I qslr{ s
ql[tt
I (vii) <WtD-s noun €31 c"l[q ;I[ <frrs sk of <frcq possessive
rs
rr'l;
.t, .urn ufh ffi[s q{ | c{5F{ 3
Inc. The tree's fruits are fine'
cor. The fruits of the tree are fine'
lnc. The books Pages are green'
cor. The pages of the book are green'
<reary t "

(il cIEs-{ "pildc<l<-s noun6:F Sfi Ct5-s-{-fi"i <"fat o-<t $ ! Death's hands ;

Duty's call 6-fim< vls) ; the moon's light'

(ii) sq{, {IR, qiq <t 1fimqg'lfl-{ noun €K c"fc{ s One
month's notice ;

two years' time ; one yard's length (.SS t|E? hI6<) ; one maund's weight'

itttt ttffofo-fe noun €K 6.lC{ ; court's

order ; God's love ; country's
glory.
-'"'i*t phrase q< r<l'Rs Eritcfro1o_$ noun €? 6'1.{ s At the stone's
"-c'".{'
throw ; to one's heart's content ; at one's wit's end ;
cl-ccl 's Csltl
(v) One, everyone, no cne, nobody, everybody-€qfaK
€6{ possessivn curn ll}{ ?TC9 q-{ I ffi51{ 3
One should resPect one's Parents'
Nobody's fathei wants to kill him or her'

C.-;*t <r i*orrn.t qcq d)F< <t x T'lls I qelqF EqR<q

teacher's room
Men's house
For Jesus's sake
Suma's and Ruma's Picture
(q-sFeR)
Suma and Ruma's Picture
({l? {KqlElnqElr.l ER)
The iable's colour
Everyone's life
Two day's leave
Childrens'hat
 720 A passage to the English Language
DOUBLE POSSESSruE
FKF-{ Table (31 column-3 €n possessive €rrr double
ts$l€ pronoun
possessive. .effi
{-:T double possessive.
(1) Nominative (Z) Possessive
I
(3) Double Posseffi-
my mine
We our ours
Thev- their theirs
She her hers
Yorr uour uours
931 column pro noun E6{I6S double ossessive
€3tr
<il e{ gl3t ?15'l<6l
pronounC$ q efEl-Cs 9fl€Tl Crkq
"K"f< Et<n possessive S-<l-<
'|-< I

Noun-€3t Csf€
FfTNor-rn;El = Double possessive.
C{51{ B A book of my friend's.
The house of Rafiq's. (<ftr$? q&)
NOTE : A picture of Shuman_Wtr{ fiCsN efr r

A picture of Shuman's-{T6ffi sEq G w qR qtrq sl6q< I,ctrj eFE r

The news of Shagar-{lrff<-?I C"Tr{, Cs];I c(<Tq I

The news of Shagar's_IlrfK{ 6qs{1 SKF. I

Treble Possessive : Double possessive q< qf(ri of <,?e.f c<

possessive o|l€Tr TI-s q'fs {cE Trebre possessive.
6{:11 (BlTs{ Tabre cE{) :
of mine, of ours, of theirs, of hers, oi yourr.
This is a house of theirs (eE qrqT qsD <l& r)
The dog of ours is red. (ql{gr-4 {1E) T-{KF

Use the correct possessive case.

(i) He is a friend of mv.
Arylg ihis o',e _of or,rr is the sirongest.
131
(J, uo you fln:"
know 9gs:
him? He is a friend of your brotfiJr.
(4) This is a house of Karrm.
(5) The book of your is blue.

.
fro<<tolecqtts
ELLIPTICAL POSSESSIVE
c
I went to.Karim's house.
She bought the 6ook-fr6m paran's shop.
. The patient will go to St. paul's hospital.
<lTlqrqkg possessive noun_eCfl (Karim,s paran,s, St. paul,s)
S"fC<-<
objective case-€i qlcr <Tqcq r $-l3r"r, qtq-< qrcl to,
from qr<tr preposition
qrq r q?F <r$]erErs q.lTfi CS(S-CatfrCT-s qr+re<s frqco 9IIR;
I went to Karim's.
She bought the book frorn paran,s.
The patient will go to St. paul's.
 Grammar : The Case : (Of Nouns and pronouns) t21
qfi fuq. possessive nounelFTlit q?
C{R I qaI{l E€
'l{<tr-ff nouns6{l
<C{'cq I B{TlGt possessive noun-e@l e"l{ qrrs
ffi (BS q$|:rS) vd e1-E1-.1
ep6q 4fr'f possessive6s {Ff Elliptical possessive.
;
NOTE : Objective case-€Bl possessive noun-(l CSCE S'frel <tE' Cqfi qs<
(6w{ u"l(<-{ <fsis6{l(E), fre nominative case €K possessive noun-€i fsFrdt
EtCB{lT I R5F{ 3
Karim's house is a good one.
<l+itiCo Karim's house (CTCQ subject-4i {C{ (norrinative). 4Eii
Karim's is a good one 6{rll qF+ q* r

NOTE : E"lc Ws-{t 6qr"tQ-l went to Karim's

if{Ifr 6q11s6t. frg Karim's-A< {fi qfr COn possessive pronoun <I:l-qs
CT gtSffi El correct qC{ ql I CrlT'{ S I went to yours.
4FFIF 16s611ect-{C6 correct o{C9 q6q your-q<
'K house <qlfs qC-{ I

CT5FI 3 I went to your house.

ERCE C4{t Cfi objective case-€3t elC{ possessive noun tX-Afq eF
'F-{6
nounCs €-S ffi T{ frq CsFt possessive pronoun qFs'[E vlSl elfr{ff nounCs
E'sfi=ft{llit r

NOTE. qlT-fl Csl 6q1tIR 6S Karim-€K possessive FI Karim's, Rahim 4K

possessive-Rahim's ffi t gdlg noun €K possessive s-<l{ {T'{ apostrophe
0 €< "K s fills qT I fitq pronoun-€3l 6S-6q tsq s Gt{ e-<Cs q{, (') <6q-a qU1
{FrI rtr5FI 3
Inc. Your's faithfully.
cor. Yours faithfully.
Inc. The house o{ our's.
cor. The house of ours.
Inc. It's colour.
cor. Its colour.

EXERCISEI Correct the following.

1. My want a book.
2. Whom you think willgo? (R {r< {ffi CslTl{ {c{ SR?)
3. I am looking at he.
4. I am as tall as him.
5. They saw both you and he.
6. He knows who you love.
7. Between you and I, he is a thief. (gfr qlfr crfl"lr{ {EQ, fr qsF
6Fl{)
8. Let he pass the exam.
9. He is taller than me.
Ans. 1. I 2. who 3. him 4. he 5. him 6. whom 7. me 8. him 9. L
 122 A Passage to the English Language

VIII. CASE IN APPOSITION

fi6p<<l+terEl 'fs g

My uncle is Karim. (qTF Dtfi TfiT)

Karim went there. (FRl cr,fln FkRE{)
{cst{ E"irc{ q'fi <Flrs qs'rl6q frqcs
'fiR
qFtI< EIEI, mR'c, c{{lc{
fffiq r

ffi?smft{'iqc< s

- My uncle, Karim, went there.

,*F
'}i:. 41116{ Karim 6{ My uncle-€ CC I \5Rfq Karim
rlqBf$ My uncle-€K 9;lI
qsffi "rRET Xtrm csTEK q-{i <Kql-{ o-<l qmcq t €Q Karim fifrrs <rq
apposition. Apposition ql[{ qE Srcb qEga' ,

Nominative in apposition : Apposition {fi subject-4T "iRuA -tXfn

{c< \5"|{ EiIGF nominative in apposition {rq I qrFI 6s-6Gl noun in apposition
93t norninative case {{ I 6q{;t 3
Borhan, Chairman ol the club, is coming.
Objective in Apposition : R{l apposition 6fF object C< lRX qfe
{[T s{{ sl6$ objective in apposition <FI q<(
41tr objective case $l I C{:l-{ 3

Inc. We invited them, Rahim, Karim and he.

cor. We invited them-Rahim, Karim and him.
Possessive in ApPosition :
Inc. This is my uncle's Mr. Rab's estate (>l-"tfu)
Cor. This is my uncle, Mr. Rab's estate'
NOTE. Inc. We went to Mr. Ram, the Headmaster of this school'
cor. We went to Mr. Ram, Headmaster of this school'
Inc. Usha, the dancer of this club, has died.
cor. Usha, dancer of this club, has died.
qdfq Cq"II <ICEQ Case in Apposition-qi Title q< qlcsl the KI{ds Q{ 4l l