Science Form 4 Chapter 2 Body Coordination

2.6 Hormonal Coordination in the Body

The Endocrine System (内分泌系统)
Function: secreting (分泌)hormones(激素).
Endocrine glands(腺)are ductless(无管)glands.
Hormones are chemical substances produced by endocrine glands.
Hormones are secreted directly into the bloodstream.

Pituitary gland
Hormone : produces growth hormone and hormones that stimulate ( ) other endocrine
glands.
Function: known as master gland because it produces hormone that control other
endocrine glands.
Thyroid gland
Hormone : thyroxine
Function:
controls the rate of metabolism
regulates body growth brain development.
Pancreas
Hormone : insulin and glucagon
Function :
Insulin converts glucose to glycogen in lowering blood glucose level.

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 Glucagon converts glycogen to glucose in increasing blood glucose level.
Adrenal gland
Hormone : adrenaline
Function :
Prepares body for action during emergency.
Testes
Hormone : testosterone
Function :
Development of male secondary sexual characterisics
Ovary / Ovaries
Hormone : progesterone and oestrogen
Function :
Progesterone controls menstrual cycle
Oestrogen controls the development of female secondary sexual characteristics.
Effects of hormonal imbalance
Effects
Hormones Undersecretion Oversecretion
Growth hormone Dwarfism Gigantism
Thyroxine Low metabolic rate, High metabolic rate,
Stunted growth, Weight loss,
Causes goitre Protruded eyes
Insulin Diabetes mellitus Low blood glucose level,
Weakness
Adrenaline Ability to overcome daily Levels of glucose and salt in the
pressure decreases, weak blood is high,
muscles High blood pressure
Progesterone Menstrual problem, headache,
constipation, miscarriage
Estrogen Under Highly female
development of female
secondary sexual characteristics
Testosterone Under Highly masculine
development of male secondary
sexual characteristic

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2.7 Coordination between the nervous system and the endocrine system
Similarities between nervous coordination and the hormonal coordination
 Respond to stimuli (外来刺激)

• Function to control body activities

Differences between nervous coordination and the hormonal coordination

Nervous system Feature Endocrine system
(nervous coordination) (hormonal coordination)
Nerve impulse Means of control Hormones
Electrical and chemical Nature of message Target organs
Rapid快速 Speed of transmission Slow
Localised Area affected Widespread
Short-lived, temporary暂时 Duration of effect Longer-lasting, may be

and reversible可逆 permanent and irreversible

Coordination between the nervous system and the endocrine system during
emergency:

Stimulus  receptors detect stimulus and send impulses to brain  brain interprets and
sends impulses to adrenal gland  adrenal gland secretes adrenaline  effects  response

Effects
1. Dilation of pupils
2. Increase in breathing rate
3. Increase in heartbeat
4. Increase in heartbeat
5. Increase in blood pressure
6. Increase in energy production

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2.8 Effects of Drug Abuse on Body Coordination and Health
What is Drug Abuse?
1. Drugs are chemical substances that change the way the body works.
2. Drug abuse is refers to the use of drugs without doctor’s prescription for non-medical
purposes.

Stimulants 兴奋剂 Depressants 抑制剂 Hallucinogens 致幻剂

Caffeine Opium鸦片 LSD

Nicotine Morphine吗啡 Marijuana大麻

Cocaine Heroine Psilocybin (Magic mushroom)

Amphetamines Cannabis 麻 Ecstacy

Barbiturates

Alcohol

Effects of drug abuse on body coordination

Groups of drugs Effects on nervous and body coordination

Stimulants Activate the nervous system

Cause

Depressants

Hallucinogens