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SOIL MECHANICS LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy
SOIL MECHANICS LECTURES – 3RD CLASS – CIVIL ENG. DEPT.
Sc Degree of Cons.
eo
Average
At Depth
H Degree of
U
mv
Cons.
Z
av Sc
Cc Uav uo
Ce Tv ue
so
Cv Tv
sf
SOIL MECHANICS LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy 3
INTRODUCTION
When saturated clay soil is loaded undrained, the pore pressures
increase. Then, under site conditions, the excess pore pressures
dissipate and water leaves the soil, resulting in consolidation
settlement. This process takes time, and the rate of settlement
decreases over time. In sandy soils that are highly permeable, the
drainage caused by the increase in the pore water pressure is
completed immediately.
q
q
ΔH
σi ’ σi ’
us us + ue σi’ + q
us
Force
in Soil
gradual reduction in volume of a
fully saturated soil of low In Water
coefficient of permeability due to
the dissipation of the excess pore
water pressure.
The amount of settlement which
Settlement
occurs in a given time depends
on the
1.permeability of the soil
Time
2.length of the drainage path Soil
3.compressibility of the soil SOIL MECHANICS LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy 5
THEORY
A simple one-dimensional
consolidation model consists of
rectilinear element of soil subject to
vertical changes in loading and
through which vertical (only)
seepage flow is taking place.
Settlement
stage of the test, the DH2
s’2
DH
De
Hs
SOIL MECHANICS LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy 9
A relationship between (e & s’), measured at the end of each (24) hours
when (u) is assumed to be zero, as in Figures below
(e o e1) De
av
(s 1 s o ) Ds
e1 e2 e1 e2
Cc
log s 2 log s 1 s
log 2
s1
DV e o e1
Vo 1 eo
Sc m v . Ds . H
e o e1
OR Sc .H
1 eo
Cc sf
OR Sc . H . log Where sf = so + Ds
1 eo so
SOIL MECHANICS LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy 14
Example 1: if the initial void ratio of a clay is eo = 0.9 at initial
pressure so=95.8 kN/m2, and the compression index of that soil is
equal (Cc)=0.052, H=4 m thick, L.L.=42 %. If the clay layer is loaded
with infinite load of Ds=287.5 kN/m2, calculate the amount of total
settlement of the clay.
Cc sf
Sc . H . log
1 eo so
g = 15 kN/m3, H = 3.5 m
3m Sand
g=17 kN/m3
Clay
3.5 g=19.5 kN/m3, eo=0.9, Cc=0.2,
m Cr=0.02, Cv=0.5 m2/year
Sand
e 2
to find the s’c follow 3
the below steps, from 1
the graph of e-log
s’: -
Cc.H s o Ds
Sc . log
1 eo s o
b. when
sf sc
Cr.H s f
Sc . log
1 eo s o
sc so
For an element of soil at a particular depth (z) in the clay layer, the
progress of consolidation process under a particular total stress
increment can be expressed in terms of voids ratio.
eo e
Uz
e o e1
where: -
Uz : the degree of consolidation at a particular instant of time at depth (z),
eo: void ratio before the start of consolidation,
e1: void ratio after the start of consolidation,
e: void ratio at any specific time.
s s o
Uz
s 1 s o
Terzaghi's Solution
The general solution is obtained for an
overall (average) degree of consolidation
(Uav) using non-dimensional factors.
Sc time
U 100
Sc total
Sc6 months = U * Sctotal =
SOL. (Cc=(eo-e1)/(logs1-logso),
e1=1.869,
Sc=53.8mm,
Tv = 0.196,
mv=(eo-e1)/(1+eo).1/(s1-so)= 0.214 mm2/N,
Cv=k/(mv.gw) = 1524 mm2/sec,
t= 53.58 min.)
SOL.
U=20%,
Tv=0.0314,
Cv=2.617x10-3 mm2/sec,
U=40%,
Tv=0.1257,
t=13 years 258.343 days)
Time factor
2- For soil profile shown in figure below . A clay layer whose total consolidation settlement under
a given fill is expected to be 20 cm. Find the excess pore water pressure and effective stress
(due to fill) at points A,B,C and D for cases
i. Immediately after application of the fill.
ii. After 20 months of fill application .If the consolidation settlement after 2 months is 4
cm.
iii. After final consolidation was achieved.
5m Fill g=20 kN/m3
W.T N.G.S
2 - A temporary fill of 200 kN/m2 were placed on the
surface of the soil shown in figure below. After final
consolidation was achieved, the fill removed and a circular 4m Sand g sat.=18.5 kN/m3
footing (5 m) in diameter was constructed at 2 m below the
ground surface. Estimate
i. Total consolidation settlement due to fill. gsat.=19 kN/m3,OCR=1
ii. Total consolidation settlement after 85 days of fill Cv=3.533 m2/month
5m clay
application. eo=0.95 , Cc=0.3 , Cr=0.05
iii. Total heave of the soil surface after of the fill (fill were
removed).
iv. Total consolidation settlement due to footing when Rock
uniform pressure of 100 kN/m2 on the footing surface.
SOIL MECHANICS LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy 43
QUESTIONS
3- A saturated soil sample 20 mm thick was tested in an Oedometer (double drainage)
under a stress increment of 100 kn/m2. the sample had compressed by 1.5 mm at t90
which was 24 minutes after stressing. Calculate the coefficient of volume change (mv), the
coefficient of consolidation (cv).
4- A bed of sand 10m thick is underlain by a compressible layer of clay 3 m thick under
which lies sand. The water table is at a depth of 4 m below the ground surface. The total
unit weights of sand below and above the water table are 20.5 and 17.7 kN/m3
respectively. The clay has a natural water content of 42%, liquid limit 46% and specific
gravity 2.76. Assuming the clay to be normally consolidated, estimate the probable final
settlement under an average excess pressure of 100 kN/m2.
5- For soil profile consists of three layers, top layer, sand soil with unit weight of
17 kN/m3, and thickness of 2 meters, mid layer, clay soil with unit weight of 19
kN/m3, eo=0.9, Cc=0.2, OCR=1.5, and thickness of 5 meters, bottom layer,
sand soil with unit weight of 17 kN/m3, and thickness of 6 meters. Water table at
one meter from surface level.
i. Estimate the total consolidation settlement, caused by application of
square footing of 3 meters each side, and q=200 kN/m2.
ii. the change in total consolidation settlement if the water table level
lowered two meters,
iii.Estimate the time required, in months, to achieve 50% degree of
consolidation, what is the consolidation settlement?