List of Figures

Figure 1.1 Degradation of metallic materials……………………………………….….3

Figure 2.2 Elastic modulus of currently used biomedical alloys …………………………….12

Figure 2.2a Biological safety of metals cytotoxicity of pure metals…………………..14

Figure 2.2 b Relationship between polarization resistance and biocompatibility of

pure metals,………………………………………………………………………….…14

Figure 2.3 a Total knee replacement……………………………………………….…18

Figure 2.3 b Total hip replacement…………………………………………………...18

Figure 2.4 Various causes for failure of implants that lead to revision surgery………20

Figure 5.1 The Hip joint………………………………………………………………31

Figure 5.2 a Healthy hip joint…………………………………………………………33

Figure 5.2 b Osteoarthritic hip joint…………………………………………………..33

Figure 5.3 Placement of Hip implant………………………………………………….35

Figure 5.4 Cross section of cemented stem in femur …………………………………37

Figure 5.5 a Osseointegration of bone………………………………………………...38

Figure 5.5 b Acetabular component…………………………………………………..38

Figure 5.6 Comparison of cemented and uncemented methods of fixation…………..39

Figure 5.7 prosthesis components and Prosthesis in position…………………………40

Figure 5.8 Charnley prosthesis used to replace damaged hip joint…………………...40

Figure 6.1 Femoral head………………………………………………………………42

Figure 6.2 Acetabular shell……………………………………………………………43

Figure 6.3 Guided motion liner……………………………………………………….43

Figure 6.4 Hip Stem…………………………………………………………………. 44

Figure 6.5 Neck……………………………………………………………………….45

Figure 6.6 Assembled Hip Implant……………………………………………………45

Figure 7.1 Free body diagram of hip joint in one-legged position………………………47

Figure 7.2 Visualisation of forces acting on body when walking…………………….49

Figure 7.3 a Planes of body……………………………………………………….…..51

Figure 7.3 b Angle of flexion of hip……………………………………………….….51

Figure 7.4 Average hip angle during gait analysis using a three dimensional

musculoskeletal ……………………………………………………………………….52

Figure 7.5 Hip flexion-extension angle during gait cycle of human running ……,…..52

Figure 8.1 Fixed geomety on outer surface and ridges of neck…………………,……54

Figure 8.2 Fixed geometry on stem…………………………………………………...54

 List of Tables

Table 2.1 Tensile properties of human cortical bone……………………………...8

Table 2.2 Compressive properties of human cortical bone……………………… 9

Table 2.3. Compressive properties of human cancellous bone ………………………10

Table 3.1 Mechanical properties of typical α and α+β- Ti-based alloys for
biomedical applications…………………………………………………………....26

Table 3.2 Mechanical properties of typical β-type Ti-based alloys for biomedical
applications……………………………………………………………………..27

Table 3.3 Methods of preparation and modulus of various β-type Ti-based alloys.28

Table 7.1 Resultant force in terms of body weight………………………………...50

Table 7.2 Resultant force on hip joint (N)………………………………………….50

Table 7.3 Angle of flexion for physical activity……………………………………52

 CONTENTS

Certificate ………………………………………………………………………….….(A)

Acknowledgment………………………………………………………………………(B)

Abstract………………………………………………………………………………..(C)

List of figures……………………………………………………………………….….(D)

List of Tables…………………………………………………………………………..(E)

1. Introduction…………………….………………………………………………….…..1
.
2. Basic Aspects of Ti-Based Alloys for Biomedical Applications……………………..6

2.1 Fundamental Requirements of Biomedical Implants…..………...……….......6

.
2.1.1. Mechanical Properties of human bones…………………...…....…...….7

2.1.2. Stress shielding ………………………………………………….....11

2.1.3. Bio compatability ……………………………………………….....13

2.2. Market and Application Prospects of Ti-Based Alloys………………….…...17

2.2.1. Practice and Current Situation of Ti-Based Alloys……………..……17
2.2.2. Market and Application Prospects………………………….……….…..20

3. Ti-Based Alloys ……………………………………………………………….…….…....23

3.1 Low modulus β-Type Ti-Based Alloys …..……………………………...….…....24

4. Limitations of Current β-Type Ti-Based Alloys…………………………………..…...29

5. Hip implant
5.1 The Hip Joint……………………………………………..…………………….…31

5.2 Hip problems……………………………………………..…………………….…32

5.2.1 Other problems…………………………………..…………………….…34

5.2.2 Treating the problems………………………………...……...……….34

5.3 History of hip arthroplasty ………..………….…………..…………...…….……34

5.4 Modern day hip arthroplasty …………………………..………………….…36

5.5 Variation of prostheses……..…………………………..…………………....……39

5.6 Materials of components …..…………………………..…………………...….…41

6. Design of Hip implant
6.1 Design of acetabular shell, Guided motion liner, Femoral Head …………..42
6.2 Design of Femoral stem and Neck …………………………………………44

7. Load analysis
7.1 Forces Acting on the Hip Joint ……………………………………………..46
7.1.1 Two-legged stance …………………………………………………..46
7.1.2 One-legged stance…………………………………………………...46
7.2 Effects of Exercise on Natural Hip ………………………………………..……49
7.3 Angles of flexion …………………………………………………………...51
8. Finite element analysis and Results

8.1 Finite element analysis set up……………………………………….………53

8.2 FEA Simulation Plots ..……………………………………………..……...55
8.2.1 Directional deformation (Xaxis) ………………….………………………..55

8.2.2 Directional deformation (Y axis) ……………………….………………….55

8.2.3 Directional deformation (Z axis) …………………..……………..……57

8.2.4 Equivalent(von mises stress) …………………..........………..………..58
8.2.5 Maximum shear stress ………………………………..…..……………59

8.3 FEA Results ……………………………………………………….…..……….60

9. Conclusion …………………………………………………………….……………..62

10. Future Work ……………………………………………………………….………..63

11. References……………………………………………………..……………………..65