Journal of English Education, Vol. 1, No.

1, December 2017

A SYNTACTICAL ANALYSIS ON SENTENCE STRUCTURE USED IN

TWO ADELES’S SONGS

Wiyogo Purnomoadjie; Mulyadi

(English Teaching Learning Program of STAIN Pamekasan)

Abstract
This research aims to describe the sentence structure through tree diagram and to
find the sentence structure appears in two Adele’s song, especially in writing
descriptive text. This research employs descriptive qualitative method. Two kinds
of data collection were used to collect the data, those are observation and
documentation. In observation researcher do something such as listening to the
songs “Someone Like You” and “Don’t You Remember” and listening to the songs
again focusing on the lyrics. In documentation, analyzing the lyrics from each song
and writing down all the lyrics of two songs to be analyzed use tree diagram.
Having analyzed the data, then, finally found sixty forms of the structure of the
two Adele’s songs. From the two of Adele’s songs used as the samples in this
thesis, gramatical sentence mostly appears rather than ungrammatical sentence.
Through the discussion, the researcher also found the substandard English words,
such as Ain’t, you’d, I’ll, you’re, didn’t, couldn’t, isn’t.

Keywords:
Syntax, Sentence Structure, Adele’s Songs.

A. Introduction more deeply in syntax, because syntax is

A sentence is a group of words often equated with the study of sentence
that forms an independent thought, structure.
usually including at least a subject and In linguistics, the study about the
1
a verb. A sentence usually has a sentence of languages is syntax. Syntax
grammatically complete statement. The (from Ancient Greek Syn, “together”, and
network of relations between the words Taxis, “arrangement”) is the study of
of a sentence is called structure. The principles and rules for constructing
organization of a sentence is its sentences in natural language. Syntax is
2
syntactic structure. When discussing the study of the principles and processes
about sentence structure, it is explained by which sentences are constructed in
particular languages.3
1
Richard A. Spears, Ph.D, NTC’s The writer uses Syntax because it
pocket Dictionary of words and phrases,
(New York: Mc Graw-Hill Companies, enables human being to compose
2002), 535.
2 3
Nigel Fabb, Sentence Structure, Noam Chomsky, Syntactic
(Glasgow: The University of Strathclyde, Structures, (Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2002),
2005), 2. 1.

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Wiyogo Purnomoadjie, and Mulyadi, Syntactical Analysis on Sentence ...
complete message. Traditionally, the
grammar of most languages is
discussed under two heads, syntax and
morphology. Sentence structure in
syntax can be portrayed in two ways:
Phrases structure and Tree diagram.
Phrases structure rules are:
1. S → NP + VP.
2. Adj P → Adj.
3. NP → NP + S. Det + N.
4. VP → V + NP. V + VP. V + Adv P.
5. Det → Art
Tree diagram is a form of graph
used to represent the syntactic
structure of a phrase or sentence.4
Sometimes a sentence has an
ambiguous one and the meaning is
not clear. A syntax diagram can help to
understand these ambiguous
sentences too.
There are many kinds of music
such as rock, jazz, pop, R&B, and rap.
All those kinds of music have spread
everywhere, including to our country.
Western music has begotten a lot of
singers who are very famous on their
own music, like Britney Spears, Bryan
Adams, Blue, Westlife, and Adele.
Music can express our feeling and
emotion. Music is a universal language,
so it can touch our heart when we
enjoy it and it can touch any aspects of
human life. Nowadays, music has a
wider connotation since it still has a
rule when it is demonstrated; it is
4
Andrew Radford, An Introduction
to English Sentence Structure (New York:
Cambridge University Press, 2004), 407.
114
beautiful with the existence of the
element of rhyme, tone, and harmony.
Through its different lyric, music could
arise the feeling of love, sadness, hope
and happiness.
The study of sentence structure
in the song becomes more important
when the word or lexical items are
combined into sentence found in the
song. Sometimes the researcher finds the
words which have different interpretation
in the forms of sentence structure
construction. It is why the study of
sentence structure in the song becomes
important.
There are many reasons why the
researcher selects Adele’s song as the
object of this research: (1) examining the
sentence structure containing in this song
(2) analyzing the way of constructing the
song by using tree diagram. The title of
the song that analyzed by researcher are
“Someone Like You”, and “Don‟t You
Remember”. Those songs were famous,
and many people like those song. It
caused because those songs are good
to listen and the lyrics are beautiful.
Those are the reason why the researcher
selects Adele’s song to research.
This research focuses on the
analyzing the parts of sentence
structures: Noun Phrase and Verb
Phrase. The reason for doing this is
because of the assumption that the
sentence structure is the area studied by
linguists in the song. In this research
tree diagrams is used to analyze the data.
Theoritically, this research will
enhance the study of syntax, especially
 Journal of English Education, Vol. 1, No. 1, December 2017

concerning with sentence structure. specifying what languages have in

Practically, this research will be useful common in this area and how they
for English department student who are can vary. This is often known as a
interested in studying syntax. So, they theory of universal grammar.6
can use this research as references for
their analysis. c. Traditional analysis (word class
rules)
B. Review of Related Literature This course of a long tradition
1. A Brief Description of Syntactical of grammatical analysis with
Theory stretches book two thousand years
a. The Understanding of Syntax to the grammarian of Ancient
Syntax is the component of Greece and Rome. They were
a grammar which determines how describing the structures of Greek
words are combined together to and Latin, where they discovered all
form phrases and sentences.5 It the basic ideas of grammar word
can be concluded that syntax is classes, dependency links,
the arrangement and relationship coordination, dependent type (such
among words, phrases, and as subject and object) and form
clauses forming sentences or based contrast like finitness. This
larger constructions based on is so called traditional grammar
grammatical rules. which we will find alive and well in
b. The Analysis of Syntactical most modern book that deal with
Theory grammar, especially dictionary and
Syntactic theory, as the grammars of foreign languages. It
term is used here, has its origins is also the foundation of which all
in Noam Chomsky's 1957 book modern thinking about grammar
Syntactic Structures. It can be rest.
said to have two goals. On the d. The Structure Theory of Linear
one hand, it is concerned to Arrangement Analysis (Neo-
develop precise descriptions of Grammar)
aspects of the syntax of various The structural theory of
languages, the ways in which language was the first major new
specific languages combine approach to descriptive linguistics in
words to form sentences. On the the end twentieth century. This
other hand, it aims to develop a school was introduced by the
general theory of syntax, famous Swiss linguist Ferdinand de

5 6
Andrew Radford, An Introduction Robert D. Borsley, Syntactic Theory
to English Sentence Structure (New York: A Unified Approach Second Edition, (London:
Cambridge University Press, 2004), 405. Arnold, 2003), 1.

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Wiyogo Purnomoadjie, and Mulyadi, Syntactical Analysis on Sentence ...

Saussure by Leonard Bloomfield showing the hierarchical relations

in America. This school flourished between their component parts. For
for about thirty years, until the example: “I took a chance”.
early 1960s. S
e. Transformational generative NP VP
grammar
Pron Aux Vt NP
The term Transformational
Generative Grammar is used to Tense Take Det N
Noam Chomsky‟s theories about
Past
Syntax. These theories were first
I took a chance
rut forward in a book entitled
Syntactic Structure which I took a chance
published in 1957. Chomsky tried
to find certain rules which would
create well-formed sentence of
language. According to Chomsky, B. The Basic Structure of English
his grammar is Generative, since Syntax
it can generate or is called 1. Word class
Transformational since a basic or Every word belongs to a word
simple sentence like: I write a class, such as noun, verb, adjective,
letter, it can be changed or article, conjunction, etc. Other names
transformed into a number of for word class are “category‟ or “part
sentences with either the same of speech‟.7 There are eight word
meaning into A letter is written by classes in English, they are:
me or with different meanings. a. Noun
Such as
A noun is a word used to
Do I write a letter? name a person, animal, place or
I write a letter, don’t I? thing. Noun in English can be
I don’t write a letter classified into two types, they are:
In the framework of
1) Concrete nouns
transformational generative
Concrete nouns refer to
grammar, the structure of
things which we can sense. It
sentence is represented by
can be classified into:
phrase structure tree, otherwise
known as phrase marker of tree
diagram. Such tree-diagram
provides information about the 7
Nigel Fabb, Sentence Structure,
sentences that they represent by (Glasgow: The University of Strathclyde,
2005), p.11.

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a) Common noun is used to c) Reflexive pronouns these

name all member of a class
or group. Such as: teacher,
table, apple, tree, bus, etc.
b) Proper noun is used to
name a specific person,
place or thing. Such as:
John, Bali, Madura, Toba
Lake, New York, etc.
c) Material noon are used to
name all materials. Such as:
gold, iron, bronze, steel,
silver, etc.
d) Collective noun is used to
name of group. Such as:
family, team, nation, people,
army, etc.
show identify “self”; myself,
yourself, himself, herself,
ourselves, itself, themself.
d) Relative pronouns these relate
to antecedent, or a preceding
noun or phrase; who, whose,
whom, that, which, what.
e) Interrogative pronouns these
are used to in asking question;
who, which, what.
f) Indefinite pronouns these form
refer to no one person or thing
in particular; each, every,
either, neither, my, all, few,
some, several, one, other,
another, none, both, such.

2) Abstract noun
b. Verb
Abstract noun refer to
ideas or qualities. Such as: A verb is used to show an
sad, happy, tired, hungry, action or a state of being. According
handsome, etc. to the object they are requiring,
verbs can be classified:
3) Pronoun
A pronoun is a word that 1) Transitive verbs, verbs which
replaces or stand for a noun. have direct objects (no
Examples: he, she, it. It can prepositions are needed to
be divided into six types. They connect verb and object); He
are: sees the house, we believe in
you.
a) Personal pronouns these
2) Intransitive verbs, verbs which do
show whether a person is
not have a direct object. There
represented is speaking,
are three types of verbs, namely:
being spoken to, or spoken
Regular verbs end in –ed or –d.
of; I, me, you, he, him, she,
3) Irregular verbs change forms,
her, it, we, us, they, them.
such as write- wrote.
b) Possessive pronouns these
4) Linking verbs express a state of
show possessive; mine,
being, such as shows and
yours, him, hers, its, ours,
appear.
theirs.

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c. Adjective e. Preposition

An adjective is a word that A preposition is a word that

describes or modifies a noun. An indicates the relationship of a
adjective can be classified into noun (or noun phrase) to another
four types: word. Examples of prepositions are
to, at, with, for, against, across.
1) Possessive adjective is similar
Nouns and pronouns most often
to a possessive pronoun, but it
follow prepositions. Examples of
modifies a noun or a noun
prepositions include: about, above,
phrase.
across, up, with, within, without.
2) Demonstrative adjective is
f. Conjunction
identical to a demonstrative
Conjunctions are words that
pronoun, but it is used as
connect two words, phrases or
adjectives to modify nouns or
sentences. Coordinating
noun phrase.
conjunctions connect two
3) Interrogative adjective is like an
independent clauses (sentences
interrogative pronoun, but it
that can stand alone) together,
modifies a noun or noun
while subordinating conjunctions
phrase rather than standing on
combine a subordinate to a
its own.
principal element in the sentence.
4) Indefinite adjective is similar to
Examples of coordinating
an indefinite pronoun. It
conjunctions include: and, or, nor
modifies a noun, pronoun, and
but, for. Examples of subordinating
noun phrase.
conjunctions include: after,
although, as, as if, as much as, as
d. Adverb
though, because, before, how, if, in
An adverb is a word that order that, provided, since, than,
describes or modifies a verb. Ex: that, though, unless, until, when,
carefully, quickly, wisely. Usually, where, while.
an adverb tells you when, where,
g. Interjection
how, in what manner, or to what
extent an action is performed. An interjection is a word that
Many adverbs end in -ly, expresses emotion and has no
particularly those that are used to grammatical relation to other
express how an action is words in the sentence. For
performed. However, not every instance: Oh!, Alas!, Nonsense!,
word ending in "ly" is an adverb: etc.
"friendly," for example, is an
adjective.

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2. Phrase Structure e. Prepositional phrase (PP)

A phrase structure is an Prepositional phrase with a
expression (can be a single word, but preposition as its head. For
usually more) which contains a single instance: in love, over the rainbow.
thought but is not necessarily a
complete sentence. Phrases may be 3. Clause Structure
classified by the type of the head they A clause consists of a subject
take: and a verb. There are two types of
clauses:
a. Noun Phrase (NP)
Noun phrase is a phrase a. Independent clause
that plays the role of a noun. The An independent clause
head word in a noun phrase will consists of a subject verb and also
be a noun or a pronoun. Noun demonstrates a complete thought:
Phrase can be in the form of the for example, "I am sad".
following: b. Dependent clause
1) NP → N (dog, house) A dependent clause consists
2) NP → Pron (you, I, he) of a subject and a verb, but
3) NP → Pron N (John, demonstrates an incomplete
Surabaya) thought. There are three main types
4) NP → Det + N (a pen, the of dependent clause:
train) 1) Noun clause
5) NP → NP + S (the girl who A noun clause typically
is driving a car) acts as the subject of a verb or

b. Adjective phrase (AP) as the object of a verb or

Adjective phrase with an preposition. For examples:

adjective as its head. For Keep thinking about what

happened yesterday.
instance: full of toys, with green
dress. I imagine that they are having
a good time.
c. Adverbial phrase (AdvP) What you say is not as
Adverbial phrase with an important as how you say it.
adverb as its head. For instance: 2) Adjectival clause
very carefully, with louder voice. An adjectival clause
d. Verb phrase (VP) modifies a noun phrase. In
Verb phrase with a verb as English, adjectival clauses
its head. For instance: eat typically come at the end of
cheese, jump up and down etc. their noun clause.

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Wiyogo Purnomoadjie, and Mulyadi, Syntactical Analysis on Sentence ...
3) Adverbial clause
An adverbial
typically modifies its
main clause; at the beginning
of a sentence, in the middle of
a sentence, and at the end of
a sentence. For examples:
Wherever Jane goes, she
leaves broken heart behind.
Tom liked the meal more
than Tim did because he is a
greedy.
Jack wanted to quit because
he was bored with his old job.
4. Sentence Structure
Sentences are made up of
two parts - subjects and predicates.
In sentences there are differences
between the deep and
structure. The surface structure of a
sentence is its grammatical form,
while the deep structure
understood as its meaning.
5. Sentence Elements
a. Sentence Elements
A normal sentence
English usually contains at least
three elements: subject, verb, and
object.
The subject is usually a
noun, a word that names a
person, place, or thing.
something or someone that the
sentence is about is called the
subject of the sentence.
Predicate is syntactical
name marking, identifying the
verb used to express the action or
the state of the subject.
b. Object and Complement
clause An object receives the action
entire and usually follows the verb. Object
can be divided into:
1) Direct object
A direct object is a noun or
pronoun that receives the action.
For examples:
John‟ jumper no longer fits him.
She can invite whomever she
wants.
2) Indirect object
Indirect object tells to or
for whom something is done. For
examples:
Bill gave us a pair of socks.
Jane gives a letter to me.
surface The term complement is used
with different meanings.
Complement can be classified into
is two; they are:
1) Subject complement
Subject complement tells
more about the subject by
means of the verb. The pattern is
in
Subject + Verb + complement.
For instance:
Mr. Jenner is a management
consultant.
She looks well.
The 2) Object complement
Object complement tells
more about the object by means
of the verb. The pattern is
Subject + Verb + Object +
Complement. For instance:
We elected him chairman.
He paints the house white.
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6. Tree Diagram
Tree diagram is a form of
graph used to represent the syntactic
structure of a phrase or sentence.
The sentence is considered the
basic of the syntactic
Instead of beginning with actual
sentences, however we begin with
the directions for generating or
producing structural descriptions of
sentences, which are set forth in
phrase structure rules. The rules
should be interpreted
instruction to rewrite or expand the
symbol on the left of the arrows
as the sequence on the right. In S →
NP + VP, “S” stands for sentence,
“NP” (Noun Phrase) and “VP” (Verb
Phrase). The item on
dominates the elements on the right.
7. Songs
A song composer interprets a
poem, translates its
atmosphere and imagery into music,
also create vocal melody that is
musically satisfying and perfectly
moulded to the text. Important words
are emphasized by stressed tones
as melodic climax. It may be written
for one or several voices and is
generally performed
instrumental accompaniment. Song
lyrics are not poetry, however, and it
seems that the authors‟ problems
8
Andrew Radford, Analysing
English Sentences A Minimalist Approach,
(New York: Cambridge University Press,
2009), 483.
Journal of English Education, Vol. 1, No. 1, December 2017
with Sting have precisely something to
do with the fact that they are not.9
From the definitions above, the
8
writer concludes that song is a short
poem, which is suitable for singing and
system. it is used to express personal and
sentimental feeling or emotion.
C. Research Method
1. Approach and Kind of Research
In this point, the researcher
uses Qualitative research. Qualitative
research is an inquiry approach useful
as an
for exploring and understanding a
central phenomenon.10 Based on the
definition this research just focus to the
central phenomenon that happened in
the field, because this research does
research about syntactical analysis on
the left
sentence structure in two Adele’s
songs. It is based on the problem
statement. Here the writer gives the
description of the adjective clauses in
mood written language using the tree
diagram.
2. Researcher’s attendance
Presence of the researcher is
toward determining the nature of
situation as it exists at the time of
study. In this research found the data
are some words, picture, but no
with
number. It becomes the key to what
has been researched. So the
researcher used descriptive research
9
Lars Eckstein, Reading Song Lyrics,
(New York: Rodopi, 2010), 9.
10
Jhon W. Creswell, Educational
Research Planning, Conducting and
Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative
research (University of Nebraska Lincoln:
Pearson), 626.
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Wiyogo Purnomoadjie, and Mulyadi, Syntactical Analysis on Sentence ...

because it is about data that is remember. Besides, those songs

presented by using some words and are good, they also got many
not in numerical form. It is to awards like the Brit Awards "Critics'
observe a syntactical analysis on Choice" award and won the BBC
sentence structure used in two Sound of 2008. In this research,
Adele’s songs. the researcher use participant
observation in collecting the data,
The data of this research are
the researcher followed these steps:
the lyrics of songs from Adele’s
1) Listening to the songs: Someone
albums that get Annual Grammy
like You, and Don’t You
Awards and received the awards for
Remember.
Best New Artist and Best Female
2) Listening to the songs again
Pop Vocal Performance that is
focusing on the lyrics.
Someone Like You, and Don’t You
b. Documentation
Remember.
Documents consist of public
3. Data Collection Procedure and private records that qualitative
The researcher applied researchers obtain about a site or
descriptive qualitative method to participants in a study. This, the
make description accurately and researcher can get the data by:
systematically. In collecting the data 1) Analyzing the lyric from each
for this research, the writer followed song.
these steps: 2) Writing down all the lyrics of the
a. Listening to the songs: Someone song to be analyzed.
Like You and Don’t You
Remember. 4. Data Analysis
b. Listening to the songs again Data analysis involves
focusing on the lyrics of the song. reviewing the data while they are being
c. Analyzing the sentence structure collected and attempting to synthesize
portrayed in tree diagram. and make sense out of what is
d. Drawing the formula of each observed.11 It becomes important to
analyzed sentence. get the data and answer research
In this research, the problem stated in the previous. The
reseracher used two kinds of data data will be analyzed in form
collections, those are observation observation and documentation. And
and documentation. the data will be analyzed as follow:

a. Observation
The researcher observes
11
only two songs. They are Donald Ary, Lucy Cheser Jacobs,
Asghar Razevieh, Introduction to Research in
someone like you and don’t you Education. BookFi.org., .530.

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 Journal of English Education, Vol. 1, No. 1, December 2017

a. Data Reduction what are the sentence structure found.

Data reduction is making The writer describes the research
summary, select and focus on the discovery which is gotten in research field
main matter by looking for the either of observation result and
theme. Here, the researcher documentation.
determines the object of the 1. Someone Like You
research that is a syntactical I heard
analysis on sentence structure in That you’re settled down
two Adele’s songs.
That you found a girl and
b. Data Display you're married now I heard
The researcher displays the That your dreams came true
data by description or narration. Guess she gave you things
Here, the researcher:
I didn't give to you
1) Displays about a syntactical
Old friend why are you so shy
analysis on sentence structure
Ain't like you to hold back
in two Adele’s songs.
Or hide from the light
2) Writing the lyrics of the song.
3) Analyzing the sentence Pre chorus : I hate to turn up out of
the blue uninvited
structure portrayed in tree
But I couldn't stay
diagram.
away I couldn't fight it
4) Drawing the formula of each
I had hoped you'd see
analyzed sentence. my face and that
c. Conclusion Drawing you'd be reminded
The researcher writes That for me it isn't
conclusion based on data over
analysis, and the conclusion is Chorus:
answer of the researcher problem Never mind I'll find someone like you
that stated in research context. I wish nothing but the best for you
Here, the researcher concludes too
the sentence structure in two Don't forget me I beg
I'll remember you said
Adele’s songs.
Sometimes it lasts in love but
sometimes it hurts instead,
D. Findings and Discussion
In this part, the writer will explain Sometimes it lasts in love, but
sometimes it hurts instead
about the research result of the
syntactical analysis on sentence Yeah
structure in two Adele’s song. The You know how the time flies only
writer will analyze how are sentence yesterday
structure portrayed in tree diagram and It was the time of our lives

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Wiyogo Purnomoadjie, and Mulyadi, Syntactical Analysis on Sentence ...

We were born and raised in a I know I have a fickle heart and

summer haze bitterness, and a wandering eye
and a heaviness in my head
Bound by the surprise of our glory
days (Chorus)
Gave you the space so you could
(Pre chorus) (Chorus) breathe
Nothing compares no worries or I kept my distance so you would be
cares free
Regrets and mistakes they are And hope that you find the missing
memories made piece
Who would have known To bring you back to me
How bittersweet this would taste (Chorus)
(Chorus twice) When will I see you again.

After collecting the lyrics of

2. Don’t You Remember those songs. The writer attempts to
When will I see you again analyze the data of the songs to
You left with no goodbye describe the sentence structure.
Not a single word was said It is found that it appears
nonstandard English words, such as
No final kiss to seal any seams
Ain’t, you’d, I’ll, you’re, didn’t, couldn’t,
I had no idea of the state we were in
isn’t.
Pre chorus:
Non-standard English, also
I know I have a fickle heart and
written as nonstandard English, refers
bitterness, and a wandering eye
and a heaviness in my head to use of English, especially regarding
Chorus: grammar, but also including other
aspects of language, that is
But don't you remember
considered by convention to be sub-
Don't you remember
standard or not "proper". Non-
The reason you loved me before
Standard English is what most of us
Baby please remember me once
use and is all about the place we grew
more
up in. It’s about cultural identity,
When was the last time you thought
of me? history and pride. Nonstandard English

Or have you completely Erased me word can found in grammar and

from your memory? usage.
I often think about where I went The word ain’t is so commonly
wrong misspelled it even appears in
The more I do the less I know dictionaries now. But most good
Pre chorus: dictionaries will refer to it as
nonstandard. What does that mean?
Simply that it’s acceptable for use in

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 Journal of English Education, Vol. 1, No. 1, December 2017

informal writing or even dialogue, but 5) Conj + NP + VP.

not for formal professional writing. 6) NP + Conj + NP + VP.
While some contractions such as 7) Conj + Adv P + NP + VP.
"isn't" is recognized and acceptable 8) Conj + That + NP + VP.
in speech and informal written
b. NP (Noun Phrase) consists of:
registers, others are acceptable in
9) N + S.
speech but frowned on in all written
10) Det + N.
forms of the language. You will also
11) Pron + N.
find jargon and colloquialisms in the
12) Adj + N.
dictionary, but you would not use
13) Adj + Pron.
the word “ain’t” in your personal
14) Det + Adj.
essay just because it is in the
15) Det + Adj + N.
dictionary. (Naturally, you could use
16) N + Conj + N.
it in dialogue).
17) N + Adj + N + Conj + N.
Nonstandard English is
18) Pron + Det + N.
especially appear in music like pop,
19) Det + Adj + N + Conj + N.
rock, jazz and rap music, as well
20. Det + Adj + Pron.
as in films, all of which tend to have
20) Det + Adj + N + Pron.
international audiences, and many
22) Conj + Det + N.
foreign speakers who have learnt
more formal registers are sometimes c. VP (Verb Phrase) consists of:
surprised when they hear 23) Aux + Vt.
expressions like: “I gotta go!” (I have 24) Aux + Vi + NP.
to go now). In certain regions, 25) Aux + Vt + NP.
certain dialects may have this non- 26) Aux + Vt + Adv P.
standard language incorporated into 27) Aux + Vt + S.
“normal” speech. Nonstandard forms 28) Aux + Vi + S.
also found in dialogue and they are 29) Aux + Vi + PP.
used as a powerful tool to reveal 30) Adv P + Adj P.
character traits or social and regional 31) Aux + Vi + Adv P.
differences. 32) Aux + Vt + Vi + PP.
There are sixty forms of the 33) Aux + Be + Vi.
structure of lyrics of the two songs 34) Aux + Vt + Vi + S.
are as follows: 35) PP + Adv P.
36) Aux + Vt + PP.
a. S (Sentences) consists of:
37) Aux + S.
1) NP + VP.
38) Aux + Vt + Conj + Vt + PP.
2) Adv P + NP + VP.
39) Aux + Adv P.
3) That + NP + VP.
40) Adv P + PP.
4) Conj + VP.

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Wiyogo Purnomoadjie, and Mulyadi, Syntactical Analysis on Sentence ...
41) Adv P + S.
42) Aux + Be + Adj P.
43) Adv P + Aux + Vt + PP.
44) PP + Aux + NP.
45) Aux + Vt + Not + VP.
46) Aux + Vt + Not + S.
47) Aux + Not + Adv P.
48) Aux + Not + Vt + Adv P.
49) Aux + Not + Vt + NP.
50) Aux + Vt + Not + Vi + S.
d. Aux (Auxiliary) consists of:
51) Tense (Past) + Be.
52) Tense (Past) + Do.
53) Tense (Past) + M.
54) Tense (Past) + Have.
55) Tense (Past) + M + Have.
56) Tense (Present) + Be.
57) Tense (Present) + Do.
58) Tense (Present) + M.
d. PP (Prepositional
consists of:
59) Prep + NP.
e. Adv P (Adverbial
consists of:
60) NP + Adv.
E. Conclusions
Having discussed the data, the
next step is to draw conclusions of the
syntactical study concerning
sentence structure of Adele’s song
lyrics related to the theory of syntax
based on the theory of transformational
grammar using the tree diagram. It can
be concluded that from the two of
Adele’s songs used as the samples in
this thesis, grammatical sentence
mostly appears rather
ungrammatical sentence. Through the
discussion, the writer found the
nonstandard English words, such as,
Ain’t, you’d, I’ll, you’re, didn’t, couldn’t,
isn’t. The writer also found sixty forms of
the structure of lyrics of the two Adele’s
songs.
References
Ary, Donald and Lucy Cheser Jacobs.
Introduction to Research in
Education. London: A & C
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Borsley, Robert D. Syntactic Theory A
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Chomsky, Noam. Syntactic Structures.
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Creswel, John W. Educational research:
Planning, Conducting, and
Phrase) Evaluating Quantitative and
Qualitative Research 4th Ed.
Boston: Pearson Education, 2012.
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New York: Rodopi, 2010.
Fabb, Nigel. Sentence Structure.
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Strathclyde, 2005.
Miller, Jim. An Introduction to English
Syntax. Edinburgh University
Press: 2002.
the
Radford, Andrew. Analysing English
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_______. An Introduction to English
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than
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