Fleming, Kinsella, Kreis 1

Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources

“Family Grocery Shopping.” Food and Nutrition Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture,

www.fns.usda.gov/snap/supplemental-nutrition-assistance-program.

This image depicts a family grocery shopping. Presented on a webpage about the

Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, this image is intended to promote visual

interest for families seeking needed information about federal food assistance. This

picture is helpful because it depicts a modern-day family in the common experience of

shopping for food in the grocery store.

"Life's Biggest Lemon." Family in Society: Essential Primary Sources, edited by K. Lee

Lerner, et al., Gale, 2006, pp. 426-429. U.S. History in Context, http://

link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX2688300165/UHIC?u=oma40886&sid=UHIC&xid=732

e5ed3. Accessed 12 Mar. 2019.

In this article, Nguyen, a Vietnamese refugee, recounts her refugee experience and

explains how her family adapted to American society. This was a news article published

in the Refugee Magazine, intended for its readers. Nguyen’s story provides a specific

example of a Vietnamese refugee’s experience as described in “Vietnamese.” She

explains that refugees depend on national agencies for food and shelter because their

flight from their home is often quick and unexpected. Furthermore, housing is limited

and often in high crime areas.

Molotiu, Razvan. Personal interview. 12 April 2019.

This source is an in-person interview with Razvan Molotiu, who immigrated to the

United States from Romania during the Cold War and who currently teaches history. The
 Fleming, Kinsella, Kreis 2

intended audience of this interview is students and the school community. Like “Phuong

Hoang” and “Life’s Biggest Lemon,” this interview is the personal story of an immigrant

during the Cold War. However, in contrast to the refugees in these sources, who came

from Vietnam, Molotiu and his family fled Communist rule in Romania. In the

interview, Molotiu sheds light on immigrants’ experiences during the Cold War and

today, describing his own experience and comparing it to the experiences of present-day

immigrants with a focus on food and shelter.

"Phuong Hoang." Vietnam War Reference Library, vol. 4: Primary Sources, UXL, 2001, pp.

201-219. U.S. History in Context, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3411600130/

UHIC?u=oma40886&sid=UHIC&xid=729b11a5. Accessed 12 Mar. 2019.

In this work, Phuong Hoang, a Vietnamese refugee, recollects his interactions with

communist officials in his village and his preparations to escape the country. As a refugee

in the United States, his audience is distinctly American and anti-communist. Like

“Life’s Biggest Lemon,” this source is the personal story of a Vietnamese refugee.

However, Phuong Hoang’s story is different from those of many refugees because he was

able to carefully plan his escape, avoiding some of the hardships that other refugees

faced. This primary source further illuminates the experiences of Vietnamese refugees.

"PRIMARY SOURCE Vietnamese Boat People Arrive at Indonesias Anambas Islands:

Vietnamese boat people..." Immigration and Multiculturalism: Essential Primary

Sources, edited by K. Lee Lerner, et al., Gale, 2006. U.S. History in Context, http://link.

galegroup.com/apps/doc/PC2688487109/UHIC?u=oma40886&sid=UHIC&xid=1e1

0b2d5. Accessed 3 Apr. 2019.

 Fleming, Kinsella, Kreis 3

This photograph captures a boy being lowered off of a boat into waiting arms. The boy

and the others in the picture are Vietnamese “boat people” who sought refuge at a camp

on the Anambas Island in Indonesia. Located in a trusted database for reference and

primary resources, this photograph serves as a powerful first-hand look into the

experiences of Vietnamese refugees. Where Le Tran gives graphic descriptions in his

interview, this photograph makes the refugee experience visual.

Sinclair, Upton. The Jungle. New York: Penguin Books, 1985. Print.

This novel accounts the tragic experience of Lithuanian immigrants in Chicago

packinghouses during the Gilded Age. Sinclair, an investigative journalist who

researched the realities of the immigrant experience, emphasizes the inescapable plight of

poverty and disillusionment experienced by these workers as well as the revolting

practices of the “condemned meat industry”. Sinclair’s intended audience was the

American public with the intention of raising support for Socialist principles. However,

the American public was more horrified by the unsanitary practices of the packing

industry. Compared to Rischin’s more recent examination of life in a Jewish ghetto,

Sinclair’s report is much more grim. This novel illuminates in graphic detail the struggles

of immigrants during the Gilded Age to access healthy food and decent shelter.

"Sometimes boat people would be detained in refugee camps such as this one in Hong Kong."

Vietnam War Reference Library, vol. 4: Primary Sources, UXL, 2001. U.S. History in

Context, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/PC3411687353/UHIC?u=oma40886&sid=

UHIC&xid=7790ff14. Accessed 3 Apr. 2019.

This image, like others, is located in a Gale database and captures the faces of

Vietnamese “boat people” who fled Vietnam after 1975. Unlike other photographs cited
 Fleming, Kinsella, Kreis 4

here, this image depicts cramped and crowded living conditions in a refugee camp in

Hong Kong.

“The Statue of Liberty against the Manhattan Skyline.” National Park Service, 17 Feb. 2018,

www.nps.gov/stli/planyourvisit/index.htm.

This photograph depicts the Statue of Liberty against a blue sky and Manhattan skyline.

Unlike the image “Sometimes boat people would be detained in refugee camps such as this

one in Hong Kong,” this picture was from the National Park Service website rather than

from Gale Databases. The National Park Service is a reliable source, as it is a federal

agency that manages and conserves the United States’ national parks. This photo of the

Statue of Liberty is a symbol of immigration to the United States.

“Top Ten Largest U.S. Immigrant Groups, 1960 and 2013.” Migration Policy Institute,

www.migrationpolicy.org/article/fifty-years-1965-immigration-and-nationality-act-

continues-reshape-united-states.

This graph shows the largest groups of immigrants in the United States, specifically

during the Cold War era and in recent years. Unlike the “The Statue of Liberty against

the Manhattan Skyline”, this is a pie chart. This graph comes from a think tank in

Washington D.C. called Migration Policy Institute, so it is a reliable source. This image

shows the change in immigrant groups in the United States from the Cold War to modern

day, which was relevant for this project.

Tran, Le. "Pilau Bidong." The Asian-American Experience, Primary Source Media, 1999.

American Journey. U.S. History in Context, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/EJ2157

000012/UHIC?u=oma40886&sid=UHIC&xid=68e769ae. Accessed 12 Mar. 2019.

 Fleming, Kinsella, Kreis 5

John Tenhula conducted and documented an interview with Le Tran, an ethnic Chinese

refugee from Vietnam who fled to a refugee camp on Pilau Bidong. Le Tran’s graphic

description of his journey from Communist-dominated Saigon on a dangerous boat ride

to the crowded Pilau Bidong illuminates the intense desperation felt by so many refugees.

Le Tran’s interview aligns with Phuong Hoang’s account, because they both fled by boat

after experiencing Communist rule. However, Le Tran gives a more specific look at the

risks of the journey and the experience of the refugee camps.

“Two ‘Dumb-Bell’ Tenements-Types.” The Architecture and Development of New York City,

Columbia University Digital Knowledge Ventures, 2003, ci.columbia.edu/0240s/0243_2

/slides/0243_2_104265.html.

This photograph provides a layout for the dumbbell tenements that were common during

the Gilded Age. Dumbbell tenements usually housed immigrants in the United States.

This image shows what Rischin described in The Promised City and lines up with the

image of tenement housing depicted in The American Pageant. Published online as part

of an educational resource from Columbia University, the intention of this image is to

inform students researching the development of urban living.

"U.S. personnel and civilians evacuating Saigon in 1975." Vietnam War Reference Library, vol.

4: Primary Sources, UXL, 2001. U.S. History in Context, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/

doc/PC3411687351/UHIC?u=oma40886&sid=UHIC&xid=cf397001. Accessed 3 Apr.

2019.

This photograph, located in a Gale database, captures Americans evacuating Saigon in

1975. Intended now as a reference source, the initial audience was the American public as

part of the news. Although this image does not depict any Vietnamese refugees, Reimers
 Fleming, Kinsella, Kreis 6

and other sources detail how refugee evacuations accompanied the evacuation of U.S.

personnel from Saigon.

"Vietnamese Boat People." The Immigrant Experience, Primary Source Media, 1999. American

Journey. U.S. History in Context, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/EJ2210007694/U

HIC?u=oma40886&sid=UHIC&xid=2020b779. Accessed 3 Apr. 2019.

This photograph captures a small group of Vietnamese refugees huddling on a wooden

deck by the water. The plight of this small family, mirroring the experience of so many

“boat people” is evident in the photograph. The photograph belongs to a Gale database, a

common and respected resource collection for students. While secondary sources like

Reimer’s “Refugee Policies” can render a researcher lost in a sea of statistics and

policies, this photograph lends a human face to the vast numbers of “boat people”

articulated in secondary source articles.

"Vietnamese boat people, refugees from Communist-dominated Vietnam, approach Indonesias

Anambas..." Immigration and Multiculturalism: Essential Primary Sources, edited by K.

Lee Lerner, et al., Gale, 2006. U.S. History in Context, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/

doc/PC2688487110/UHIC?u=oma40886&sid=UHIC&xid=7f56f8ee. Accessed 3 Ap.

2019.

This photograph, like others listed above, is found in one of many Gale databases, used

and trusted by many students and teachers. This photograph pictures a cramped boat of

Vietnamese refugees unloading near the shores of Anambas Island in 1979. The

multitude of bodies in the water and on the boat, reminds the researcher of how many

desperate refugees took to the treacherous seas to secure a better life. Unlike “Vietnamese

Boat People” and “PRIMARY SOURCE…” this image hints at the multitude of people
 Fleming, Kinsella, Kreis 7

crammed onto these refugee boats, while the other photographs only capture the faces of

particular refugees.

Secondary Sources

Bankston, Carl L. "Hmong Americans." Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America, edited by

Thomas Riggs, 3rd ed., vol. 2, Gale, 2014, pp. 331-344. U.S. History in Context, http://

link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3273300087/UHIC?u=oma40886&sid=UHIC&xid=

b304e411. Accessed 14 Mar. 2019.

Bankston’s in-depth analysis of the culture and settlement of Hmong Americans includes

a multitude of statistics and intense sociological detail fitting for a sociology professor at

Tulane University. Bankston’s intended audience is researchers and students, as this work

appears in Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America. In contrast to other sources, such

as Sinclair’s The Jungle, this work focuses solely on the experiences of Hmong

Americans. This article discusses the history, settlement, and cultural practices of Hmong

Americans and emphasizes the way this culture has adapted to living in American

society.

Davis, Ginger R. "Vietnamese and Hmong Refugees." Americans at War, edited by John P.

Resch, vol. 4: 1946-Present, Macmillan Reference USA, 2005, pp. 202-203. U.S. History

in Context, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3427300436UHIC?U=oma40886&sid

=UHIC&xid=06b704c0. Accessed 14 Mar. 2019.

This resource tracks the exodus of Vietnamese and Hmong refugees following years of

turmoil and their settlement in America. Including specific statistics and an extensive

bibliography, the article contextualizes the refugee experience and hints at the depth of

difficulty involved for these people. This article provides more specific context regarding
 Fleming, Kinsella, Kreis 8

refugees than The American Pageant. This resource illuminates the effect of U.S.

“dispersal policy” on family structure in refugee settlement.

Gordon, Diana R. Village of Immigrants: Latinos in an Emerging America. Rutgers University

Press, 2015. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN

=1069147&site=ehost-live.

In this book, Diana Gordon examines the social and historical factors shaping life for

immigrants in the small town of Greenport, New York. Despite the specificity of

location, the book captures a snapshot of issues surrounding the modern immigrant

experience. Gordon’s research is guided by personal curiosity about her town and

passionate examination of its development. In the chapter “Housing or Houses?”, Gordon

examines the skewed housing market and its effects on the immigrant experience.

"Hmong." American Immigrant Cultures: Builders of a Nation, edited by David Levinson and

Melvin Ember, Macmillan Reference USA, 1997. U.S. History in Context, http://link.

galegroup.com/apps/doc/BT2337000066/UHIC?u=oma40886&sid=UHIC&xid=4aa

69266. Accessed 14 Mar. 2019.

Illustrating the history, culture, and immigration experience of the Hmong ethnic group,

this reference text provides an in-depth sociological study of Hmong immigrants. The

article acknowledges the significant challenges faced by the Hmong culture upon

immigration to the U.S. as refugees especially when it comes to occupation. This

resource reflects on shifts within the culture in response to the new country whereas

Rischin’s work analyzes the changing environment for Gilded Age immigrants.

Specifically, this text illuminates the living situation of Hmong households within a

family network.
 Fleming, Kinsella, Kreis 9

“America Moves to the City.” The American Pageant, by David M Kennedy and Lizabeth

Cohen, 15th ed., Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, 2013, p. 542.

The American Pageant syntheses primary sources and historical fact to create a solid

reference work capturing an overall view of historical events. This textbook is used in

many history courses to educate teenage students of American History. Whereas many

other articles cited here take an in depth look at a single topic in history, The American

Pageant presents a big picture view of history. This chapter specifically examines the

urbanization experience in America’s Gilded Age, placing the immigrant experience

squarely in context.

Neff, Roni A, et al. “Food Systems and Public Health Disparities.” Journal of Hunger and

Environmental Nutrition, vol. 4, no. 3-4, 11 Dec. 2009, pp. 282–314.,

doi:10.1080/19320240903337041.

This journal article investigates disparities in food systems that affect the health of wide

populations in America. The article is well-researched, published in an esteemed research

journal, and written by faculty at Johns Hopkins, a reliable, health-oriented institution.

The intended audience is academics interested in public health systems. In relation to the

immigrant experience, this article examines the gaps in the Supplemental Nutrition

Assistance Program (SNAP) to serve food-insecure, new immigrants. Also, the article

discusses the affects of assimilation on immigrant health along with the role of immigrant

workers in producing food despite dangerous conditions and economic hardships. Much

of the issues presented in the article harkens to systemic issues Sinclair mentions in The

Jungle.
 Fleming, Kinsella, Kreis 10

Powers, Devin. Food Insecurity Among Hispanics and Immigrants in the U.S : Selected

Analyses. Nova Science Publishers, Inc, 2016. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/

login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=1385316&site=ehost-live.

This detailed research study examines the severity of food insecurity among Hispanic

households in the United States. Backed with extensive data and evident methodical

research, this analysis provides a specific investigation into food insecurity in Hispanic

households and considers immigration and citizenship status as one of the variables. Like

Neff’s article on “Food Systems and Public Health Disparities”, Powers examines the

lack of access to SNAP for immigrant households, and specifically examines the

complicated effect on children.

Reimers, David M. "Refugee Policies." Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy, edited by

Richard Dean Burns, et al., 2nd ed., vol. 3, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2002, pp. 357-369.

U.S. History in Context, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3402300131/UHIC?

u=oma40886&sid=UHIC&xid=604db259. Accessed 11 Mar. 2019.

The author, David M. Reimers, consulted many sources in order to write this

authoritative article, which appears in Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy. The

intended audience of this article is researchers and students as the article is a reference

source. In contrast to Sinclair’s The Jungle and other primary sources, this work provides

more specific dates and figures regarding immigration and particularly focuses on

refugees and American immigration policy. The article also describes the history of

American immigration policy. The statistics and history that this work contains serve as

important background information, allowing one to interpret primary sources in context.

Rischin, Moses. The Promised City. Harvard University Press, 1977.

 Fleming, Kinsella, Kreis 11

Historian Moses Rischin analyzes the experiences of Jewish immigrants in New York

ghettos and references multiple primary sources and statistics to illustrate the

development of immigrant experience in these neighborhoods. Specifically, Rischin’s

detailed descriptions of dumbbell tenements in the ghetto highlight an essential aspect of

living conditions for New York immigrants during the Gilded Age. Whereas The

American Pageant merely touched upon the topic of unsanitary and unsafe apartments for

immigrants, Rischin’s work, particularly his section entitled “The Immigrant Ghetto,”

provides insightful depth of research.

Rudy, Lisa Jo. "Immigration to the United States." Immigration and Migration: In Context,

edited by Thomas Riggs and Kathleen J. Edgar, vol. 1, Gale, 2018, pp. 444-450. In

Context Series. Global Issues in Context, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX366220

0091/GIC?u=oma40886&sid=GIC&xid=ef70299. Accessed 6 May 2019.

The author, Lisa Jo Rudy, is a professional writer and researcher. She analyzes historical

and modern immigration to the U.S. The intended audience is either students or

researchers. This article is similar to to “Refugee Policies” in that it is about the refugee

and immigrant policies in the U.S. This article from Gale Databases describes

immigration trends in the U.S., specifically how the majority of immigrants today are

from Asia or Latin America. It also highlights immigration limits and unauthorized

immigration.

“The Jungle Cover Image.” History, A&E Television Networks, 19 Jan. 2016, www.history.com/

news/7-things-you-may-not-know-about-the-jungle.

This image depicts the cover of The Jungle by Upton Sinclair, a text which is

instrumental in shaping historian’s view of immigrant life during the Gilded Age. The
 Fleming, Kinsella, Kreis 12

cover itself depicts a crowded, booming urban industrial district. This picture, located on

the “History” website accompanies an article intended for information and entertainment.

The website does strive for factuality, so the image can be trusted.

“The Stalemated Seventies.” The American Pageant, by David M. Kennedy and Lizabeth Cohen,

15th ed., Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, 2013, pp. 928–930.

The American Pageant, a common reference text used by high school students, once

again puts the immigrant experience into context using both primary sources and general

historical fact. This chapter discusses the 1970s and the Vietnam War, featuring on one

page the role of Vietnamese immigrants in America. Compared to “America Moves to

the City” this segment of The American Pageant provides similar contextual knowledge,

although they examine different time periods.

Teixeira, Carlos, and Li Wei. The Housing and Economic Experiences of Immigrants in US and

Canadian Cities. University of Toronto Press, Scholarly Publishing Division, 2015.

EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=961835&

site=ehost-live.

This book examines housing and economic opportunities available to immigrants in

Canada and the United States. Backed by extensive sociological research on conditions

and experiences in America, as well as Canada, this book presents an in-depth

perspective on the challenges faced by recent immigrants to both countries. Both Teixeira

and Gordon allude to the stress of gentrification on housing access for immigrants.This

book identifies immigrants as vulnerable n the housing market who often suffer unequal

treatment.

"Vietnamese." American Immigrant Cultures: Builders of a Nation, edited by David Levinson

 Fleming, Kinsella, Kreis 13

and Melvin Ember, Macmillan Reference USA, 1997. U.S. History in Context,

http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/BT2337000156/UHIC?u=oma40886&sid=UHIC&xi

d=920656ea. Accessed 12 Mar. 2019.

This text highlights the history, settlement, and adaptation of Vietnamese immigrants

who traveled to the United States. An American anthropologist, Melvin Ember, edited

this document from Gale Database. The purpose of the article is to educate researchers

on Vietnamese immigrants. While “Vietnamese and Hmong Immigrants” discusses both

the Vietnamese and Hmong refugee groups, this article focuses specifically on the

Vietnamese. This text provides helpful insight into housing resettlement plans for the

Vietnamese immigrants and traditional Vietnamese food that they brought to the United

States.