Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
05/2
2011
SEWERAG
GE SY
YSTEM
WORRKS DIIRECTO
ORATE
ENGINE
E EER-IN-CHIEF
F BRANNCH
MILITAR
RY ENGGINEER SERVIICES
NISTRY
MIN Y OF DE
EFENCEE IHQ (A
ARMY)
TI NO. 05/2011
TECHNICAL INSTRUCTIONS
ON
SEWERAGE SYSTEM
WORKS DIRECTORATE
ENGINEER-IN-CHIEF BRANCH
MILITARY ENGINEER SERVICES
INTEGRATED HQ OF MINISTRY OF DEFENCE
TI NO. 05/2011
TI NO. 05/2011
TI NO. 05/2011
CONTENTS
2. Engineering Considerations 2
3. Environmental Considerations 3
4. Design Period 5
6. Design of Sewerage 7
7. Hydraulics of Sewers 9
8. Testing 10
SEWERAGE SYSTEM
1. OBJECTIVE
The National Environment Policy, 2004 and the Right to Clean Environment,
as incident to 'Right to Life', has become enshrined under Article 21 of the
Constitution.
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c) Process
d) Cost
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(v) Top of man holes must be at least 15cm above GL or more to avoid
ingress of rainwater.
(vi) Special protection of Polyurethane fibre (PUF) insulation is required in
areas experiencing SUB ZERO TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS, at
least in the sewer stretches/ runs being laid above frost line. Manholes
are also insulated in such areas.
f) Automatic flow measuring devices and switch on/off system for pumps
may be incorporated. Wastewater should not stagnate for more than 25-30 min in
wet wells to avoid development of septic conditions.
g) All other services like water supply lines, electric cables, telephone
cables etc also must be marked on the plan to ensure that there is no fouling with the
other services while executing sewage schemes.
h) In case main sewer lines have to commence from link lines i.e. by
linking of sewer lines available upto septic tanks, then the invert level of manhole
prior to septic tanks should be taken to decide the starting depth of main sewer line.
i) Normally pumps be planned in a manner that one pump is operational
for average flow, two pumps for peak flow and one pump as kept as stand by.
j) In case of important roads/VIP areas where open excavation may not
be desirable, underground boring may be planned and marked on drawings.
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promote algal growth in waters, especially in bays where natural circulation patterns
might keep the nutrients trapped in the water body.
d) Odour and Mosquito Nuisance: - Odour and mosquito nuisance in the
vicinity of sewage treatment plants, particularly in the down-wind direction of
prevailing winds, can have adverse impacts on land values, public health and well
being and general utility of amenities may be threatened. These factors have to be
considered in selecting sites for location of sewage treatment plants and treated
sewage irrigation fields.
e) Public Health: - Public health considerations pervade through all
aspects at design and operation of sewage treatment and disposal projects. Public
health concepts are built into various bye laws, regulations and codes of practice
which must be observed, such as:
(i) Effluent discharge standards including permissible microbial and other
parameter for quality requirements
(ii) Standards for control of toxic and accumulative substances in the food
chain.
(iii) Potential tor nitrate and microbial pollution of ground waters
(iv) Deterioration of drinking water resources including wells
(v) Deterioration of bathing water quality
(vi) Control measures for health and safety of sewage plant operators and
sewage farm workers who are exposed to or handle raw and/or treated
sewage.
f) Landscaping: - Sewage treatment plant structures need to be good, At
no real extra cost some architectural concepts can be used and the buildings
designed to suit the main climates, Apart from the usual development of a small
garden near the plant's office Of laboratory, some considerations need to be given to
sites for disposal of screenings and grit in an inoffensive manner, general sanitation
in the plant area and provision of a green-belt around the treatment plant.
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control) equipment requirement and its indigenous availability, skilled staff, nature of
maintenance problems, sludge production and its disposal requirements, loss of
head through plant in relation to available head (to avoid pumping as far as
possible), ease of stage wise extension of plant with time etc.
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8. DESIGN OF SEWERS
8.1 Introduction
Sewerage systems may be classified as sanitary sewers designed to receive
domestic sewage and industrial wastes excluding storm water. The provision tor
future should not however be much in excess of the actual discharge in the early
years of its use to avoid deposition in sewers.
Sewers must resist erosion and corrosion and its structural strength must be
sufficient to carry backfill, impact, and live loads satisfactorily. In the design of a
sewer system the decisions are location, size, slope, and depth of sewer and sewer
material and other appurtenances to be added such as manholes, junctions and
other structures, sewer must be adequate for the flow to be carried and sufficient to
prevent deposition of solids. Ease and economy at maintenance, safety to the
personnel and the public during its life as well as during construction also must be
considered,
The aim of design is not only to make the sewer system functional, but also
build the system at lowest cost ensuring durability over the life of the system.
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9. HYDRAULICS OF SEWERS
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9.6 Plans
The following scales may be adopted for the various plans and drawings:
a) Zonal Plans 1 :2,500
b) Longitudinal sections at sewers 1:500
c) Structural drawings 1:20 or 1 :50
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and general aesthetics of the structure are the basic considerations in the design of
pumping stations.
12.2 Location
Proper location of the pumping station requires a comprehensive study of
area to be served to ensure that the entire area can be adequately drained. The site
should be aesthetically satisfactory. The station should be easily accessible under all
weather conditions.
13.1 Ventilation
Since toxic gases emanate from sewage, it is necessary to ensure proper
ventilation for hazard-free working in the stations. Such ventilation is mandatory as
per the safety regulations for sewage pumping installations.
When the ventilation equipment is of continuous operation type, the minimum
capacity shall be 6 turnovers per hour. Ventilation design should provide for the
dissipation of the heat generated from the electric motors, especially during hot
weather, Wet wells and screen chambers with mechanical equipment shall be
provided with positive ventilation equipment to provide 12 turnovers per hour, as this
equipment is operated intermittently.
13.2 Railing
Railing shall be provided around all openings where covers may be left open
during operation and at other places, where there are differences in levels or where
there is danger for people falling. The steps to be provided in the staircase shall be
of the non slippery type.
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APPENDIX ‘A’
ESSENTIAL DATA
2. Meteorological Data
a) Rainfall
(i) Maximum intensity of rainfall in a year
(ii) Average yearly rainfall
b) Temperature- The maximum, minimum and average temperatures in
winter/ summer. In case location in snow bound area, approx period when
area remains snow bound.
c) Degree latitude and Wind direction during different months/seasons.
5. Demographic Population
a) Total population existing at present, including pocket wise breakdown.
b) Ultimate population (indicate phase wise growth showing time frame for
completion of various phases) including pocket wise breakdown.
6. Water Supply
a) Total existing water supplied in LPD to the station/ area for which
sewage system is being planned.
b) Ultimate water supply in LPD planned for the station and the likely year
by which it will be achieved.
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7. Sewage Flow
a) Qty
b) Hourly Variation (Peak, Average, Min hourly flow)
c) Tributary Area for storm water drainage
(i) Total Run off
(ii) Storm Frequency
(iii) Coefficient of Run off
d) Alignments- Min two alternatives to be provided.
e) Likelihood of Inconvenience to community during execution and
feasibility of minimizing them.
f) Availability of adequate water for flushing tanks at the beginning of
sewer lines, for cleaning of pipes.
g) Layout plan of Station with complete network of sewers and water
distribution. Contours at 0.5m interval superimposed on layout plan.
h) Diameter, slope, invert levels, depth, and population load at all nodes
of existing sewers. (This data is essential if wastewater of new pocket i.e.
MAP etc is to be merged into existing system).
j) Reasons for existing system becoming defunct and its age.
k) Location of water table and type of soil up to 10.0m depth.
l) Point and mode of final discharge of treated wastewater along with
proposed reuse of treated water and its location.
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8. Sewage Treatment
a) Sources of Toxic Wastewater (If any)
(i) Industrial Waste Volume of waste
(ii) Hospital Waste Composition of Waste
(iii) Butchery’s Waste -do-
b) Nature of industrial waste- Viscosity/ total solids etc.
c) Sewage Characteristics- (for each type). Physical and chemical
properties of raw Sewage viz. BOD (mg/l) at 20° and suspended solids (mg/l)
are to be forwarded preferably at peak flow & at lean flow time, with a repeat
test at an interval of 2 days.
(i) Temp
(ii) PH
(iii) Color & odor
(iv) Solids-TSS,VSS,NVSS
(v) Nit rate
(vi) Phosphorus
(vii) Chlorides
(viii) BOD
(ix) COD
(x) Toxic Metals & Compounds
(xi) Greases & Oils
11. a) Method of final disposal of treated effluent from plant (i.e. over land, in
stream etc) with brief reasons.
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Notes:
1. Permission from the State Pollution Control Board is a pre-requisite for
disposal of effluents. The same must, therefore be obtained from the Board.
Pollution Control Board generally specifies that BOD and suspended solid contents
of treated effluent must not exceed 20.0 mg/1 and 30.0 mg/1, respectively. In case
any other conditions/restrictions are placed by the Board, the same must be
intimated.
2. In case the Sewage Treatment Plant is to treat any toxic liquid waste,
in addition to domestic sewage the volume and characteristics of such wastes may
be intimated.
3. Characteristics of toxic waste can be determined only by laboratory analysis.
In case laboratory facilities are not available locally, values of the same adopted by
the local municipalities may be obtained and forwarded.
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APPENDIX ‘B’
CONSTRUCTION ASPECTS
1. Trenching
a) Dimensions- The width at trench at the top should be the minimum
necessary and depends on the type of shoring (single stage or two stage),
working space required in the lower part of the trench and the type of ground
below the surface.
b) Excavation- Excavation for sewer trenches shall be in straight lines
and to the correct depths and gradients.
c) Shoring- The shoring shall be adequate to prevent caving in of the
trench walls or subsidence of areas adjacent to the trench.
d) Underground service- All pipes, ducts, cables, mains and other
services exposed due to the excavation shall be effectively supported.
Excavation to be carried out considering other services is not to be damaged /
disturbed.
e) Dewatering- Trenches for sewer construction shall be dewatered for
the placement of concrete and laying of pipe sewer or construction of
concrete or brick sewer and kept dewatered until the concrete foundations,
pipe joints or brick work or concrete have adequately cured.
f) Foundation and bedding- Where a sewer has to be laid in soft
underground strata, the trench shall be excavated deeper than what is
ordinarily required. The trench bottom shall be stabilised by the addition of
coarse gravel or rock. In areas subject to subsidence, the pipe sewer should
be laid on suitable supports.
2. Tunnelling
Tunnels are employed in sewer systems where considered necessary and
when it becomes economical, considering the nature of soil to be excavated and
surface conditions.
The tunnelling methods adopted for sewer construction can be classified
generally as auger or boring, jacking and mining.
vertical posts and the sight rails shall be perfectly square and planed smooth on all
sides and edges. When the sewers converging to a manhole come in at various
levels there shall be a rail fixed for every different level.
The posts and the sight rails shall in no case be removed until the trench is
excavated, the pipes are laid, jointed and the filling is started.
However, zonal specification will take precedence over this.
4. Pipe Material
4.1 Stoneware pipes
The stoneware pipes shall be laid with sockets facing up the gradient, on
desired bedding. Special bedding, hunching or encasing may be provided where
conditions so demand. All the pipes shall be laid perfectly true, both to line and
gradient.
All the pipe joints shall be caulked with tarred gasket in one length for each
joint and sufficiently long to entirely surround the spigot end of the pipe. The gasket
shall be caulked /lightly home but not so as to occupy more than a quarter of the
socket depth.
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time of loading, unloading and laying cannot do any harm to it. HDPE pipes upto
630mm dia can be joined with detachable joints and can be detached at the time of
shifting the pipe line from one place to another. HOPE pipes can also be joined by
welding.
5. Jointing of Sewers
Joints of pipe sewers may generally be any of the following types:
Cement Joints are rigid and even a slight settlement of pipes can cause
cracks and hence leakage. To avoid this problem it is recommended that semi
flexible joints should be used.
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APPENDIX ‘C’
POLICY GUIDELINES
Following policy letters/guidelines have been issued for design of sewerage system.
These can be made part of job order/Tender for obtaining consultancy for
preparation of sewage related schemes:-
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APPENDIX ‘D’
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