ASSIGNMENT 2 1819II/BEE4223

BEE 4223: POWER ELECTRONICS AND DRIVE SYSTEM

ASSIGNMENT 2

a) By using a relevant sketch diagram and waveform, prove that the output voltage of
the boost converter is given by:
Before we start to prove the output voltage of the boost converter, it is important to know about the
schematic circuit diagram of boost converter. The schematic circuit diagram of boost converter has showed
as Figure 1 below.

Figure 1: Schematic Circuit Diagram of Boost Converter

From the schematic circuit diagram above, we can observe that there is a presence of electronic
switch in the boost converter. This electronic switch is important in our process of proving the output
voltage of boost converter as we are required to analyze the boost converter circuit operation when the
electronic switch closes and opens periodically.From here, there are 2 analysis can be made which are the
analysis of boost converter circuit operation during switch is closed and another analysis when switch is
opened.
When the electronic switch in boost converter circuit is closed, the diode is in reversed biased and
thus the output has been isolated. Because of this situation, the input source supplies their energy to the
inductor. From here, there are few equations can be derived during this condition. Before deriving the
equations, the schematic circuit diagram of boost converter circuit when electronic switch is closed is
showed as Figure 2 below.

Figure 2: Schematic Circuit Diagram of Boost Converter When Electronic Switch is Closed
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The derived equations of inductor voltage when electronic switch is closed is showed as below.
diL
VL  Vd  L
dt
diL Vd

dt L
diL iL iL Vd
  
dt t DT L
Therefore,
VdDT
( iL )closed 
L
Not only the derived equations, we can also obtain the waveform of inductor voltage and current which
has showed as Figure 3 below.

Figure 3: Waveform of Inductor Voltage and Current When Electronic Switch is Closed
When the electronic switch in boost converter circuit is opened, the output receives energy from the
input as well as the inductor which results as large value in output. However, the output voltage is
maintained constant because of large value of capacitance. From here, there are few equations can be
derived during this condition. Before deriving the equations, the schematic circuit diagram of boost
converter circuit when electronic switch is opened is showed as Figure 3 below.

Figure 4: Schematic Circuit Diagram of Boost Converter When Electronic Switch is Opened
The derived equations of inductor voltage when electronic switch is closed is showed as below.
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diL
VL  Vd  Vo  L
dt
diL Vd  Vo

dt L
diL iL iL Vd  Vo
  
dt t (1  D )T L
Therefore,
(Vd  Vo )(1  DT )
(iL )opened 
L
Not only the derived equations, we can also obtain the waveform of inductor voltage and current which
has showed as Figure 4 below.

Figure 5: Waveform of Inductor Voltage and Current When Electronic Switch is Opened
To obtain the formula of output voltage of boost converter circuit, we are required to combine the
equation of steady state operation of boost converter during electronic switch is closed and opened
periodically. The process of combining these 2 variables is showed as below.

( iL ) closed  ( iL )opened  0

VdDT (Vd  Vo )(1  D )T

 0
L L
Therefore,
Vd
Vo  ( proved )
1 D
Thus, we have proved that the formula of output voltage of boost converter circuit is
Vd
Vo 
1 D
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b) Then, using a Matlab/Simulink software, design a boost converter that will generate
40 V output from a 12 V PV panel. Given R = 30Ω and f sw = 25kHz, design for a
continuous inductor current with an output voltage ripple less than 1%. Compare
your Simulink result with your expected calculations. Based on you understanding,
discuss the importance of this converter in a distributed generation system.
Based on the question, we are required to design a continuous inductor current mode boost converter
that can generate 40V output from a 12V panel with a given R of 30Ω, f sw of 25kHz and output voltage
ripple that less than 1%. Before we start to design the requested boost converter, we are required to create
the expected parameters of boost converters as the base data to be compared with our simulation results
later. The expected parameters consists of duty cycle(D), inductance (L), capacitance(C), inductor
current(IL), maximum inductor current(Imax), minimum inductor current(Imin),input power(P) and output
current(Io). The calculation of these expected parameters are separated into 2 parts and showed as Figure 6
and 7 below.

Figure 6: Expected Parameters Calculation Part 1

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Figure 7: Expected Parameters Calculation Part 2

Then, we used Simulink software that located in Matlab program to design a simulation model of
boost converter to simulate the boost converter and obtain the parameters that we needed for analysis and
comparison between the expected and measured results later. Before we showed the simulation model of
boost converter, we are required to understand about the Simulink software. Simulink software is a
graphical programmable platform for users to model, simulate and also analyze multidomain dynamical
systems. In sector of control systems, Simulink is commonly used for verifying control designs and to
automatically generate MATLAB codes for rapid prototyping and production. For the simulation model of
boost converter, we will showed in Figure 8 below and explain the importance of each part of simulation
model.

Figure 8: Simulation Model of boost converter in Simulink program

The function of each component in this boost converter simulation model are explained as Table 1 below.
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TABLE 1
Function of Components Used in Boost Converter Simulation Model
Component Function
Powergui block The powergui block is an environment block for Simscape Electrical
Specializaed Power System models. It allows people to choose one of
methods below to solve their circuits:
 Continuous, which uses a variable-step solver from Simulink®

 Discretization of the electrical system for a solution at fixed time steps

 Phasor solution

It also opens tools for steady-state and simulation result analysis and for
advanced parameter design.
DC voltage supply, Vs Act as input supply to the boost converter circuit
Inductor, L A passive two-terminal electrical component that stores energy in a magnetic
field when electric current flows through it and characterized by inductance
(the ratio of voltage to rate of change of current)
Ammeter for IL Act as measurement to measure the current flow through inductor in the boost
converter circuit
Oscilloscope(Scope 0 and Act as display medium to display the waveform of certain parameters.
Scope 1,Scope 2 and Scope 0- Display the waveform of inductor current, IL
Scope 3 and Scope 4) Scope 1- Display the waveform of output voltage, Vo
Scope 2- Display the waveform of input current, Is
Scope 3- Display the waveform of input voltage, Vs
Scope 4- Display the waveform of output current, Io
Display monitor(Display Act as display medium to display the value of certain parameters.
0, Display 1, Display 2, Display 0- Display the value of inductor current, IL
Display 3 and Display 4) Display 1- Display the value of output voltage, Vo
Display 2- Display the value of input current, Is
Display 3- Display the value of input voltage,Vs
Display 4- Display the value of output current, Io
Pulse Generator Act as medium to generate the pulse to open and close the electronic switch
periodically for operate the boost converter in 2 different conditions
Mosfet,SW Act as the electronic switch to activate or deactivate the boost converter
circuit by receiving the pulse generated by the pulse generator.
Diode,D An electronic component used to allow an electric current to pass in one
direction (called the diode's forward direction), while blocking it in the
opposite direction (the reverse direction).
Capacitor,C A capacitor is a passive two-terminal electronic component that
stores electrical energy in an electric field which produce capacitance to a
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circuit. In this circuit, it acts as a filter to smooth the output voltage and give
us a smooth waveform for our output.
Resistor,R A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that
implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits,
resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide
voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines, among other
uses. In this boost converter circuit, the resistor act as loads for the circuit.

Then, we will have to key in some of the parameters that we have calculate in our expected
calculations in order to simulate the boost converter circuit and obtain the waveform and values that we
needed for analysis later. These parameters consists of input voltage(V s), inductance(L), capacitance(C),
resistance(R), duty cycle(D), period(T) which equal to reciprocal of switch frequency(f sw). The values of
these parameters will be showed as Table 2 below.
TABLE 2
Parameters Values in Boost Converter Simulation Model
Parameters Value
Input voltage(Vs) 12V
Inductance(L) 47.25μH
Capacitance(C) 97.33μF
Resistance(R) 30Ω
Duty Cycle(D) 0.7
Period(T) 1/25k = 40μs

After that, we would start the analysis of our designed boost converter circuit by running the
simulation model. The parameters that we needed for analysis will be displayed on the display monitor
later and also their waveform on the oscilloscope. The simulation result obtained are later analyzed and
discussed later. The Figure 9 below shows the simulation result of our boost converter and Table 3 will
have a list of values displayed on display monitor. In addition, the waveform of input voltage and current
and output voltage and current will be displayed as Figure 10,11,12 and 13 below.
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Figure 9: Simulation Result of Boost Converter Simulation Model

TABLE 3
Parameters Values Showed in Display monitor During Boost Converter Simulation
Parameters Display Monitor Value Displayed
Input voltage(Vs) 3 12V
Input current(Is) 2 7.925A
Inductor current(IL) 0 7.925A
Output current(Io) 4 1.297A
Output voltage(Vo) 1 0.7

Figure 10: Simulation Waveform of Input voltage(Vs)

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Figure 11: Simulation Waveform of Input current(Is)

Figure 12: Simulation Waveform of Inductor current(IL)

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Figure 13: Simulation Waveform of Output current(Io)

Figure 14: Simulation Waveform of Output voltage(Vo)

From the parameters values that we obtained from the simulation result of boost converter circuit,
there are few points needed to be analyzed and discussed. Firstly, we can observe that the input current,I s is
equal to inductor current, IL as the current is equal when the circuit is connected in series. The value
showed by input current and inductor current in display monitor is only maximum value as the display
monitor can only display one specific point of value for a specific period. Thus, to find out the value of
actual input current and inductor current, we will need to combine the maximum value and minimum
ASSIGNMENT 2 1819II/BEE4223

current that we obtained through the waveform then divide it. This situation can also applies for output
current and output voltage but not input voltage as input voltage is DC supply that will always give same
voltage into the circuit. As for the comparison of values obtained, we can also observed that there is a
small difference in values as the value of simulation results obtained are floating which means that it is not
a solid and accurate value at each period. This has because our data collecting process become difficult as
we cannot take an accurate result at the specific point. Last but not least, the value of input power will also
become different during comparison as the value of input current has become different for expected and
measured results.
Apart from analyzing and discussing on the boost converter that we have designed, we had also
researched on the importance of boost converter in distribution generation as it might help us in other
project development that relate to boost converter. DC/DC converters are also known as ‘‘Switching
Regulator’’. From DC sources such as a battery, fuel cell, solar panels, Electric Vehicles voltage levels
requires to be changed to another level, either to supply a DC load or to be used as an intermediate voltage
for an adjacent power electronic conversion such as a DC/AC converter. DC/DC converters coupled
together with AC/DC converters enable us the use of High Voltage DC (HVDC) transmission which can
send power through grids with much more efficiency than the AC grid.
In a nutshell, we have learned about how to design a boost converter with specific requirements
given and the aid of Simulink software. We have also learned about the importance of boost converter in
distribution generation which is very crucial in our world now. In the process of designing the boost
converter, we had also strengthen our understandings on boost converter especially its steady-state
operation on output voltage and also the process on obtaining particular parameters for designing the boost
converter. Last but not least, we had enhanced again our team-working personalities, problem solving and
analytical skills in this assignment.
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References:
1. BEE4223 Power Electronics & Drive System Notes, Chapter 4:DC-DC Converters(Choppers)
2. Power Electronics,Daniel W.Hart, Chapter 6.5:Boost Converters
3. Powergui information: https://www.mathworks.com/help/physmod/sps/powersys/ref/powergui.html
4. Introduction of Inductor: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductor
5. Introduction of Capacitor: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor
6. Introduction of Resistor: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistor
7. Introduction of Diode: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode#Main_functions
8. Importance of Boost Converter in Distribution Generation - Use of Bidirectional DC-DC Buck Boost
Converter in Distributed Energy Resources (DER):
http://dspace.bracu.ac.bd/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10361/9131/13121159%2C%2013321027%2C
%2013321057%2C%2013321016_EEE.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y