CONTENT

1. Automotive workshop

1.1 Places
1.2 Parts of a car
1.3 Parts of an engine
1.4 Steering and suspension service
1.5 The brake system
1.6 The electrical system

2. The design of a workshop

2.1 Areas
2.2 Safety rules

3. Traffic signs
3.1 Regulatory signs
3.2 Motorway signs
3.3 Road safety

Automotive Workshop

The term automotive means "relating to cars and other vehicles."

Nowadays almost everyone owns a car. Cars are used by members of a family for daily chores, in
order to manage everyday life events rapidly. Cars are a great convenience for travel, to enjoy a
holidays but larger vehicles have a larger purpose. These vehicles make it possible for stores to move
a large amount of goods from place to place, around town or even internationally from country to
country. So no matter the dimensions of the cars they are essential for human life.

So there are many jobs related to cars. Some people make them, some people sell them, some people
clean them, and some people fix them. To do any of these jobs, there are a lot of words related to cars
that are important to know.

I. Places related to car are:

 Car Dealership- a place where cars are sold.

 Car Factory- a place where cars are made.
 Car Wash- a business that washes cars. The washing might be done by people or by
 machines.
 Repair Shop- where the car is fixed cars.
  Body Shop - a type of car repair shop that focuses on the outside of the car.
 Gas Station - a place where gas can be bought. Nowadays there are even stations to charge
 the electric cars.

Exercise:

1. Identify 2-5 such places in your town.

2. Choose one place and speak about how would you organise it.
3. Work in groups: choose a place , describe it , let the other group guess it.
4. Work in group: choose a place, draw it, give your drawing to another group, they will describe
it.

II. Parts of a car:

Even if many images give visual information connected to this subject, a proper vocabulary is needed.

Tires
The tire is a thick rubber ring that connects the car to the ground. Cars normally have four tires.

Spare Tire
A spare tire is an extra tire that is kept in the car in case one of the regular tires cannot be used. It is
usually smaller and weaker than the regular tires and is only meant to be used for a short amount of
time until the regular tire can be fixed or replaced.

Tread
The "tread" is the pattern on a tire that makes the tire safer by helping it grip the road better.

Hubcap
A hubcap is a round piece of metal that goes over the wheel of a car.

Mudflap
The mudflap is a piece of thick plastic that hangs behind the rear tires of a car in order to stop mud
and water from splashing up.

Jack
A jack is a metal device that is placed under the car in order to raise the car up. This is usually done
if one of the tires on the car needs to be changed.

Jumper Cables
If a car's battery is not working, jumper cables are attached to the battery and also to a battery in
another car that works. This makes it possible to transmit electricity from the working battery to the
other battery.

Trunk
The trunk is the space in the back of a car where boxes and other items can be placed.
Shock Absorbers
A shock absorber is found on each wheel of a car. It makes it so that the people in the car cannot feel
all of the bumps on the road.

Hood
The hood covers the front part of the car. The engine is usually located under the hood.

License Plate
The license plate is a piece of metal with numbers and letters on it. There is usually one on the front
and the back of the car. The government usually requires each car to have a license plate so the car
can be identified.

Bumper
The bumper is the metal or plastic bar at the front and back of the car. It is supposed to limit the
damage if the car is hit or if it hits something else.

Headlight
Headlights are lights on the front of the car that a driver can turn on at night to make it easier to drive
in the dark. Cars also usually have a "bright" setting for headlights.

Taillight
Taillights are lights on the back of a car that the driver can turn on at night to make it easier for other
drivers to see the car.

Brakelight
The brakelights are red lights on the back of the car that are lit when the driver presses on the brakes
so that other drivers will know that the car is slowing down or stopping.

Body
The "body" of a car refers to the painted metal sheets that make up the outside of the car.

Gas Tank
The gas tank holds the gas until it is needed. The driver can open the "gas cap" in order to put more
gas into the car.

Door
The door is the part of the car that can be opened to allow people to enter or leave the car. Most cars
have four doors.

Window
The window is the part of the car that is made of glass and that the driver and passengers can see
through. The types of windows on a car are:

 Windshield: this is the front window of the car that the driver looks through.

 Back window: this is the back window of the car.

 Side windows: these are the windows on the sides of a car.

Visor
A visor is a piece of, usually, plastic that the driver can move into position to stop the sun from getting
into the driver's eyes.

Windshield wipers
Windshield wipers are things that move back and forth across the windshield to remove rain so that
the driver can see better. The driver controls the windshield wipers by a device that is usually attached
to the steering wheel. Some cars also have windshield wipers on the back window of the car. The
front windshield wipers usually have a setting that will spray cleaner onto the window and then wipe
it off in order to clean the windshield.

Mirrors
Cars usually have several mirrors that the driver uses in order to see the traffic around the car. These
include:

 Rear-view mirror: A mirror placed in the top center of the windshield that allows the driver
to see the traffic behind the car.

 Side mirrors: Mirrors placed on the driver's side door and the passenger side door that allow
the driver to see the traffic on the sides of the car.

Floor Mats
The floor mats are pieces of carpet and/or plastic that are placed on the floor inside of a car to protect
the car from dirt and water.

Accelerator (or gas pedal)

The accelerator is a pedal that the driver presses on with his or her foot in order to control the car's
speed.

Turn Signal (also called a blinker)

Drivers must let other drivers know when they are going to turn. They do this by pressing a lever
near or on the steering wheel that causes a light on the back left or back right of the car to blink. Both
the lever the driver presses and the blinking light are called the turn signal or the blinker.

Horn
The horn makes a sound to warn other drivers of a problem. The driver makes the horn sound by
pressing a button, which is usually on the steering wheel.

Glove Compartment
The glove compartment is a small box that locks and is located in front of the front seat passenger. It
does not usually contain gloves, but rather other things that the driver or passengers might need, such
as maps.

Brakes
The brakes are a pedal that the driver pushes with his or her foot to slow down or to stop the car. The
brakes are also the mechanical system that causes the car to slow down or stop. Cars also have an
emergency brake (also called a parking brake) that is used when the car is parked in order to stop it
from moving.
Brake Pad
The brake pad is the thin pad that presses against the wheel in order to stop the car.

Clutch
In some cars, the gears change automatically. In other cars, the driver has to press a pedal, called the
clutch, and then change the gears.

Steering Wheel
The steering wheel is a wheel that the driver turns in order to turn a car.

Dashboard
The dashboard is the part of the car that is visible to the driver and contains the car's controls and
instrument panel.

Cruise Control
In some cars, the driver can press a button so that the car will automatically move at a certain speed
without the driver needing to press the accelerator.

Fuel Gauge
The fuel gauge shows the driver how much gas is left in the car. When it is at the "F," the car is "full"
of gas. When it is at the "E," the car is empty of gas. Cars will also have a warning light that shows
when the gas is getting low.

Warning Light
A warning light is a light that goes on to let the driver know that there is a problem with the car.

Speedometer
The speedometer shows the driver the speed at which the car is moving. It is located on the dashboard.

Odometer
The odometer shows how many miles and kilometers a car has been driven. It is located on the
dashboard.

Seat
A surface inside the car where the driver or a passenger can sit is called a seat. Cars usually have two
rows of seats:

 Front seat: these are the seats closest to the front of the car. They include the driver's seat
and usually one passenger's seat.

 Back seat: this is the row of seats behind the driver. It usually contains two or three seats for
passengers.

Seatbelt
The seatbelt is a thin strip of heavy fabric that holds a driver or passenger in place in case the car
stops suddenly. The purpose of a seatbelt is to keep the person safe.

Armrest
A surface in the car that a driver or passenger can rest an arm on is called the "armrest."
Air Conditioning
The air conditioning is the system that blows cold air into a car.

Heater
The heater is the system that blows hot air into a car.

Airbag
An airbag is a safety device. If the car is in an accident, the airbag quickly fills with air so that the
driver or passenger hits it instead of another part of the car. It is supposed to protect the people in the
car from getting hurt. It then empties very quickly so that the driver can see what is happening.

Car Seat
A car seat is a small seat designed to keep a child safe in a car. It can usually be removed from the
car.

Exhaust Pipe
This pipe takes the waste gases from the engine to the back of the car, where the pipe ends and the
gases are released.

Muffler
A muffler makes the sound of the engine much more quiet than it would otherwise be.

Electrics
"Electrics" means the system of wires that provide electricity to a car.

Crumple Zone
The crumple zone refers to the parts of the car, usually the front and back, that are designed to be
crushed easily in order to protect the people in the car from getting hurt.

Chassis
The metal frame that a car is built on is called the "chassis."

Axle
The axle is a straight piece of metal that connects two wheels on a car.

Roof
The roof is the top part of a car.

Sunroof
Some cars have a window in the roof that lets light in. This is called a sunroof.

Roof Rack
Some cars have roof racks, which allow people to place large items, such as suitcases, on top of the
car and keep them secure while the car is moving.

Automatic transmission
If a car has an automatic transmission, the driver does not need to change gears because the car will
do it automatically.
Manual transmission
A car with a manual transmission does not automatically change gears. The driver has to change
gears.

Exercise:
1. Student pick a card with the image of a car , they will describe it.
2. Draw the future car.
3. Discuss about pros and cons of using electric cars.

III. Parts of car ´ s engine :

The engine is for a car what a heart is for the human body. It is essential to know its parts:

Cylinder Block
The cylinder block is the main part of the engine. It is where the fuel is combusted. All of the other
parts of the engine are connected to the cylinder block. Cars usually have four, six, or eight cylinders.
The cylinders can be arranged in different ways:

 Inline: the cylinders are in one row.

 V: the cylinders are in two rows that meet at an angle.

 Flat: the cylinders are in two rows that meet horizontally.

Cylinder Head
The cylinder head goes on top of the cylinder block. It forms a seal.

Gaskets
Gaskets create a seal between the cylinder block and the cylinder head.

Connecting Rod
The connecting rod connects the crank shaft to the piston so that the motion created by the engine
can be moved from the piston to the crank shaft.

Piston
The piston goes into the cylinder. It moves up and down so that the motion created by the engine is
transferred to the connecting rod. It compresses (which means to make smaller) the mixture of air
and fuel and changes the fuel's energy so the car can use it.

Piston Rings
The piston ring creates a seal between the cylinder and the piston.
Crankshaft
The crankshaft is at the bottom of the cylinder block. It transfers the motion from the piston so that
it becomes a rotary motion, which means a motion that moves in a circle. Then, that circular motion
rotates the wheels of the car.

Oil Sump
The oil sump is found at the bottom of the cylinder block. It holds the oil, which is needed to cover
the parts of the engine so that they can move smoothly.

Camshaft
The camshaft makes it possible for the valves to open and close at the right time.

Valves
The valves attach to the cylinder head. They manage the flow of air and fuel and exhaust gases.

Ignition System
The purpose of the ignition system is to create an electrical charge and send it to the spark plugs. It
is sent on the ignition wires.

Distributor
The electrical charge flows on the ignition wires to the distributor, which sends the charge to each
spark plug.

Spark Plug
The spark plugs attach to the cylinder head. They create a spark in order to set the air and fuel mixture
on fire.

Push Rod
The push rod manages the timing of the valves so that they open and close at the right time.

Manifold
The manifold attaches to the cylinder head. It distributes the air and fuel mix when it comes in. A
second manifold collects the exhaust gases and takes them out.

Bearings
Bearings provide support to the moving parts of the engine.

Timing Belt
The timing belt joins the camshaft to the crankshaft.

Radiator
The radiator cools off water that has passed around the cylinders.

Water Pump
The job of the water pump is to pump water around the cylinders and to the radiator.

Cooling System
The radiator and water pump combine to form the cooling system.
Carburetor
The carburetor is the part of the engine that mixes air and gas.

Catalytic Converter
The purpose of the catalytic converter is to limit damage to the environment by changing what gases
the car releases.

Battery
The battery stores electricity for the parts of the car that require it.

Alternator
The alternator generates energy so that the battery can be recharged.

Oil
Oil is a thick, black liquid that helps stop the car parts from damaging each other when they make
contact.

Decompressor
The decompressor is a device for cutting down the amount of pressure in the engine.

Fan Belt
The fan belt transfers movement in order to cool the car.

Exercise:
1. In groups, students are given images of an engine . They will identify the parts according to
the vocabulary given to them.
2. Describe how an engine functions.

IV. Steering and suspension service

Steering and suspension are responsible for keeping the wheels firmly intact with the ground, and
a major player in keeping the car from moving to one side or the road. If the vehicle's steering
and suspension isn't working properly, the car is in for a bumpy ride.

Components of steering and suspension:

The suspension system - setup that supports weight, absorbs and dampens shock and helps
maintain tire contact.
The steering system - mechanism that enables the driver to guide and direct the vehicle. The tires
and wheels - components that make vehicle motion possible by way of grip and/or friction with
the road.

The suspension of a car is actually part of the chassis, which comprises all of the important systems
located beneath the car's body. These systems include:
 The frame - structural, load-carrying component that supports the car's engine and body,
which are in turn supported by the suspension
 The suspension system - setup that supports weight, absorbs and dampens shock and helps
maintain tire contact
 The steering system - mechanism that enables the driver to guide and direct the vehicle
 The tires and wheels - components that make vehicle motion possible by way of grip and/or
friction with the road.
 The torsion bars use the twisting properties of a steel bar to provide coil-spring-like
performance. This is how they work: One end of a bar is anchored to the vehicle frame. The
other end is attached to a wishbone, which acts like a lever that moves perpendicular to the
torsion bar. When the wheel hits a bump, vertical motion is transferred to the wishbone and
then, through the levering action, to the torsion bar. The torsion bar then twists along its axis
to provide the spring force.

V. The brake system

 The brake oil - Synthetic grease or silicone specially designed to handle the high
temperatures to which brake components are subject. It's used to lubricate disc brake guide
pins as well as drum brake self-adjusters and star wheels. Applied to the back of disc brake
pads or drum brake shoes, anti-seize lubricant also provides cushioning to quell high-
frequency vibrations that cause squealing noise.
 The caliper - A brake caliper, found only on disc brakes, houses pistons which use the force
of hydraulic brake fluid to squeeze brake pads against the rotor – creating stopping force.
Calipers can contain a varying number of pistons, and feature a "fixed" or "floating" mount
design.
 The Brake hose - Tubes made of rubber or flexible braided steel which bridge the gap
between steel brake lines from the master cylinder and the brakes at the wheels (either disc
brake calipers or drum brake wheel cylinders). Flexibility is needed to allow for steering
angle changes and up-and-down suspension travel.
 The Bleeder screw - A screw valve designed with a hollow center to allow fluid to be bled
through it when the screw itself is loosened with a wrench. In brake systems, bleeder screws
are found on disc brake calipers and drum brake wheel cylinders as well as on some master
cylinders and ABS modulators.
 The pads- In disc brake systems, brake pads are located inside caliper assemblies. As the
brake pedal is pressed, hydraulic pressure in the lines builds up and forces the pads to apply
clamping force onto a spinning rotor, effectively slowing the vehicle.
 The pad sensor- An electronic sensor that determines when brake pads have reached a pre-
determined minimum thickness and should be replaced. The most common type of wear
sensor is separate from the brake pad, and clips on to it. On other applications, the sensor is
embedded into the brake pad itself and cannot be replaced independently.

Exercise:

1. In groups, students are given images to identify parts of braking system.

2. In pairs, describe braking systems of different vehicles. Then compaire them with other
group.

VI. Car’s electrical system

The car's electrical system consists of the battery, starter and alternator. The battery
provides power to the starter. Then, the alternator gives that battery the energy it needs to
power the car. The electrical system is very different nowadays, it depends on the type of
car and even on the model of the car.
The major components of Electrical System in a car are:

1. Power Generator - Alternator / Dynamo: It generates electricity, drawing power from the
engine. It generates enough power to meet all the requirements of all the electrical components in a
car.

2. Power Bank - Battery: It supplies power to start the car. Also, supplies power to various
equipments when generator is not able to provide enough power e.g. playing car radio with engine
off or heavy duty lamps and air-con at idle rpm.

3. Engine firing - Ignition Coil / Fuel pump switch: Petrol (Gasoline) engines need spark to fire
(or burn the fuel) the cylinder. For diesel engine, the pump has to be kept on - which is usually done
by a solenoid switch, to keep injecting fuel into the engine to keep it running.

4. Cooling Fans: In earlier days, the cooling fans (radiator fan) were coupled with engine. But with
front wheel drives and advancements, the cooling fans are controlled electronically i.e. they are
switched on when there is a requirement using a thermostat. The fans run on electricity.

5. Air-Con Blower: This is another fan responsible for circulating from air-con to car cabin.

6. Lighting - Head Lamps, Tail Lamps, Blinkers, Brake Lights etc: They are wired on a central
circuit running throughout the car.

7. Motor / Actuators - Wiper, Power Window etc: The are used to carry out various functions in
the car including controls for side (wing) mirrors.

8. On-Board Computer - ECU: It is the Electronic Control Unit, managing various functions in the
car.
9. Fuse Box / Relays: They manage current in the car. Fuses prevent the electrical equipments from
frying in case of faulty alternator, wiring etc. Relays do the switching of heavy electrical items in the
car.

10. Combination Switch: It is the switch assembly that sits under the steering wheel and used to
control various things like head lights, wipers etc.

11. Peripherals Systems - like stereo, clocks, cabin lights, trunk lights.

12. Signal Transmission: Today cars run on electronics which involve a range of sensors,
transmitters etc for tyre pressure, crash sensing, oil levels etc.

13. Wiring.

14. Starter Motor: It is responsible for cranking the car to start the engine. It draws power from
battery.

2.The design of a workshop

A definition of this place could be that the automobile repair shop is an establishment where
automobiles are repaired by auto mechanics and technicians. It is also known as a garage or
a workshop.There are thousand of layouts for a workshop. It depends on the owner’s possibility
to built larger or smaller buildings to incorporate the necessary tools and repairing systems .

There are several distinguished areas inside of a workshop. There name must be known in order
to recognise the rules applied in that area. It is important that the new employee learn the shop
layout and organization to improve work efficiency and safety. The auto shop includes the
following work areas:
• Repair area (includes the shop stall, lift, alignment rack, and outside work area).
 Tool room
 Locker room

1. Repair Area
The repair area includes any location in the shop where repair operations are performed. It
normally includes every area except the classroom, locker room, and toolroom.
 2. Shop Stall
A shop stall is a small work area where a car can be parked for repairs. Sometimes, each stall is
numbered and marked off with lines painted on the floor.

3.Lift
The lift is used to raise a vehicle into the air. It is handy for working under the car. It is
commonly used when changing oil, greasing the chassis, and repairing the exhaust system.
(draining oil, greasing front end parts, or repairing exhaust system).
Remember these lift safety rules:
• Ask your instructor for a demonstration and get permission before using the lift.
• Center the vehicle on the lift as described in a service manual.Raise vehicle slowly.
• Check ceiling clearance before raising trucks and campers. Make sure the vehicle roof does
not hit overhead pipes, lights, or the ceiling.
• Make sure the lift's safety catch is engaged. Do not walk under the lift without the catch locked
into position. Alignment Rack The alignment rack, or front end rack, is another specialized stall
used when working on a car's steering and suspension systems. It may contain a special tool
board and equipment used when replacing worn suspension and steering parts or adjusting
wheel alignment. When using an alignment rack, the car should be pulled onto the rack slowly
and carefully. Someone should guide the driver and help keep the tires centered on the rack. As
with other complicated and potentially dangerous equipment, obtain a full demonstration before
using the alignment rack.

Toolroom
The toolroom is used to store shop tools, small equipment, and supplies (nuts, bolts, oil, etc.). It
is normally located adjacent to (next to) the repair area or classroom. When working in the
toolroom, you will be responsible for keeping track of shop tools. Every tool checked out of the
toolroom must be recorded and called in before the end of the class period. Normally, the tools
hang on the walls of the toolroom for easy access. Each tool may have a painted silhouette,
which indicates where it should be kept.

The classroom- meeting area

The classroom is used for seminars, demonstrations, and other technician training activities. It
is often located adjacent to the repair area.

Locker Room
The locker room or dressing room provides an area for changing into your work clothes. It is
usually located adjacent to the main shop.
Shop safety

Rules are ment to protect the employees. Not respecting these rules may cause accidents.
Types of Accidents
Basically, one should be aware of and try to prevent six kinds of accidents:
• Fires.
• Explosions.
• Asphyxiation (airborne poisons).
• Chemical burns.
• Electric shock.
• Physical injuries. If an accident or injury occurs in the shop, notify your instructor
immediately. Use common sense when deciding whether to get a fire extinguisher or to take
other actions.

Vocabulary – Important terms

Repair area
Fire extinguishers
Shop stall
Explosion
Lift
Asphyxiation
Alignment rack
Respirators
Toolroom
Chemical burns
Outside work area
Locker room
Electric shock
Dressing room
Fires
Physical injuries

Exercises :

1. Discuss the safety rules for different areas.

2. Give the proper answers to the following:

1. What happens in the meeting area?

2. A(n) __ is used when working on a car's steering and suspension systems. It has special
equipment for aligning the vehicle's wheels.
3. ___ is the most common and dangerous flammable found in an auto shop.
4. What causes an electrical fire in an automobile?
5. Car batteries can explode. True or False?
6. Which of the following cannot cause electric shock?
(A) A missing ground prong on cord. (B) Using a,n electric drill on wet floor. (C) Using
electric tools with a ground prong. (D) None of the above.
7. Explain what must be done to prevent physical injuries.
8. If you are pulling on a wrench as hard as you can and the fastener does not turn, what
should you do to prevent injury?
9. When lifting heavy objects, always lift with your __.
(A) arms (B) legs (C) back (D) None of the above.
10. In which auto shop area would an exhaust system repair most likely be done?
(A) Shop stall. (B) Grease rack. (C) Alignment rack. (D) Outside work area.
11. An engine needs to be moved. Technician A says two people can slide the engine out of
the way. Technician B says that an engine crane should be used to move the engine. Who is
right?
(A) A only. (B) B only. (C) Both A and B. (D) Neither A nor B.
12. Which of the following is NOT a good tip when dressing for work?
(A) Secure long hail: (B) Roll up long shirt sleeves. (C) Make sure all jewelry fits well. (D)
Do not carry sharp tools in pocket.
 3. Traffic signs

Traffic signs give information about the road and make rules for all the traffic participants.

Types of signs:
1. Regulatory signs
2. Warning signs
3. Advisory signs
4. Stock signs
5. Warning triangles for crashes and breakdowns
6. Variable message signs
7. Motorway signs
8. Priority for buses
9. Temporary roadwork signs

3.1.Regulatory signs
Regulatory signs tell you about laws that must be obeyed.

Except for STOP, GIVE WAY and ROUNDABOUT signs, most regulatory signs are
rectangles. They are usually black on a white background. Sometimes they also have a
colour such as red. Some parking signs are green on white.

Some of the most common regulatory signs are shown on this page.
Left image:Image Keep to the left of this sign. Centre image:Do not drive beyond this sign. Right image:You
must not turn right or make a U turn.

Left image:You must not make a U turn. Centre image:You must keep right. Right image:This street now
has lanes travelling in opposite directions.

Left image: All traffic in the left lane must turn left. Right image: You must turn right.

Warning signs
Warning signs tell you that there may be dangers ahead. They are usually black on a
yellow background and are mostly diamond shaped.

Pictures, diagrams and symbols are used to alert you to danger.

Left image: Crossroads ahead. Centre image: The road you are travelling on ends, you
must give way to all traffic. Right image: Road conditions will change ahead to two lanes
of oncoming traffic.

Left image: The road ahead curves to the right. Centre image: There is a sharp right turn
in the road ahead. Right image: Sharp bend to the left ahead

Left image: Road divides ahead. Centre image: Divided road ends ahead. Right image:
Road narrows ahead.

Left image: A side road meets the road you are travelling on. Centre image: Winding road
ahead. Right image: Give way sign ahead.
Left image: Stop sign ahead. Centre image: Pedestrian crossing ahead. Right image:
Pedestrians may be crossing ahead.

Left image: Hospital ahead drive carefully. Centre image: Look out for bicycle riders. Right
image: Road is slippery when wet.

Left image: There is a hump in the road ahead(a hump is a sudden slope up and then
down) Centre image:Look out for kangaroos. Right image: As you approach the hill ahead,
you will not be able to see a safe distance in front of you. Drive carefully.

Left image: The road ahead is under water (a stream for example). Right image: Grid
ahead. A grid is a row of metal lengths across the road.
Left image: Beware of slow moving vehicles entering traffic. Right image: Narrow bridge
ahead, slow down and be prepared to give way or stop.

Left image:This sign is used to advise drivers that the road ahead may be covered in
floodwaters. Right image: This sign shows the depth of floodwaters across the road.

Advisory Signs
Advisory speed signs are sometimes used together with other signs. They show the
maximum speed that is safe in good conditions.

Sometimes other signs are used together with warning signs to advise on how long you
should look out for a particular hazard.

Road bends to right. 55 km/h maximum speed in good conditions.

Stock signs
When you see a sign with a picture of an animal, or words such as 'stock crossing', you
may be approaching animals on or near the road.

You must slow down or stop to avoid crashing with them. Fines apply if you do not obey
these signs.
Stock may be crossing ahead

Warning triangles for crashes and breakdowns

Vehicles with a GVM over 12 tonnes must place a minimum of three warning triangles in
breakdown situations.

Variable message signs

Variable Message Signs are large electronic signs placed on the side of some roads.

They display messages to warn motorists of changes in normal traffic conditions on the
road ahead, such as fog, crashes, road works, congestion and road closures.

These early warnings help provide a safe and efficient traffic flow.
Variable message sign

3.2.Motorway signs
Motorway signs give information about the start and end of a motorway and the exits from
a motorway.

Left image: These signs indicate the start of a motorway. Right image: These signs indicate the end of a
motorway.
Left image: Exit from motorway in 2km. Right image: Exit from motorway now.

Priority for buses

In a built-up area a bus that has a GIVE WAY sign displayed and signals its intention to
pull out from its stopping place, has priority over other traffic, travelling in the left lane or
left line of traffic.

Temporary roadwork signs

These signs are used at roadworks. Slow down, look out for any hazards and be prepared
to stop. You must obey any signal from a traffic controller and give way to any worker.

Speed limit signs at work zones are enforceable and must be obeyed.

Left sign:Traffic controller ahead be prepared to stop(night).Centre sign:Traffic controller ahead be

prepared to stop. Right sign:Workers ahead (day)

Left sign:Approaching roadworks, slow down and be prepared to stop. Right sign: End road work.
Left image: These signs are held by traffic controllers. You must obey them. Right image: Slow down and
prepare to stop.

Left image: Road hazard ahead. Merge lanes. Right image: Temporary traffic lights in place, stop here on
red signal.

Left sign: No lines marked on road. Take care if overtaking. Right sign: Closed lane ahead.
Left sign: Watch out for loose stones. Right sign: 40km/h speed limit for road work.

Roundabouts
Signs identifying roundabouts
Signs indicate that there is a roundabout ahead, and that you must give way to vehicles on the
roundabout.

Making turns and giving way at roundabouts

The diagram shows how to indicate and give way at roundabouts:
  Approaching a roundabout: Vehicles entering a roundabout must give way to any vehicle
already in the roundabout.
 Giving way at a roundabout: The driver must slow down and if necessary, stop to avoid a
collision.
 Turning left: On your approach to a roundabout you must select the left lane, signal left, stay
in the left lane to exit.
 Going straight ahead: Do not signal when approaching the roundabout but always signal
left before exiting a roundabout. You may approach the roundabout from either left or right lanes
(unless there are road markings with other instructions), drive in the same lane through the
roundabout and exit in the same lane.
 Turning right: On your approach, to a roundabout you must select the right lane, signal right,
stay in the right lane and signal left before exiting into the right lane.
 Making a U-turn: When you use the roundabout to make a U-turn on your approach signal
right from the right lane, stay in the right lane, but signal left before exiting into the right lane.
 Exiting a roundabout: If practical, you must always signal left when exiting a roundabout.

3.3Road safety

In order to ensure road safety , all participants must pay attention at:
 Alcohol and drugs
 Fatigue
 Speeding
 Mobile phones
 Cyclists,Drivers,Motorcyclists
 Pedestrians,Children and child restraints
 Schools and school zones

Golden rules

A good starting point are the ten Golden Rules for road safety published by the
International Federation of Automobile Clubs (FIA). These rules are in support of the
United Nations’ Decade of Action for Road Safety aimed at reducing road deaths around
the world.

1. Buckle up. Drivers and passengers should always wear a seatbelt. In South Africa it is
also the law that any child under the age of three is in a properly secure car seat.
Wearing a seatbelt greatly reduces the chance of death or serious injury in cra shes.
2. Respect the rules of the road. Road rules are there for everyone, and there to promote
safety. Ignoring the rules of the road is selfish and puts other drivers and risk.
3. Obey the speed limit. Cars are made of metal, pedestrians and children are not.
4. Check your tyres. Worn tyres are extremely dangerous and can cause severe damage if
they burst. Always check your tyres for wear, and the correct inflation, including the
spare.
5. Drive sober. Driving drunk is extremely dangerous and illegal. If you are driv ing drunk
you are a danger on the roads.
6. Protect your children. All children should be seated and buckled up. Younger children
should be seated in car or booster seats and secured properly for the journey, no matter
how short it is.
7. Pay attention. Distracted driving leads to less focus on the road and is extremely
dangerous. Put your cellphone away and focus on the road ahead. No call or text
message is more important than your life or the lives of your passengers and other road
users.
8. Stop when you are tired. Driving while tired has been compared to driving while drunk.
If you are tired, stop and rest. The AA advises all motorists to stop and rest every two
hours or 200km.
9. Wear a helmet. If you drive a motorbike or bicycle wear a helmet – it is a basic safety
necessity.
10. Be courteous and considerate. Everyone wants to be somewhere, and get there as
quickly as possible. Respect other drivers who also have a right to be on the road with
you.

From https://www.rms.nsw.gov.au/roads/safety-rules/road-rules/signs.html
https://www.aa.co.za/insights/ten-golden-rules-for-road-safety