BIOLOGY NOTES

CHAPTER 16: CELLULAR RESPIRATION

SUBTOPIC : 16.1 Types of respiration: aerobic and anaerobic

LEARNING OUTCOMES: (a) State the needs for energy and the role of respiration in living organisms.
(b) Describe aerobic and anaerobic respiration and the requirement for such
conditions.

MAIN IDEAS
EXPLANATION NOTES
/KEY POINT

The __________________ of aerobic and anaerobic

respiration, which involves the _______________ of
Respiration
organic molecules and use an electron transport chain for
the __________________.

Essential to get energy in the form

Function _________________________from ________________
produced by food digestion.

Organelle Mitochondria

Equation and
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
redox reaction

(a) ____________________________ phosphorylation

(b) __________________ phosphorylation (almost 90%
Types of
production of of ATP)
ATP

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MAIN IDEAS
EXPLANATION NOTES
/KEY POINT

(a) Aerobic respiration – A catabolic pathway for

_____________________ such as sugar, using
______________ as the final electron acceptor in an
electron transport chain and ultimately producing
_____________.

Involves 3 stages:
(i) ____________________________ (in cytosol)
(ii) ________________ (in matrix of mitochondrion)
(iii)
2 types of
cellular _______________________________________
respiration _______ (in cristae or inner membrane of
mitochondrion)

(b) Anaerobic respiration – involves _______________of

glucose into carbon dioxide and water and releases
_________energy in the _________________________.

Involves 2 stages:
(i) _____________________________ (in cytosol)
(ii) Fermentation, eg. _____________________
fermentation and ____________________ fermentation

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 BIOLOGY NOTES

CHAPTER 16: CELLULAR RESPIRATION

SUBTOPIC : 16.2 Aerobic respiration

16.2.1 Glycolysis

LEARNING OUTCOMES: Describe the oxidation of glucose which involves glycolysis, Krebs cycle and
oxidative phosphorylation.
(a) Describe glycolysis pathway: (from glucose to pyruvate).
(b) Describe link reaction: (conversion of pyruvate to acetyl coenzyme A).

MAIN
IDEAS /KEY EXPLANATION NOTES
POINT
Meaning - “Splitting of Sugar” because glucose which is a
6-carbon sugar is split into _____________________

Stage 1 : ___________________________________________.
Glycolysis Location – _______________________________________

Condition - _______________________________________

(a) Energy investment phase

- 2 ATP used

- 5 steps:

(1) Phosphorylation of sugar by ATP converts

___________to ___________________ (by ___________).
Releases 1 ADP from 1 ATP. _______ is used.
Refer
Diagram 3
(2) Rearrangement of ___________________ to its isomer
which is ___________________ .

(3) ___________________ is converted to

___________________ (by ___________________).
Releases 1 ADP from 1 ATP. _______ is used.

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 MAIN
IDEAS /KEY EXPLANATION NOTES
POINT

(4) ___________________split into

___________________ (DHAP) & ___________________
(G3P).

(5) Conversion between ___________________ and

___________________ . Never reach equilibrium.

(b) Energy payoff phase

- 4 ATP yield

- 5 steps:
(6) ___________________ is oxidized to
___________________ . NAD+ is reduced to
___________________.

(7) ___________________ is converted to

___________________ . ___________________

Refer phosphorylation occurs which produces

Diagram 4 ___________________ from 2ADP.

(8) ___________________ is converted to

___________________ .

(9) ___________________ is converted to

___________________. Secretes water.
(10) ___________________ is converted to 2
___________________ . ___________________
phosphorylation occurs which produces
___________________ from 2ADP.

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 MAIN
IDEAS /KEY EXPLANATION NOTES
POINT

Products -
__________________________________________
__________________________________________

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+):

- as ________________________
- as ___________________ or ___________________.
- NAD+ (___________________ agent) received electrons
from organic compounds and reduced to NADH + H+
(___________________ agent)

 In the ________________________ . Pyruvate from

Glycolysis enters the mitochondrion by
________________________.
 Occur ________________________ per glucose
molecule.
 Because ________________________ produced
Link
from one molecule of glucose (Glycolysis).
Reactions
1. Decarboxylation
Refer  Enzyme removes ________________________from
Diagram 5
pyruvate and produced
________________________.
Given off as a ________________________.

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 MAIN
IDEAS /KEY EXPLANATION NOTES
POINT
2. Oxidation
 Remaining 2-carbon fragment is oxidized forming
________________________.
 Hydrogen or electrons transferred to
________________________produce
________________________.

3. Attachment of CoA
 Finally ________________________ attached to
________________________ forming
________________________
 ________________________enters the Krebs cycle.

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 BIOLOGY NOTES

CHAPTER 16: CELLULAR RESPIRATION

SUBTOPIC : 16.2 Aerobic respiration
16.2.2 Krebs cycle
LEARNING OUTCOMES: Describe the oxidation of glucose which involves glycolysis, Krebs cycle and
oxidative phosphorylation
(a) Describe Krebs cycle:
(oxaloacetate > citrate > isocitrate > -ketoglutarate > succinyl CoA > succinate >
fumarate > malate).

MAIN IDEAS
EXPLANATION NOTES
/KEY POINT
 Also known as ________________________or
________________________
 Occur in ________________________in eukaryotic cells
and in the ________________________of prokaryotes.
 Generating
____________________________________________
per turn.
 ________________________ and
________________________ produced by the cycle
Stage 2 : relay electrons extracted from food to the
Krebs cycle ________________________.

Refer
Diagram 6 - 8 steps:
1. The acetyl group (2C) of acetyl CoA joins the cycle by
combining with ________________________ (4C)
forming ________________________ (6C).
2. ________________________ (6C) will change to its
isomer, ________________________ (6C). By removal
& addition of water.
3. Isocitrate is oxidized by NAD+. NAD+ reduced to NADH.
Release ________________________ forming
________________________ .

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MAIN IDEAS
EXPLANATION NOTES
/KEY POINT
Process : ________________________
4. ________________________ (5C) is oxidized by NAD+
.NAD+ is reduced to NADH. Release
________________________. Remaining molecule is
then attached to ________________________
forming ________________________ (4C).
Process : ________________________
5. CoA is displaced by phosphate group, which is
transferred to GDP forming GTP. GTP transferred
phosphate group to ADP. Forming ATP by
________________________ and producing
________________________ (4C).
6. ________________________ (4C) is oxidized to
________________________ (4C). Two hydrogens are
transferred to FAD forming FADH2.
7. Addition of H2O molecule rearranges bonds in the
________________________ (4C) forming
________________________4C).
8. ________________________ (4C) is oxidized, reducing
NAD+ to NADH. Regenerating
________________________ (4C).
9. The cycle repeat.
Products:
One turn of cycle Twice turn of cycle
(1 molecule of pyruvate) (1 molecule of glucose)
 __ CO2.  __ CO2.
 __ (NADH + H+)  __ (NADH + H+)
 __ FADH2  __ FADH2
 __ ATP (by  __ ATP (by
(___________________ (__________________
Phosphorylation) Phosphorylation)

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 BIOLOGY NOTES

CHAPTER 16: CELLULAR RESPIRATION

SUBTOPIC : 16.2 Aerobic respiration

16.2.3 Oxidative Phosphorylation: Electron Transport Chain and chemiosmosis
LEARNING OUTCOMES: Describe the oxidation of glucose which involves glycolysis, Krebs cycle and
oxidative phosphorylation
(a) describe electron transport chain: The pathway of electron transport is NADH
dehydrogenase, Ubiquinone /CoQ, cyt c reductase, cyt c, cyt c oxidase.
(b) explain chemiosmosis : proton motive force.
(c) explain complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose in active cells.
MAIN IDEAS
EXPLANATION NOTES
/KEY POINT
Definition:
Stage 3 :
The ________________________ through combination of
Oxidative
________________________ (Hydrogen ions) by Electron
Phosphorylation Transport Chain and the action of ________________________.

 Definition: A sequence of ________________________

(membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons down a series of
________________________ that release energy used to
make ATP.
 Hydrogen atoms carried by
________________________and
Electron
Transport Chain ________________________ the source of electrons.
(ETC)  These two electron carriers ________________________
to the electron transport chain.
Refer Diagram 7
 The electron transport chain is in the
________________________ of the mitochondrion.
 The chain’s components are proteins which exist in
multiprotein complexes
 Used to transport a pair of electrons from NADH + H+ and
FADH2.
 The carriers alternate reduced and oxidized states as they

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MAIN IDEAS
EXPLANATION NOTES
/KEY POINT
accept and donate electrons.
 Electrons drop in free energy as they go down the chain
and are finally passed to O2, forming H2O.
 1 NADH + H+ transfer a pair of hydrogen atom generates
____ ATP.
 1 FADH2 , transfer a pair of hydrogen atom generates
____ ATP.
 Electron carrier in Electron Transport Chain:

Electron Carrier Function

Complex I – Transfer electron from
NADH + H+ to Coenzyme
______________________ Q.
Complex II – Transfer electron from
FADH2 to Coenzyme Q.
______________________
Coenzyme Q/CoQ Transfer electrons to
(ubiquinone) – Cytochrome bc1.

______________________
Complex III – Transfer electrons to
Cytochrome c.
______________________
______________________
Cytochrome c – Transfer electrons to
Cytochrome oxidase.
______________________
Complex IV – Transfer electrons to O2,
forming H2O.
______________________

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MAIN IDEAS
EXPLANATION NOTES
/KEY POINT
HOW THE ENERGY FROM ELECTRON TRANSFER IS
UTILIZED TO FORM ATP?
NADH + H+

- NADH + H+ passes ______________________ (Complex I).

NADH+H+ are oxidized to NAD+. At one point, hydrogen atoms
split to form proton and electrons.

- ______________________ (CoQ) then passes the electrons to

______________________ (Complex III - reductase).

-The electron is then carried by ______________________, to the

______________________ (Complex IV). Cytochrome oxidase
passed electron to ______________________.

- Oxygen as a ______________________. Each oxygen then

combines with ______________________ to form water.

½ O2 + 2e- + 2H+ H2O

FADH2
- FADH2 is formed in the Krebs cycle in the oxidation of succinate
to fumarate passes or lose of hydrogen and its electron to
______________________ (Complex II).

- Transfer the electrons to ______________________ (Complex

III), ______________________ (Complex IV). Cytochrome
oxidase passed electron to ______________________.

- Oxygen as a final electron acceptor. Each oxygen then combines

with ______________________ to form water.

½ O2 + 2e- + 2H+ H2O

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 MAIN IDEAS
EXPLANATION NOTES
/KEY POINT
 Definition: The production ______________________
across a membrane, driven by a ______________________
 What is ATP Synthase?
- A membrane-bound enzyme in
______________________ and
______________________ that uses the energy of protons
flowing through it to synthesize ATP.

 How does the mitochondrion couple this electron transport

and energy release to ATP synthesis?
Answer: ______________________

- The chain uses the exergonic flow of electron to

___________ from the ______________________ to the

Chemiosmosis ______________________ of mitochondrion.

- Concentration of H+ is higher in
Refer Diagram 7 ______________________.

- High H+ concentration also tend to drive back H+ in the

mitochondrial matrix by diffusion.

- The H+ gradient results is referred to as a

______________________

- Most of protons that re-enter the matrix instead pass

through ______________________.

- ATP Synthase uses the energy of the

______________________to catalyse the synthesis of
______________________ from ADP and Pi.

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 MAIN IDEAS
EXPLANATION NOTES
/KEY POINT
 During cellular respiration, most energy flows in this
sequence:
Glucose  NADH  electron transport chain  proton-
motive force  ATP

Process ATP produce

Glycolysis: Glucose into ___ ATP (Substrate Level
pyruvate Phosphorylation)
Complete Glycolysis: 2 (NADH +
oxidation of one H+) ___ ATP or
molecule of (Glycerol shuttle = 4 ATP) ___ ATP
glucose (Malate shuttle = 6 ATP)
In Active Cells
Link Reaction: Pyruvate ___ ATP
Refer Diagram 8
(2) to acetyl CoA yield 2
(NADH + H+)
Krebs Cycle: ___ ATP
2 GTP = ___ ATP
6 (NADH + H+) = ___
ATP
2 (FADH2) = ___ ATP
TOTAL ___ or ___ ATP

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 BIOLOGY NOTES

CHAPTER 16: CELLULAR RESPIRATION

SUBTOPIC : 16.3 Anaerobic respiration
LEARNING OUTCOMES: (a) Explain what is meant by fermentation.
(b) State the importance of fermentation in industry.
i. bakery ii. wine, beverage and alcohol production iii. dairy industry - cheese
and yoghurt iv. local examples

MAIN IDEAS
EXPLANATION NOTES
/KEY POINT
 Most cellular respiration requires O2 to produce ATP.
 ________________, the electron transport chain will
cease to operate.
 In that case, glycolysis couples with fermentation or
anaerobic respiration to produce ATP.
 Less efficient than aerobic respiration.
 Only produce ________________ per glucose
molecule.
 Definition
Anaerobic Respiration
- A ______________________ in which inorganic
Fermentation molecules (Sulfate) other than oxygen accept electrons
at the 'downhill' end of ______________________.
(Campbell, 9th edition)
Fermentation
- A ______________________ that makes a limited
amount of ATP from glucose (or other organic
molecules) without ______________________ and
that produces a characteristic end product, such as
______________________or
______________________. (Campbell, 9th edition)

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MAIN IDEAS
EXPLANATION NOTES
/KEY POINT
Types of Alcoholic Fermentation
fermentation
 CO2 is released from the pyruvate (3C), converting
Refer Diagram pyruvate into ______________________ (2C).
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 Acetaldehyde (2C) reduced by
______________________to
______________________ (2C).
 Importance : Fermentation by yeast (a fungus) is used
in ______________________.

Refer Diagram Lactate Fermentation

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 Pyruvate is reduced by ______________________,
forming ______________________ as an end product,
with no release of ______________________.
 Importance: By some fungi and bacteria is used to
make ______________________. Human muscle cells
use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2
is scarce.

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MAIN IDEAS
EXPLANATION
/KEY POINT
Differences Aerobic respiration
aerobic
respiration & Need the ____________ as
anaerobic a final electron acceptor
respiration
(fermentation). ____________ glucose
oxidation
Produce ____________
More energy per glucose
released.
____________ occurs,
produce many ATP (___
@___ATP)
Involve ____________
Reduced products formed :
____________
Immediate fate of electron
in NADH + H+ :
Transferred to
____________
Mechanism of ATP
Synthesis:
____________________
Terminal electron acceptor
of electron transport chain
is ____________.
NOTES
Fermentation
No need ____________
Not complete
Produce energy,
____________ (animal),
____________in yeast.
Less energy released
No ____________,
___ATP produce
Only ____________, no
Krebs cycle
Reduced products formed:
Reduced organic
compounds
(____________and
____________)
Immediate fate of electron
in NADH + H+ :
Transferred to
____________
Mechanism of ATP
Synthesis:
____________________
No electron transport
chain
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 BIOLOGY DIAGRAM
1. Label the structures in Diagram 1

Diagram 1

2. Label the structures in Diagram 2

Diagram 2

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3. Fill in the blanks in Diagram 3.

Diagram 3

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4. Fill in the blanks in Diagram 4.

Diagram 4

5. Fill in the blanks in Diagram 5.

Diagram 5

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6. Fill in the blanks in Diagram 6.

Diagram 6

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7. Fill in the blanks in Diagram 7.

Diagram 7

a h 1
b i 2
c j 3
d k 4
e l 5
f
g

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8. Fill in the blanks in Diagram 8.

Diagram 8

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9. Fill in the blanks in Diagram 9. Complete the diagram by writing the names of the pathways in the
ovals and the names of the molecules in the boxes.

Diagram 9

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10. Fill in the blanks in Diagram 10.

________________ fermentation

Diagram 10

11. Fill in the blanks in Diagram 11.

________________ fermentation

Diagram 11

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