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Definition of Properties of
Materials and Testing Engineering Materials
INTRODUCTION
Physical Properties
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It is the ratio of the material weight to the material volume. A ratio of solid density of material and density of distilled water at a
𝑊 temperature of 4˚C. It is the other term for relative density
𝛾= 𝑉
or 𝛾 = 𝜌𝑔 𝜌𝑠
𝐺𝑠 =
Where the weight of the body is the mass of the body multiplied to 𝜌𝑤
the acceleration due to gravity. Where
𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝜌𝑤 = 1 𝑜𝑟 1000
𝑚𝑙 𝑚3
It is the ratio of the volume of the spaces in the material to the over It is the ratio between the size of voids to the volume of solid
all volume. material.
𝑉𝑣 𝑉𝑣
𝑛= 𝑒=
𝑉 𝑉𝑠
Where Where
𝑉𝑣 − 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑑𝑠 𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑠
It denotes the ability of the material to absorb and retain water. It is The properties of building materials are greatly influenced when
expressed as the percentage in weight or of the volume of dry saturated. The ratio of compressive strength of material saturated
material. with water to that in dry state is known as coefficient of softening
𝑀𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝑀𝑑𝑟𝑦 and describes the water resistance of materials. For materials like
𝑊𝑤 = 𝑥100
𝑀 𝑑𝑟𝑦 clay which soak readily it is zero, whereas for materials like glass and
𝑉𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝑉𝑑𝑟𝑦 metals it is one. Materials with coefficient of softening less than 0.8
𝑊𝑣 = 𝑥100 should not be recommended in the situations permanently exposed
𝑉𝑑𝑟𝑦
to the action of moisture.
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It is the ability of a material to endure alternate wet and dry It is the capacity of a material to allow water to penetrate under
conditions for a long period without considerable deformation and pressure. Materials like glass, steel and bitumen are impervious.
loss of mechanical strength.
Frost Resistance
Mechanical Properties
The properties which relate to material behavior under applied A material is brittle if, when subjected to stress, it breaks without
forces define as mechanical properties. significant plastic deformation. Brittle materials absorb relatively little
energy prior to fracture, even those of high strength. Breaking is
The common mechanical properties: Tensile strength, compressive
often accompanied by a snapping sound.
strength, rigidity, hardness. Creep, fatigue, and others
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The bulk modulus (K or B) of a substance is a measure of how Compressive strength or compression strength is the capacity of a
incompressible/resistant to compressibility that substance is. It is material or structure to withstand loads tending to reduce size, as
defined as the ratio of the infinitesimal pressure increase to the opposed to tensile strength, which withstands loads tending to
resulting relative decrease of the volume. elongate. In other words, compressive strength resists compression
(being pushed together), whereas tensile strength resists tension
(being pulled apart).
Creep Ductility
In materials science, creep (sometimes called cold flow) is the In materials science, ductility is a solid material's ability to deform
tendency of a solid material to move slowly or deform permanently under tensile stress; this is often characterized by the material's ability
under the influence of mechanical stresses. It can occur as a result to be stretched into a wire. Malleability, a similar property, is a
of long-term exposure to high levels of stress that are still below the material's ability to deform under compressive stress; this is often
yield strength of the material. Creep is more severe in materials that characterized by the material's ability to form a thin sheet by
are subjected to heat for long periods, and generally increases as hammering or rolling.
they near their melting point.
Durability Elasticity
Durability is the ability of a product to perform its required function elasticity is the ability of a body to resist a distorting influence or
over a lengthy period under normal conditions of use without deforming force and to return to its original size and shape when
excessive expenditure on maintenance or repair. that influence or force is removed.
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Fatigue limit, endurance limit, and fatigue strength are all In mechanics, the flexural modulus or bending modulus is an
expressions used to describe a property of materials: the amplitude intensive property that is computed as the ratio of stress to strain in
(or range) of cyclic stress that can be applied to the material flexural deformation, or the tendency for a material to bend.
without causing fatigue failure.
Flexural strength, also known as modulus of rupture, or bend In materials science, fracture toughness is a property which
strength, or transverse rupture strength is a material property, describes the ability of a material containing a crack to resist
defined as the stress in a material just before it yields in a flexure test. fracture, and is one of the most important properties of any material
for many design applications.
Hardness is a measure of how resistant solid matter is to various kinds Poisson's ratio, denoted υ (nu) and named after Siméon Poisson, is
of permanent shape change when a compressive force is applied. the signed ratio of transverse strain to axial strain. For small values of
Some materials (e.g. metals) are harder than others (e.g. plastics). these changes, nu is the amount of transversal expansion divided
by the amount of axial compression.
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In material science, resilience is the ability of a material to absorb In materials science, shear modulus or modulus of rigidity, denoted
energy when it is deformed elastically, and release that energy by G, or sometimes S or μ, is defined as the ratio of shear stress to the
upon unloading. Proof resilience is defined as the maximum energy shear strain.
that can be absorbed up to the elastic limit, without creating a
permanent distortion. The modulus of resilience is defined as the
maximum energy that can be absorbed per unit volume without
creating a permanent distortion.
Shear strength is the strength of a material or component against The specific strength is a material's strength (force per unit area at
the type of yield or structural failure where the material or failure) divided by its density. It is also known as the strength-to-
component fails in shear. weight ratio or strength/weight ratio. In fiber or textile applications,
tenacity is the usual measure of specific strength.
Toughness Viscosity
In materials science and metallurgy, toughness is the ability of a The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to gradual
material to absorb energy and plastically deform without fracturing. deformation by shear stress or tensile stress. For liquids, it corresponds
It is also defined as a material's resistance to fracture when stressed. to the informal concept of "thickness"; for example, honey has a
much higher viscosity than water.
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Yield Strength