PI

STON

KTUStudents.in
Api
stoni
sacomponentofr
eci
procat
ingengi
nes,
reci
procat
ingpumps,
gas
compr
essor
sand pneumat
iccy
li
nder
s,among ot
hersi
mil
armechani
sms.I
tist
he
mov
ingcomponentt
hati
scont
ainedbyacy
li
nderandi
smadegas-
ti
ghtbypi
stonr
ings.
I
nanengi
ne,i
tspur
posei
stot
ransf
erf
orcef
rom expandi
nggasi
nthecy
li
ndert
othe
cr
ankshaf
tvi
aapi
stonr
odand/
orconnect
ingr
od.I
napump,t
hef
unct
ioni
srev
ersed
and f
orce i
str
ansf
err
ed f
rom t
he cr
ankshaf
ttot
he pi
ston f
ort
he pur
pose of
compr
essi
ngorej
ect
ingt
hef
lui
dint
hecy
li
nder
.Insomeengi
nes,t
hepi
stonal
soact
s
asav
alv
ebycov
eri
nganduncov
eri
ngpor
tsi
nthecy
li
nderwal
l
.

For more study materials: WWW.KTUSTUDENTS.IN

KTUStudents.in
PI
STONRI
NGS

A pi
stonr
ingi
saspl
i
tri
ngt
hatf
it
sint
oagr
oov
eont
heout
erdi
amet
erofa
pi
stoni
nar
eci
procat
ingengi
nesuchasani
nter
nal
combust
ionengi
neorst
eam engi
ne.
Thet
hreemai
nfunct
ionsofpi
stonr
ingsi
nreci
procat
ingengi
nesar
e:

1.Seal
i
ngt
hecombust
ionchambersot
hatt
her
eismi
nimal
lossofgasest
othe
cr
ank
case.

For more study materials: WWW.KTUSTUDENTS.IN

 2.I
mpr
ovi
ngheatt
ransf
erf
rom t
hepi
stont
othecy
li
nderwal
l
.
3.Regul
ati
ngengi
neoi
lconsumpt
ionbyscr
api
ngoi
lfr
om t
hecy
li
nderwal
l
sbackt
o
t
hesump.
Thegapi
nthepi
stonr
ingcompr
essest
oaf
ewt
housandt
hsofani
nchwheni
nsi
de
t
hecy
li
nderbor
e.Pi
stonr
ingsar
eamaj
orf
act
ori
nident
if
yingi
fanengi
nei
stwost
roke
orf
ourst
roke.Thr
eepi
stonr
ingssuggestt
hati
tisaf
ourst
rokeengi
newhi
l
etwopi
ston
r
ingssuggestt
hati
tisat
wost
rokeengi
ne.Mostpi
stonr
ingsar
emadeofav
eryhar
d
andsomewhatbr
it
tl
ecasti
ron.

PI
STONPI
N

I
n i
nter
nalcombust
ionengi
nes,t
he 
gudgeon (
wri
stpi
n) 
connect
sthe 
pist
on 
to
t
heconnect
ingr
odandpr
ovi
desabear
ingf
ort
heconnect
ingr
odt
opi
votuponast
he
pi
stonmov
e.Thegudgeonpi
nist
ypi
cal
l
ya 
for
ged 
shor
thol
l
ow r
odmadeofast
eel
al
l
oyofhi
ghst
rengt
hand 
har
dness 
thatmaybephy
sical
l
ysepar
atedf
rom bot
hthe

KTUStudents.in
connect
ingr
odandpi
ston.Thegudgeonpi
nhast
ooper
ateundersomeoft
hehi
ghest
t
emper
atur
esexper
iencedi
ntheengi
ne,
wit
hdi
ff
icul
ti
esi
n l
ubr
icat
ion 
duet
oit
slocat
ion,
whi
l
eremai
ningsmal
landl
i
ghtsoast
ofi
tint
othepi
stondi
amet
erandnotundul
yadd
t
othe 
reci
procat
ingmass.Ther
equi
rement
sforl
i
ght
nessandcompact
nessdemanda
smal
ldi
amet
err
odt
hati
ssubj
ectt
oheav
y shear
 and 
bendi
ng 
l
oads,wi
thsomeoft
he
hi
ghestpr
essur
eloadi
ngsofanybear
ingi
nthewhol
eengi
ne.Toov
ercomet
hese
pr
obl
ems,t
hemat
eri
alsusedt
omaket
hegudgeonpi
nandt
hewayi
tismanuf
act
ured
ar
eamongstt
hemosthi
ghl
yengi
neer
edofanymechani
cal
componentf
oundi
nint
ernal
combust
ionengi
nes.

Gudgeonpi
nsuset
wobr
oaddesi
gnconf
igur
ati
ons:
semi
-f
loat
ingandf
ull
y
f
loat
ing

Semi
-f
loat
ing
I
nthesemi
-f
loat
ingconf
igur
ati
on,
thepi
nisusual
l
yfi
xedr
elat
ivet
othepi
stonby
an 
i
nter
fer
encef
it
 wi
tht
he 
j
our
nal
 
int
hepi
ston.The 
connect
ingr
od 
smal
lend 
bear
ing
t
husact
sast
hebear
ingal
one.I
nthi
sconf
igur
ati
on,
onl
ythesmal
lendbear
ingr
equi
res
abear
ingsur
face

For more study materials: WWW.KTUSTUDENTS.IN

KTUStudents.in
Ful
l
yf

smal
l
oat
I
nt
ing
hef
ul
lendey
l
yfl
oat
ingconf
i
eandgudgeonpi
gur
at
nandt
i
on,abear
hej
our
nali
i
nt
ngsur
hepi
f
st
acei
scr
eat
edbot
hbet
weent
on.Thegudgeonpi
nsar
e
he

usual
l
ysecur
edwi
th 
cir
cli
ps.Noi
nter
fer
encef
iti
susedi
nanyi
nst
anceandt
hepi
n
'
fl
oat
s'ent
ir
elyonbear
ingsur
faces.Theav
erager
ubbi
ngspeedofeachoft
het
hree
bear
ingsi
shal
vedandt
hel
oadi
sshar
edacr
ossabear
ingt
hati
susual
l
yaboutt
hree
t
imest
hel
engt
hoft
hesemi
-f
loat
ingdesi
gnwi
thani
nter
fer
encef
itwi
tht
hepi
ston.

CONNECTI
NGROD

I
nar
eci
procat
ingpi
stonengi
ne,t
heconnect
ingr
odorconr
odconnect
sthe
pi
ston t
othe cr
ank orcr
ankshaf
t.Toget
herwi
tht
hecr
ank,t
hey f
orm a si
mpl
e
mechani
sm t
hatconv
ert
sreci
procat
ingmot
ioni
ntor
otat
ingmot
ion.

Connect
ing r
ods may al
so conv
ert r
otat
ingmot
ion i
nto
r
eci
procat
ingmot
ion.Hi
stor
ical
l
y,bef
oret
hedev
elopmentofengi
nes,t
heywer
efi
rst
usedi
nthi
sway
.Asaconnect
ingr
odi
sri
gid,
itmayt
ransmi
tei
therapushorapul
land

For more study materials: WWW.KTUSTUDENTS.IN

sot
her
odmayr
otat
ethecr
ankt
hroughbot
hhal
vesofar
evol
uti
on,i
.e.pi
stonpushi
ng
andpi
stonpul
l
ing.Ear
li
ermechani
sms,suchaschai
ns,coul
donl
ypul
l
.Inaf
ew t
wo-
st
rokeengi
nes,
theconnect
ingr
odi
sonl
yrequi
redt
opush.

Today
,connect
ingr
odsar
ebestknownt
hrought
hei
rusei
nint
ernalcombust
ion
pi
stonengi
nes,suchasaut
omot
iveengi
nes.Thesear
eofadi
sti
nct
lydi
ff
erentdesi
gn
f
rom ear
li
erf
ormsofconnect
ingr
ods,
usedi
nst
eam engi
nesandst
eam l
ocomot
ives.

KTUStudents.in
CRANKSHAFT

Acr
ankshaf
trel
atedt
ocr
anki
samechani
cal
par
tabl
etoper
for
m aconv
ersi
on
bet
weenr
eci
procat
ingmot
ionandr
otat
ional
mot
ion.I
nar
eci
procat
ingengi
ne,
it
t
ransl
atesr
eci
procat
ingmot
ionoft
hepi
stoni
ntor
otat
ional
mot
ion;
wher
easi
na
r
eci
procat
ingcompr
essor
,itconv
ert
sther
otat
ional
mot
ioni
ntor
eci
procat
ingmot
ion.I
n
or
dert
odot
heconv
ersi
onbet
weent
womot
ions,
thecr
ankshaf
thas"
crankt
hrows"or
"
crankpi
ns"
,addi
ti
onal
bear
ingsur
faceswhoseaxi
sisof
fsetf
rom t
hatoft
hecr
ank,
to
whi
cht
he"
bigends"oft
heconnect
ingr
odsf
rom eachcy
li
nderat
tach.

For more study materials: WWW.KTUSTUDENTS.IN

 I
tist
ypi
cal
l
yconnect
edt
oaf
lywheel
tor
educet
hepul
sat
ionchar
act
eri
sti
coft
he
f
our
-st
rokecy
cle,
andsomet
imesat
orsi
onal
orv
ibr
ati
onal
damperatt
heopposi
teend,
t
oreducet
het
orsi
onal
vibr
ati
onsof
tencausedal
ongt
hel
engt
hoft
hecr
ankshaf
tbyt
he
cy
li
nder
sfar
thestf
rom t
heout
putendact
ingont
het
orsi
onal
elast
ici
tyoft
hemet
al

KTUStudents.in
CAMSHAFT

Thecamshaf
t’
smaj
orf
unct
ioni
stooper
atet
hev
alv
etr
ain.Cam shapeor
cont
ouri
sthemaj
orf
act
ori
ndet
ermi
ningt
heoper
ati
ngchar
act
eri
sti
csoft
heengi
ne.
Thel
obesont
hecamshaf
topent
hev
alv
esagai
nstt
hef
orceoft
hev
alv
espr
ings.The
camshaf
tlobechangesr
otar
ymot
ion(
camshaf
t)t
oli
nearmot
ion(
val
ves)
.Cam l
obe
shapehasmor
econt
rol
overengi
neper
for
mancechar
act
eri
sti
cst
handoesanyot
her
si
ngl
eengi
nepar
t.Engi
nesi
dent
ical
inev
erywayexceptcam l
obeshapemayhav
e
compl
etel
ydi
ff
erentoper
ati
ngchar
act
eri
sti
csandper
for
mance.

Thecamshaf
tmayal
sooper
atet
hef
oll
owi
ng:

■Mechani
cal
fuel
pump

■Oi
lpump

For more study materials: WWW.KTUSTUDENTS.IN

■Di
str
ibut
or

ENGI
NEVALVES

KTUStudents.in
Thev
alv
ear
rangementi
nanengi
necont
rol
sthei
nandoutmov
ement
sofchar
ge
andexhaustgasesi
nthecy
li
nder
sinr
elat
iont
othepi
stonposi
ti
onsi
nthei
rbor
es.Now-
a-
day
s,t
hisi
slocat
edi
nthecy
li
nderheadonal
ltheengi
nes.Amongt
hecommonl
y
usedsl
eev
e,sl
i
ding,r
otar
y,andpoppett
ypev
alv
es,t
hepoppet
-val
vei
smostcommon
because t
his of
fer
sreasonabl
e wei
ght
,good st
rengt
h and good heatt
ransf
er
char
act
eri
sti
cs.Themostpopul
arshapeoft
hepoppet
-val
vef
oraut
omobi
l
eappl
i
cat
ion

uses

asmal
lcupatoneendoft
hest
em.Thev
alv
est
em i
spl
acedi
nagui
dehol
emade
cent
ral
l
yinaci
rcul
arpassagei
nthecy
li
nderhead.Thev
alv
edi
scheadopensand

For more study materials: WWW.KTUSTUDENTS.IN

cl
osest
hepor
tedpassagel
eadi
ngt
othecy
li
nderdur
ingi
nandoutmov
ementoft
he
st
em

KTUStudents.in
FLYWHEEL

Af
lywheeli
sani
ner
ti
alener
gy-
stor
agedev
ice.I
tabsor
bsmechani
calener
gyand
ser
vesasar
eser
voi
r,st
ori
ngener
gydur
ingt
heper
iodwhent
hesuppl
yofener
gyi
s
mor
ethant
her
equi
rementandr
eleasesi
tdur
ingt
heper
iodwhent
her
equi
rementof
ener
gyi
smor
ethant
hesuppl
y.Fl
ywheel
s-Funct
ionneedandOper
ati
onThemai
n
f
unct
ionofaf
lywheeli
stosmoot
henoutv
ari
ati
onsi
nthespeedofashaf
tcausedby
t
orquef
luct
uat
ions.I
fthesour
ceoft
hedr
ivi
ngt
orqueorl
oadt
orquei
sfl
uct
uat
ingi
n
nat
ure,t
henaf
lywheeli
susual
l
ycal
l
edf
or.Manymachi
neshav
eloadpat
ter
nst
hat
causet
het
orquet
imef
unct
iont
ovar
yov
ert
hecy
cle.I
nter
nalcombust
ionengi
neswi
th
oneort
wocy
li
nder
sar
eat
ypi
calexampl
e.Pi
stoncompr
essor
s,punchpr
esses,r
ock
cr
usher
set
c.ar
etheot
hersy
stemst
hathav
efl
ywheel
.Fl
ywheelabsor
bsmechani
cal
ener
gybyi
ncr
easi
ngi
tsangul
arv
eloci
tyanddel
i
ver
sthest
oredener
gybydecr
easi
ngi
ts
v
eloci
ty

For more study materials: WWW.KTUSTUDENTS.IN

KTUStudents.in
Desi
gnPar
amet
ers

Fl
ywheel
iner
ti
a(si
ze)neededdi
rect
lydependsupont
heaccept
abl
echangesi
nthe
speed.

Speedf
luct
uat
ionThechangei
ntheshaf
tspeeddur
ingacy
clei
scal
l
edt
hespeed
f
luct
uat
ionandi
sequal
toωmax-ωmin

Fl
=ω max−ω min

Wecannor
mal
i
zet
hist
oadi
mensi
onl
essr
ati
obydi
vi
dingi
tbyt
heav
erageornomi
nal
shaf
tspeed(
ωav
e).

MPFI

MPFiorMul
ti
poi
ntFuelI
nject
ioncanbeconsi
der
edast
heanal
ogofCDRii
n
pet
rol
engi
nes.I
tisdi
ff
erentf
rom CRDi
int
hesenseoft
heamountofpr
essur
eusedand
t
hef
actt
hati
t’
susedf
orpet
rol(
gasol
i
neengi
nes.
)Bef
oreMPFisy
stem wasi
nvent
ed,
Car
bur
erat
ors(
pur
elymechani
calengi
nes)wer
eused.Acar
bur
erat
orconsi
stedofa

For more study materials: WWW.KTUSTUDENTS.IN

si
ngl
echamberi
nwhi
chpet
rolandai
rwer
emi
xedi
naf
ixedr
ati
oandt
hensentt
o
cy
li
nder
sforcombust
ion t
o pr
oduce power
.Thi
s sy
stem i
s pur
elya mechani
cal
machi
newi
thl
i
ttl
eornoi
ntel
l
igence.I
twasnotv
eryef
fi
cienti
nbur
ningpet
rol
;i
twoul
d
of
tenbur
nmor
epet
rolt
hanneededatt
imesandwoul
dcauseal
otofpol
l
uti
on.MPFi
emer
gedasanexcel
l
entwayt
orepl
acet
hecar
bur
erat
or.I
nMPFisy
stem,
eachcy
li
nder
hasonei
nject
or(
whi
chmakesi
tmul
ti
-poi
nt)
.Eachoft
heseI
nject
orsar
econt
rol
l
edbya
smal
lmi
cro-
processor
,whi
chkeepst
ell
i
ngeachI
nject
orabouthowmuchpet
rolandat
whatt
imei
tneedst
oinj
ectneart
hecy
li
ndersot
hatonl
yther
equi
redamountofpet
rol
goesi
ntot
hecy
li
nderatt
her
ightmoment
.Themi
cro-
processorhasanumberof
sensor
stokeept
rackoft
het
emper
atur
eoft
heEngi
ne,t
heSpeedoft
heEngi
ne,t
he
l
oadont
heEngi
ne,
thecur
rentst
ateoft
heengi
ne,
theamountofoxy
gencomi
ngoutof
exhaustpi
pes ort
he amountofai
rpr
essur
e neart
he cy
li
nder
s.Based on t
hese
obser
vat
ionst
heMPFi
syst
em deci
deshowmuchf
uel
shoul
dbei
nject
edi
.et
heamount
ofpet
rolt
hatshoul
dgoi
ntomaket
hev
ehi
clef
uelef
fi
cient
.Thi
stechnol
ogyconsi
stsof

KTUStudents.in
t
hef
oll
owi
ngpar
ts:

For more study materials: WWW.KTUSTUDENTS.IN

1.I
nject
ors

2.Fuel
Rai
l

3.Fuel
pump

4.Fuel
Pressur
eCensor

5.ECU

6.Sensor
s

7.Fuel
pressur
eregul
ator

ADVANTAGES

KTUStudents.in
•I
ncr
easedFuel
accor
dingt
ot
Economy
:CRDi
heneedoft
hev
andMPFi
ehi
cle.
engi
Ther
ei
nesef
shi
fi
ci
ghout
ent
lymanagef
putev
enatl
owr
uel
pm.
consumpt
ion

•ReducedNoi
se:
Theengi
nedoesnotpr
oduceanysoundunl
i
ket
hecar
bur
erat
orsas
t
her
ear
ereducedv
ibr
ati
onswhi
chl
eadt
otheengi
ner
unni
ngsmoot
hly
.

•Lesspol
l
uti
on:
Eff
ici
entcombust
ionoft
hef
uel
leadst
oreducedsmoke,
par
ti
cul
ates
andexhaustwhi
chensur
esl
esspol
l
uti
oni
ncomapr
isi
ont
opur
elymechani
cal
engi
nes
(
car
bur
erat
ors)
.

DI
SADVANTAGES

•I
ncr
easedCost
:ThecostofCRDi
andMPFi
technol
ogyi
smor
eascompar
edt
o
car
bur
erat
orsduet
othehi
ghpr
essur
epumpsusedandt
heengi
neCont
rol
Uni
t(ECU)

•Cannotbeusedi
ncar
bur
erat
ors:
Thi
stechnol
ogycannotbeappl
i
edt
opur
ely
mechani
cal
engi
nesi
.ecar
bur
erat
ors.

For more study materials: WWW.KTUSTUDENTS.IN

•Spar
epar
tsandmai
ntenance:
Spar
epar
tsandmai
ntenancei
smor
eexpensi
vet
han
pur
elymechani
cal
engi
nes(
car
bur
erat
ors)duet
othet
echnol
ogyusedi
nCRDi
andMPFi
.

CRDI

CRDiorCommon Rai
lDi
rectI
nject
ion i
s used i
n di
eselengi
nes f
orbet
ter
per
for
manceandef
fi
ci
ency
.TheconceptofCommonRai
lInj
ect
ionf
ir
stbegani
nJapan
i
nthemi
d1990’
sundert
heDensoCor
p.Af
terext
ensi
ver
esear
chbyt
heFI
ATgr
oup,
the
f
inaldesi
gnwasacqui
redbyt
heger
mangr
oupBoschf
ormasspr
oduct
ion.I
nCRDi
,the
f
uelsy
stem component
sar
emor
eint
ell
i
gentwhi
char
econt
rol
l
edel
ect
ri
cal
l
y.The
t
radi
ti
onali
nject
orsar
erepl
acedwi
thadv
ancedel
ect
ri
cal
l
yoper
atedsol
enoi
dinj
ect
ors.
I
nject
orsar
eopenedwi
thanECU (
Engi
necont
roluni
t)si
gnaldependi
ngupont
he
v
ari
abl
essuchasengi
nespeed,l
oad,engi
net
emper
atur
eet
c.Combust
ioni
nCRDi

KTUStudents.in
commencesdi
rect
lyi
nthemai
ncombust
ionchamberl
ocat
edatt
het
opoft
hepi
stol
cr
own.
Afueldi
str
ibut
ionpi
pei
susedt
omai
ntai
nopt
imum r
esi
dualf
uelandact
sasa
f
uel
reser
voi
rforal
lthei
nject
ors.
Thef
uel
isconst
ant
lysuppl
i
edatt
her
equi
redpr
essur
e
f
ori
nject
ion.Hi
ghpr
essur
efueli
sst
oredusual
l
yint
hist
ubewhi
cht
hensuppl
i
esi
tto
t
hesol
enoi
dval
vei
nject
orsasopposedt
ofueli
nject
ionpumpsuppl
yi
ngdi
eselt
hrough
i
ndependentf
uell
i
nest
oinj
ect
ors.Pr
essur
egener
ati
ont
akespl
acei
nthehi
gh-
pressur
e
pump.Thepumpcompr
essest
hef
uelatt
hepr
essur
esatabout1,
000barorabout
15,
000psi
.Itt
hensuppl
i
est
hef
uelv
iaahi
gh-
pressur
epi
pet
othei
nletoft
her
ail
.Fr
om
t
her
e,t
hef
ueli
sdi
str
ibut
edt
othei
ndi
vi
duali
nject
ors,whi
chi
njecti
tint
othecy
li
nder
’s
combust
ionchamber
.Mostdi
eselengi
nesuseCommonRai
lwi
thUni
t-
Inj
ect
orsy
stem
combi
nedwi
thaTur
bochar
gert
oachi
evei
ncr
easedpowerout
putandmeetst
ri
ngent
emi
ssi
onnor
ms.Thi
shel
pst
oimpr
oveengi
nepower
,thr
ott
ler
esponse,f
uelef
fi
ciency
andcont
rolemi
ssi
ons.Manuf
act
urer
susecust
om acr
ony
mst
omaket
hei
rdi
eselCRDi
pr
oduct
.

For more study materials: WWW.KTUSTUDENTS.IN

HYBRI
DELECTRI
CVEHI
CLE
A 
hybr
id el
ect
ri
cvehi
cle 
(HEV)i
sat
ype of
 hy
bri
dvehi
cle 
thatcombi
nes a

KTUStudents.in
conv
ent
ional
 
int
ernal combust
ion engi
ne 
(I
CE) sy
stem wi
th an 
elect
ri
c pr
opul
sion
sy
stem (
hybr
idv
ehi
cl
edr
ivet
rai
n).Thepr
esenceoft
heel
ect
ri
cpower
trai
nisi
ntendedt
o
achi
eveei
therbet
ter
 f
ueleconomy
 thana 
conv
ent
ionalv
ehi
cle 
orbet
terper
for
mance.
Ther
eisav
ari
etyofHEVt
ypes,andt
hedegr
eet
owhi
cheachf
unct
ionsasanel
ect
ri
c
v
ehi
cl
e(EV)al
sov
ari
es.Themostcommonf
orm ofHEV i
sthehy
bri
del
ect
ri
ccar
,
al
thoughhy
bri
del
ect
ri
ctr
ucks(
pickupsandt
ract
ors)andbusesal
soexi
st. Moder
n
HEVsmakeuseofef
fi
ciency
-i
mpr
ovi
ngt
echnol
ogi
essuchas 
regener
ati
vebr
akes 
whi
ch
conv
ert t
he v
ehi
cle'
s 
kinet
ic ener
gy 
to el
ect
ri
c ener
gy, whi
ch i
s st
ored i
n
a 
bat
ter
y or
 super
capaci
tor
.Somev
ari
eti
esofHEVuset
hei
rint
ernalcombust
ionengi
ne
t
o gener
ate el
ect
ri
cit
y by spi
nni
ng an 
elect
ri
calgener
ator
 t
o ei
therr
echar
ge t
hei
r
bat
ter
iesort
odi
rect
lypowert
heel
ect
ri
cdr
ivemot
ors;t
hiscombi
nat
ioni
sknownas
a 
mot
or–gener
ator
.ManyHEVs 
reducei
dleemi
ssi
ons 
byshut
ti
ngdownt
heI
CEati
dle
andr
est
art
ingi
twhenneeded;t
hisi
sknownasa 
star
t-
stopsy
stem.Ahy
bri
d-el
ect
ri
c
pr
oducesl
essemi
ssi
onsf
rom i
tsI
CEt
hanacompar
abl
ysi
zedgasol
i
necar
,si
ncean
HEV'
sgasol
i
neengi
nei
susual
l
ysmal
l
ert
hanacompar
abl
ysi
zed,
pur
egasol
i
ne-
bur
ning,
v
ehi
cl
eandi
fnotusedt
odi
rect
lydr
ivet
hecar
,canbegear
edt
orunatmaxi
mum
ef
fi
ciency
,fur
theri
mpr
ovi
ngf
ueleconomy
.(Nat
uralgasandpr
opanef
uel
spr
oduce

For more study materials: WWW.KTUSTUDENTS.IN

f
eweremi
ssi
ons.
)

Ty
pes of power
trai
n

KTUStudents.in

Hy
bri
del
ect
ri
cvehi
cl
escanbecl
assi
fi
edaccor
dingt
othewayi
nwhi
chpoweri
s
suppl
i
edt
othedr
ivet
rai
n:

 I
n par
all
elhy
bri
ds,t
he I
CE and t
he 
elect
ri
c mot
or 
are bot
h connect
ed t
othe
mechani
cal
 
transmi
ssi
on 
and can si
mul
taneousl
ytr
ansmi
tpowert
o dr
ivet
he

For more study materials: WWW.KTUSTUDENTS.IN

 wheel
s,usual
l
ythr
ough aconv
ent
ionalt
ransmi
ssi
on.Honda'
sInt
egr
ated Mot
or
Assi
st(
IMA)sy
stem asf
oundi
nthe 
Insi
ght
, 
Civ
ic,
 
Accor
d,aswel
last
heGM Bel
ted
Al
ter
nat
or/
Star
ter(
BASHy
bri
d)sy
stem f
oundi
nthe 
Chev
rol
etMal
i
bu 
hybr
idsar
e
exampl
esofpr
oduct
ionpar
all
elhy
bri
ds.
 Thei
nter
nalcombust
ionengi
neofmany
par
all
elhy
bri
dscanal
soactasagener
atorf
orsuppl
ement
alr
echar
ging.Asof2013,
commer
cial
i
zedpar
all
elhy
bri
dsuseaf
ullsi
zecombust
ionengi
newi
thasi
ngl
e,
smal
l(<20 
kW)el
ect
ri
cmot
orand smal
lbat
ter
ypackast
heel
ect
ri
cmot
ori
s
desi
gnedt
osuppl
ementt
hemai
nengi
ne,
nott
obet
hesol
esour
ceofmot
ivepower
f
rom l
aunch.Butaf
ter2015par
all
elhy
bri
dswi
thov
er50 
kW ar
eav
ail
abl
e,enabl
i
ng
el
ect
ri
cdr
ivi
ngatmoder
ateaccel
erat
ion.Par
all
elhy
bri
dsar
emor
eef
fi
cientt
han
compar
abl
e non-
hybr
idv
ehi
cles especi
all
ydur
ing ur
ban st
op-
and-
go condi
ti
ons
wher
etheel
ect
ri
cmot
ori
sper
mit
tedt
ocont
ri
but
eanddur
inghi
ghwayoper
ati
on.

 I
n ser
ieshy
bri
ds,
onl
ytheel
ect
ri
cmot
ordr
ivest
hedr
ivet
rai
n,andasmal
l
erI
CE(
also

KTUStudents.in
cal
l
ed 
range ext
ender
)wor
ks as a 
gener
ator
 t
o powert
he el
ect
ri
c mot
orort
o
r
echar
get
hebat
ter
ies.Theyal
sousual
l
yhav
eal
argerbat
ter
ypackt
hanpar
all
el
hy
bri
ds,maki
ng t
hem mor
e expensi
ve.Once t
he bat
ter
ies ar
elow,t
he smal
l
combust
ionengi
necangener
atepowerati
tsopt
imum set
ti
ngsatal
lti
mes,
maki
ng
t
hem mor
eef
fi
ci
enti
next
ensi
veci
tydr
ivi
ng.

 Power
-spl
i
thy
bri
ds 
hav
ethe benef
it
s ofa combi
nat
ion ofser
ies and par
all
el
char
act
eri
sti
cs.Asar
esul
t,t
heyar
emor
eef
fi
cientov
eral
l
,becauseser
ieshy
bri
ds
t
endt
obemor
eef
fi
cientatl
owerspeedsandpar
all
elt
endt
obemor
eef
fi
cientat
hi
gh speeds;howev
er,t
he costofpower
-spl
i
thy
bri
dis hi
ghert
han a pur
e
par
all
el.
 Exampl
esofpower
-spl
i
t(r
efer
redt
obysomeas"
ser
ies-
par
all
el"
)hy
bri
d
power
trai
ns i
ncl
ude 2007 model
s of
 For
d, 
Gener
al Mot
ors,
 
Lexus,
 
Nissan,
and 
Toy
ota.

TYPESBYDEGREEOFHYBRI
DIZATI
ON

 Ful
lhy
bri
d,somet
imesal
socal
l
edast
ronghy
bri
d,i
sav
ehi
clet
hatcanr
unonl
yona
combust
ionengi
ne,onl
yonanel
ect
ri
cmot
or,oracombi
nat
ionofbot
h. 
For
d's
hy
bri
dsy
stem,Toy
ota'
s 
Hybr
idSy
ner
gyDr
ive 
and 
Gener
alMot
ors/
Chr
ysl
er'
s 
Two-

For more study materials: WWW.KTUSTUDENTS.IN

 [
23]
ModeHy
bri
dtechnol
ogi
esar
eful
lhy
bri
dsy
stems.  The 
Toy
otaPr
ius,
 
For
dEscape
Hy
bri
d,and 
For
dFusi
onHy
bri
d ar
eexampl
esoff
ullhy
bri
ds,ast
hesecar
scanbe
mov
edf
orwar
donbat
ter
ypoweral
one.Al
arge,
high-
capaci
tybat
ter
ypacki
sneeded
f
orbat
ter
y-onl
yoper
ati
on.Thesev
ehi
cleshav
easpl
i
tpowerpat
hal
l
owi
nggr
eat
er
f
lexi
bil
i
tyi
nthedr
ivet
rai
nbyi
nter
conv
ert
ingmechani
calandel
ect
ri
calpower
,at
somecosti
ncompl
exi
ty.

 Mi
l
dhy
bri
d,i
sav
ehi
clet
hatcannotbedr
ivensol
elyoni
tsel
ect
ri
cmot
or,because
t
he el
ect
ri
c mot
ordoes nothav
e enough powert
o pr
opelt
he v
ehi
cle on i
ts
[
22]
[23]
own.  Mi
l
dhy
bri
dsi
ncl
udeonl
ysomeoft
hef
eat
uresf
oundi
nhy
bri
dtechnol
ogy
,
andusual
l
yachi
evel
i
mit
ed 
fuelconsumpt
ionsav
ings,upt
o15per
centi
nur
ban
[
22]
[23]
dr
ivi
ng and 8 t
o 10 per
centov
eral
lcy
cle.  A mi
l
d hy
bri
dis essent
ial
l
ya
conv
ent
ional
vehi
clewi
thov
ersi
zest
art
ermot
or,
all
owi
ngt
heengi
net
obet
urnedof
f
whenev
ert
hecari
scoast
ing,
braki
ng,
orst
opped,
yetr
est
artqui
ckl
yandcl
eanl
y.The

KTUStudents.in
mot
ori
sof
tenmount
edbet
weent
heengi
neandt
ransmi
ssi
on,t
aki
ngt
hepl
aceof
t
het
orqueconv
ert
er,andi
susedt
o suppl
yaddi
ti
onalpr
opul
sionener
gywhen
accel
erat
ing.Accessor
iescancont
inuet
orunonel
ect
ri
calpowerwhi
l
ethegasol
i
ne
engi
nei
sof
f,andasi
not
herhy
bri
ddesi
gns,t
hemot
ori
susedf
orr
egener
ati
ve
br
aki
ngt
orecapt
ureener
gy.Ascompar
edt
oful
lhy
bri
ds,mi
l
dhy
bri
dshav
esmal
l
er
bat
ter
iesandasmal
l
er,weakermot
or/
gener
ator
,whi
chal
l
owsmanuf
act
urer
sto
[
23]
r
educecostandwei
ght
.

PLUG-
INHYBRI
DS(
PHEVS)

A 
plug-
inhy
bri
del
ect
ri
cvehi
cle 
(PHEV)
,al
soknownasapl
ug-
inhy
bri
d,i
sahy
bri
d
el
ect
ri
cvehi
cle wi
th 
rechar
geabl
e bat
ter
ies 
thatcan be r
est
ored t
oful
lchar
ge by
connect
ing a pl
ug t
o an ext
ernal
 
elect
ri
c power
sour
ce. A PHEV shar
es t
he
char
act
eri
sti
cs ofbot
h a conv
ent
ionalhy
bri
d el
ect
ri
cvehi
cle,hav
ing an 
elect
ri
c
mot
or 
andan 
i
nter
nalcombust
ionengi
ne;andofan 
all
-el
ect
ri
cvehi
cle,al
sohav
ing
a 
plug 
toconnectt
othe 
elect
ri
calgr
id.PHEVshav
eamuchl
arger
 al
l
-el
ect
ri
crange 
as
compar
ed t
o conv
ent
ionalgasol
i
ne-
elect
ri
c hy
bri
ds,and al
so el
i
minat
ethe "
range
anxi
ety
"associ
atedwi
thal
l
-el
ect
ri
cvehi
cles,becauset
hecombust
ionengi
newor
ksas
abackupwhent
hebat
ter
iesar
edepl
eted.

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SUPERCHARGER

Super
char
gingi
srest
ri
ctedi
nmeani
ngher
etocompr
essor
sdr
ivenf
rom t
he
cr
ankshaf
t.Whent
hecompr
essori
sdr
ivenbyanexhaustgast
urbi
ne,i
tisknownas
t
urbochar
ging.Super
char
gingusual
l
yisachi
evedbydr
ivi
ngaposi
ti
vedi
spl
acement
compr
essorf
rom t
hecr
ankshaf
t.Radi
alf
low compr
essor
sar
enotusedbecauset
hey
woul
dhav
etobedr
ivenatl
eastanor
derofmagni
tudef
ast
ert
hant
heengi
ne,
andwi
th
av
ari
abl
erat
iodr
ive.I
ncont
rast
,becauset
heengi
nei
saposi
ti
vedi
spl
acementdev
ice,
aposi
ti
vedi
spl
acementcompr
essorwi
l
lbewel
lmat
chedt
oanengi
newi
thasi
mpl
e
const
antr
ati
odr
ive.

KTUStudents.in

Fi
gur
eshowst
wot
ypesofposi
ti
vedi
spl
acementcompr
essor
,theRoot
sbl
ower
andav
anecompr
essor
,wi
tht
hei
rpr
essur
e-v
olumedi
agr
ams.Theoper
ati
onoft
he

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Root
sbl
oweri
sdescr
ibedbyFi
g.,
andi
tdependsont
her
ebei
ngal
owerv
olumet
ri
cfl
ow
r
ateont
hehi
ghpr
essur
esi
det
hanati
tsi
nlet
.Av
olumeofai
rist
rappedatambi
ent
pr
essur
e,andt
hepr
essur
eisunchangedunt
ilt
hist
rappedv
olumei
str
anspor
tedt
othe
hi
gh-
pressur
esi
de.Att
hei
nst
antt
hatt
hehi
gh-
pressur
epor
tisuncov
ered,
theai
rint
he
r
otori
scompr
essedbyt
hei
rr
ever
sibl
erev
ersef
low oft
hehi
gh-
pressur
eai
rfr
om
downst
ream oft
heRoot
sbl
ower
.Thus,t
hewor
kdonei
sther
ect
angul
arar
eaabcdi
n
Fi
g..Thi
swor
kisexecut
edast
her
otort
urns,t
odi
spl
acet
hev
olumeofhi
gh-
pressur
e
gas(
cor
respondi
ngt
othet
rappedv
olumeoft
her
otor
)outoft
heRoot
sbl
ower
.Thi
s
modelassumest
hedownst
ream v
olumei
ssuf
fi
cient
lyl
argecompar
edt
othet
rapped
v
olume,
fort
hedel
i
ver
ypr
essur
etor
emai
nconst
ant
.Theef
fi
ciencyoft
heRoot
sbl
ower
f
all
srapi
dlywi
thani
ncr
easei
nit
spr
essur
erat
iobecauseoft
heabsenceofanyi
nter
nal
compr
essi
on.Theper
for
manceofaRoot
scompr
essori
sfur
thercompr
omi
sedbyi
ts
mechani
cal
lossesandi
tsv
olumet
ri
cef
fi
ciency
.

KTUStudents.in

THETURBOCHARGER

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KTUStudents.in
At
urbochar
geri
sat
urbi
ne-
dri
venf
orcedi
nduct
iondev
icet
hati
ncr
easesan
i
nter
nalcombust
ionengi
ne'
sef
fi
ciencyandpowerout
putbyf
orci
ngext
raai
rint
othe
combust
ion chamber
.Thi
simpr
ovementov
era nat
ural
l
y-aspi
rat
ed engi
ne'
spower
out
puti
sduet
othef
actt
hatt
hecompr
essorcanf
orcemor
eai
r—andpr
opor
ti
onat
ely
mor
efuel
—int
othecombust
ionchambert
hanat
mospher
icpr
essur
eal
one.

Tur
bochar
ger
s wer
e once known as Tur
bosuper
char
ger
s when al
lfor
ced
i
nduct
iondev
iceswer
ecl
assi
fi
edassuper
char
ger
s.Nowaday
sthet
erm"
super
char
ger
"
i
susual
l
yappl
i
edonl
ytomechani
cal
l
ydr
ivenf
orcedi
nduct
iondev
ices.

Heati
samaj
ordr
awbackoft
urbochar
gedcar
s,si
ncet
heexhaustgasesar
e
ext
remel
yhotandcancauset
heengi
net
oov
erheat
.Thi
scanbecombat
edbysendi
ng
t
heexhaustgasest
hroughani
nter
cool
er,whi
chi
sli
keasmal
lradi
ator
,whi
chhel
ps
r
eleasesomeoft
hatheatbef
oret
hegasesr
eacht
heengi
ne.I
ftheengi
nei
sout
fi
tt
ed

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wi
th onl
yone l
arge t
urbochar
ger
,powerdel
i
ver
yfr
om i
tcan be del
ayed as t
he
t
urbochar
gert
akest
imet
ospoolup,whi
chi
scal
l
edt
urbol
ag.Thi
scanbeov
ercome
t
hroughbi
tur
boort
wint
urbosy
stemst
hatusemor
ethanonet
urbochar
gerandv
irt
ual
l
y
el
i
minat
etur
bol
ag.

NATURALLYASPI
RATEDENGI
NES

Nat
ural
l
yaspi
rat
edengi
nesdr
awai
rint
otheengi
net
hroughanai
rint
ake,whi
ch
dependsoncr
eat
ingav
acuum t
ofeedai
rint
otheengi
ne’
sint
akemani
fol
dasneeded.
Theonl
ywayt
oincr
easeai
rf
lowt
oanat
ural
l
yaspi
rat
edengi
nei
stoei
therr
epl
acet
he
st
ockai
rfi
l
terwi
thonet
hati
slessr
est
ri
cti
veort
oinst
allahi
gh-
fl
ow af
ter
mar
ketai
r
i
ntake.Thebenef
itofanat
ural
l
yaspi
rat
edengi
nei
sthatt
heyar
eingener
almor
e
r
eli
abl
ethanf
orcedi
nduct
ionengi
nes,orengi
nest
hatr
elyonat
urboorsuper
char
ger
.
Thebi
gdr
awbacki
sthatt
ohav
eahi
gh-
out
putnat
ural
l
yaspi
rat
edcarusual
l
ymeans
hav
ingal
arge,
heav
yandpet
rol
guzzl
i
ngengi
ne.

KTUStudents.in
TURBOLAG

Tur
bol
agi
sthet
imer
equi
redt
ochangepowerout
puti
nresponset
oat
hrot
tl
e
change,not
iced as a hesi
tat
ion orsl
owed 
thr
ott
ler
esponse 
when accel
erat
ing as
compar
edt
oanat
ural
l
yaspi
rat
edengi
ne.Thi
sisduet
othet
imeneededf
ort
heexhaust
sy
stem andt
urbochar
gert
ogener
atet
her
equi
redboostwhi
chcanal
sober
efer
redt
o
asspool
i
ng.I
ner
ti
a,f
ri
cti
on,and compr
essorl
oad ar
ethepr
imar
ycont
ri
but
orst
o
t
urbochar
gerl
ag.Super
char
ger
sdonotsuf
fert
hispr
obl
em,becauset
het
urbi
nei
s
el
i
minat
edduet
othecompr
essorbei
ngdi
rect
lypower
edbyt
heengi
ne.

Tur
bochar
gerappl
i
cat
ionscanbecat
egor
izedi
ntot
hoset
hatr
equi
rechangesi
n
out
putpower(
suchasaut
omot
ive)andt
hoset
hatdonot(
suchasmar
ine,ai
rcr
aft
,
commer
cial aut
omot
ive, i
ndust
ri
al, engi
ne-
gener
ator
s, and l
ocomot
ives)
. Whi
l
e
i
mpor
tantt
ovar
yingdegr
ees,t
urbochar
gerl
agi
smostpr
obl
emat
ici
nappl
i
cat
ionst
hat
r
equi
rer
api
dchangesi
npowerout
put
.Engi
nedesi
gnsr
educel
agi
nanumberofway
s:

For more study materials: WWW.KTUSTUDENTS.IN

 Lower
ingt
her
otat
ionali
ner
ti
aoft
het
urbochar
gerbyusi
ngl
owerr
adi
uspar
tsand
cer
ami
candot
herl
i
ght
ermat
eri
als

 Changi
ngt
het
urbi
ne'
s 
aspectr
ati
o

 I
ncr
easi
ng upper
-deck ai
r pr
essur
e (
compr
essor di
schar
ge) and i
mpr
ovi
ng
wast
egat
eresponse

 Reduci
ng bear
ing f
ri
cti
onal l
osses,e.
g.,usi
ng a 
foi
l bear
ing 
rat
her t
han a
conv
ent
ional
oil
bear
ing

 Usi
ngmul
ti
plet
urbochar
ger
ssequent
ial
l
yori
npar
all
el

 Usi
ngat
urbochar
gerspoolv
alv
etoi
ncr
easeexhaustgasf
low speedt
othe(
twi
n-
scr
oll
)tur
bine

KTUStudents.in
Somet
imest
urbol
agi
smi
stakenf
orengi
nespeedst
hatar
ebel
owboostt
hreshol
d.
I
fengi
nespeedi
sbel
owat
urbochar
ger
'sboostt
hreshol
drpm t
hent
het
imeneededf
or
t
hev
ehi
clet
obui
l
dspeedandr
pm coul
dbeconsi
der
abl
e,may
beev
ent
ensofseconds
f
oraheav
yvehi
cl
est
art
ingatl
ow v
ehi
clespeedi
nahi
ghgear
.Thi
swai
tforv
ehi
cle
speedi
ncr
easei
snott
urbol
ag,i
tisi
mpr
opergearsel
ect
ionf
orboostdemand.Once
t
he v
ehi
cler
eaches suf
fi
cientspeed t
o pr
ovi
de t
he r
equi
red r
pm t
oreach boost
t
hreshol
d,t
her
ewi
l
lbeaf
arshor
terdel
aywhi
l
ethet
urboi
tsel
fbui
l
dsr
otat
ionalener
gy
andt
ransi
ti
onst
oposi
ti
veboost
,onl
ythi
slastpar
toft
hedel
ayi
nachi
evi
ngposi
ti
ve
boosti
sthet
urbol
ag.

For more study materials: WWW.KTUSTUDENTS.IN