TRIBHUWAN UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
CENTRAL CAMPUS, PULCHOWK

A Lab report on

THERMODYNAMICS AND HEAT TRANSFER

Experiment: - Heat Radiation

Submitted To Submitted By

Department of Name: Nigam adhikari

Mechanical Engineering Roll No: 072\BCE\090

Department of Civil Engineering

Date of Submission: 2072/09/16 Date of Submission: 2072/09/30

OBJECTIVE

1) To investigate Stefan-Boltzmann relationship.

2) To determine the emissivity of different surfaces.
3) To demonstrate the effect of view factor on radiation heat transfer.

THEORY

Thermal radiation is the mode of heat transfer which differs significantly from conduction and
convection.Radiation doesnot need any medium to transfer energy.enery from one place to another
medium will transfer in the form of electromagnetic waves.

Stefan-Boltzman law states that the intensity of radiation varies as the fourth power of source
temperature.

i.e.

EαT4

Eb=σT4

If two surface are participating in radiation,

Eb= σ(T14-T24)

where,Eb=Energy emitted by a black body surface, W/m2

T1 and T2 = Absolute temperature of the surface, K

σ = Stefan-Boltzmann constant, 5.67x10-8 W/m2K

When heat radiation is fall in the body then there may occur three thins.i,e. some part of incident
radiation will pass through body some will absorbs by the body and some will be reflected. A black
body is the one which absorbs the entire radiation incident upon it and is also a perfect emitter, where as
other bodies cannot absorb all the incident radiation or emit perfectly. There exists a fixed ratio of
energy emitted by a black body and other bodies at any source temperature. If we know black body
temperature and surrounding temperature, we can calculate the energy emitted by a black body. The
energy absorbed by the body can be measured with the help of instruments. The ratio of these two
values of energy must be the same at any source temperature. If so, the Stefan-Boltzmann law is
satisfied.

Emissivity of a material affects radiation heat transfer. Since emissivity function is always less than
unity for materials other than black body(For black body it is one), the heat emission is always less than
black body for such materials. Similarly, view factor also affects radiation heat transfer. View factor also
has a maximum value of unity. The larger this factor is, the larger is the radiation heat transfer between
two bodies.

APPARATUS FOR THE EXPERIMENT

1. Armfield Thermal Radiation Apparatus

Heat Source
Black Body
Radiometer

Polished metal
sheet
Radiometer
Reading
Temperature
Reading
OBSERVATION

σ = 5.67x10-8 W/m2K4

Source Ambient Radiometer Eb=σ(T14-T24) β=R/Eb

temperature,Ts,K temp,Ta,K reading(R),W/m2 W/m2
290 289 3 5.50288 0.5452
297 289 21 45.64748 0.46004
313 289 68 148.6768984 0.457368
327 289 110 252.7716391 0.4351754
(β1 + β2 + β3 + β4)
βavg =
4

= 0.47

Source temperature, Ambient temp, Radiometer Eb=R/ βavg , ε= Eb .

TS,K TA,K reading(R),W/m2 W/m2 σ(TS4-TA4)
298 289 19 40.04467 0.77580
311 289 59 124.3556 0.92183
315 289 73 153.8637 0.94557
319 289 86 181.2641 0.94596
εavg= 0.89729

RESULT AND ANALYSIS

It is cleared from above experiment that energy emitted by black body to the energy absorbed by
another surface at different source temperatures was nearly constant and its average value is 0.474456 .
The emissivity of the polished sheet given was found to be approximately 0.89729. it can be seen that
value of emissivity is less than 1. this is true and because only perfectly black body absorbs or emits the
entire heat radiation incident on it.but other body cannot absorb all radiation fall or incident in it.
CONCLUSION

Hence from the above experiment, the Stefan-Boltzmann law was verified( the value of β was found to
be nearly constant). The emissivities of different surfaces were determined and was found to be emissive
as the value approached near to 1.

RECOMMENDATION

The emissivity of the body was less than 1 because except black body other body cannot absorb all
radiations.the value of emissivity signifies how emissive the body is.If the readings should take in
proper time