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Assistant Professor : NAPHIS AHAMAD
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
converts heat obtained from chemical energy sources (gasoline, natural gas)
IC engines are used as the propulsion systems for land transport vehicles
such as automobiles (cars, etc.), marine vehicles (boats, etc.) and small
prime mover in grass cutting machine, etc.6/10/2017 Naphis Ahamad (ME) JIT 3
INTRODUCTION
Basic Components of IC Engines
• Cylinder, piston, inlet valve and exhaust
valve.
• Piston moves from the top dead center
(TDC) to the bottom dead center (BDC).
• Clearance volume, Vc is a spacing
between the top of the piston and the
valve’s heads when the piston is at the end
of the delivery stroke.
• Swept volume or displacement volume,
Vs is the volume between TDC and BDC.
IC Engines are those in which combustion of fuels take places inside engine
cylinder (Example: Petrol, Diesel, GAS)
EC Engines are those in which combustion of fuels take places outside engine
cylinder (Example: Steam Engine, Steam turbine)
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Classification of IC Engines:
a. According to the cycle of operation
SI & CI
the crankshaft.
Compression Stroke
Exhaust Stroke
Engine stroke:
A stroke is a single traverse of the cylinder by the piston (from TDC to BDC)
Air drawn in
Compression stroke
Exhaust stroke
•There are no valves in two stroke engines, instead of valves ports are cut
•There are three ports, namely inlet, exhaust and transfer ports.
•The closing and opening of the ports are obtained by the movement of
•At the same time, the inlet port is uncovered by the plane.
•Fresh air fuel mixture enters the crankcase through the inlet port
•The burning gases force the piston to move down. Thus useful work is
obtained.
•When the piston moves down, the air fuel mixture in the crankcase is
partially compressed.
•Transfer port is also opened. The partially compressed air fuel mixture enters
•The crown of the piston is made of a deflected shape. So the fresh charge
gases is reduced
Power stroke
30kw-Tractors
2. Top Dead Center (TDC): The extreme position reached by the piston at the top of
the cylinder in the vertical engine is called Top Dead center. It is also called the Inner
3. Bottom Dead Center (BDC): The extreme position reached by the piston at the
Bottom of the cylinder in the vertical engine is called Bottom Dead center. It is also
fig. In this diagram, the inlet valve opens at A and the suction takes place from A to
B. The crankshaft revolves through 180 degree and the piston moves from T.D.C. to
B.D.C. At B, the inlet valve closes and the compression takes place from B to C.
The crankshaft revolves through 180 degree and the piston moves from B.D.C. to
T.D.C. At C, the fuel is fired and the expansion takes place from C to D. the
crankshaft revolves through 180 deg. And the piston again moves from T.D.C. to
B.D.C. At D, the exhaust valve opens and the exhaust takes place from D to E. The
crankshaft again revolves through 180 deg. And the piston moves back to T.D.C.
dead centre position of the piston. But, in actual practice they do not open and close
instantaneously at dead centres. The valve operates some degrees before or after the
dead centres. The ignition also occurs a little before the top dead centre. The valve
timing diagram shown is the actual valve timing diagram, where we see that the inlet
valve opens before the piston reaches T.D.C. or in other words while the piston is
moving up before the beginning of the suction stroke. Now the piston reaches the T.D.C.
and the suction stroke starts. The piston reaches the B.D.C. and then starts moving up.
The inlet valve closes, when the crank has moved a little beyond the B.D.C. This is done
as the incoming air continues to flow into the cylinder although the piston is moving
upwards from B.D.C. Now the air is compressed with both valves closed. Fuel valve
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opens a little before the piston reaches the T.D.C. Now the fuel is injected in the form
of very fine spray, into the engine cylinder, which gets ignited due to high
temperature of the compressed air. The fuel valve closes after the piston has come
down a little from the TDC. This is done as the required quantity of the fuel is
injected into the engine cylinder. the burnt gases (under high pressure and
temperature) push the piston downwards, and the expansion or working stroke takes
place. Now the exhaust valves opens before the piston again reaches B.D.C. and
the burnt gases start leaving the engine cylinder. Now the piston reaches B.D.C. and
then starts moving up thus performing the exhaust stroke. The inlet valve opens
before the piston reaches T.D.C. to start suction stroke. This is done as the fresh air
helps in pushing out the burnt gases. Now the piston again reaches T.D.C. and the
this diagram, the fuel is fired at A and the expansion of gases takes place from A to B.
the crankshaft revolves through approximately 120 deg. and the piston moves from
T.D.C. towards B.D.C. At B, both the valves open and suction as well as exhaust take
place from B to C. At B, both the valves open and suction as well as exhaust takes
place from B to C. The crankshaft revolves through approximately 120 deg. and the
piston moves first to BDC and then little upwards. At C, both the valves close and
cycle engine is also different from it’s theoretical valve timing diagram. The actual
valve timing diagram of two stroke cycle engine is shown in fig. As we see that the
expansion of the charge (after ignition) starts as the piston moves T.D.C. towards
B.D.C. First of all, the exhaust port opens before the piston reaches B.D.C. and the
burnt gases start leaving the cylinder. After a small fraction of the crank revolution,
the transfer port also opens and the fresh air enters into the engine cylinder. This is
done as the fresh incoming air helps in pushing out the burnt gases. Now the piston
reaches B.D.C. and then starts moving upwards. As the crank moves a little beyond
B.D.C. first the transfer port closes and then the exhaust port also closes. This is
done to suck fresh air through the transfer port and to exhaust the burnt gases
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exhaust port simultaneously. Now the charge is compressed with both the ports closed.
Fuel valve opens a little before the piston reaches the T.D.C. Now the fuel is injected in
the form of very fine spray into the engine cylinder, which gets ignited due to high
temperature of the compressed air. The fuel valve closes after the piston has come
down a little from the T.D.C. This is done as the required quantity of fuel is injected into
the engine cylinder. Now the burnt gases (under high pressure and temperature) push
the piston downwards with full force and expansion of the gases takes place. It may be
noted that in a two stroke cycle diesel engine, like two stroke petrol engine, the
exhaust and transfer ports open and close at equal angles on either side of the B.D.C.
position.
TL
th , Carnot 1
TH
Upon derivation the performance of the real cycle is often measured in
terms of its thermal efficiency
Wnet
th
Qin
40
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The ideal gas equation is defined as
Pv RT or PV mRT
41 41
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Air-Standard Assumptions
42
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Air-Standard Assumptions
A heat rejection process that restores the working fluid to its initial
state replaces the exhaust process.
The cold-air-standard assumptions apply when the working fluid is
air and has constant specific heat evaluated at room temperature
(25oC or 77oF).
No chemical reaction takes place in the engine.
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Terminology for Reciprocating Devices
Top dead center (TDC), bottom dead center (BDC), stroke, bore,
intake valve, exhaust valve, clearance volume, displacement
volume, compression ratio, and mean effective pressure
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The compression ratio r of an engine
is defined as
V max VBDC
r
V min VTDC
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The processes in the Otto cycle are as per following:
Process Description
1-2 Isentropic compression
2-3 Constant volume heat addition
3-4 Isentropic expansion
4-1 Constant volume heat rejection
P 3 T 3
PvgConstant Qin
Qin
4 2
2 4
Qout
1 1 Qout
v2 v1 v s
(a) P-v diagram (b) T-s diagram 47
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Related formula based on basic thermodynamics:
n
n
P1 V2 T1 n 1
3-4 Isentropic expansion
P2 V1 T2
48
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Thermal efficiency of the Otto cycle:
Qnet , 23 U 23
Qnet , 23 Qin mCv (T3 T2 )
49
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Apply first law closed system to process 4-1, V = constant.
Qnet ,41 Wnet ,41 U 41
1
Wnet ,41 Wother ,41 Wb ,41 0 PdV 0
4
Thus, for constant specific heats,
Qnet , 41 U 41
Qnet , 41 Qout mCv (T1 T4 )
Qout mCv (T1 T4 ) mCv (T4 T1 )
T2 T3 T4 T3
or
T1 T4 T1 T2
51
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The Otto cycle efficiency becomes
T1
th , Otto 1
T2
1
th , Otto 1
r k 1 52
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Diesel Cycle
The processes in the Diesel cycle are as per following:
Process Description
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Diesel Cycle
v1 v3
Compressio n ratio, rv and Cut off ratio, rc
v2 v2
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Related formula based on basic thermodynamics:
n
n
P1 V2 T n 1
3-4 Isentropic expansion 1
P2 V1 T2
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Thermal efficiency of the Diesel cycle
Wnet Q
th , Diesel 1 out
Qin Qin
Apply the first law closed system to process 2-3, P = constant.
Qnet ,23 Wnet ,23 U 23
3
Wnet ,23 Wother ,23 Wb,23 0 PdV 0
2
P2 V3 V2
Thus, for constant specific heats
Qnet , 23 U 23 P2 (V3 V2 )
Qnet , 23 Qin mCv ( T3 T2 ) mR (T3 T2 )
Qin mC p (T3 T2 )
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Apply the first law closed system to process 4-1, V = constant
Qnet ,41 Wnet ,41 U 41
1
Wnet ,41 Wother ,41 Wb ,41 0 PdV 0
4
1 1 PV 4 4 PV
k k k k
PV 2 2 and PV 3 3
Dual cycle gives a better approximation to a real engine. The heat addition
process is partly done at a constant volume and partly at constant pressure.
From the P-v diagram, it looks like the heat addition process is a
combination of both Otto and Diesel cycles.
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Dual Cycle
Process Description
1-2 Isentropic compression
The same procedure as to Otto and Diesel cycles can be applied to Dual
cycle. Upon substitutions, the thermal efficiency of Dual cycle becomes
rp rck 1
th 1
r p
1 k c p rc 1 rvk 1
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