Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
by
Almadin, Khyzel B.
Al-matari, Mohammed H.
Asiong, Daisy S.
Dar, Paulo C.
Dayao, Luke S.
Os-osa, John Dave U.
April 2019
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
TITLE PAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
APPROVAL SHEET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ABSTRACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DEDICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TABLE OF CONTENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LIST OF FIGURE/S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CHAPTER
1 THE PROBLEM
Conceptual/Theoretical Framework . . . . 8
Research Paradigm . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Definition of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
ii
PAGE
Treatment of Data . . . . . . . . . . . 41
CHAPTER
INTERPRETATION OF DATA
Xxxxxxxxxx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx . . . . . . . . . . . .
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . .
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
APPENDICES
A Anticipated Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
B Gantt Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
C Cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
CURRICULUM VITAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
iii
LIST OF TABLES
1 Correction Factor . . . . . . . 15
2 xxxxxxxx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx . . . . . . . . . . . .
4 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx . . . . . . . . . . . . .
iv
LIST OF FIGURES
1 Sprinkling . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2 Burlap Curing . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3 Steam Curing . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4 Conceptual Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5 Theoretical Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
6 Research Paradigm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
v
The Problem
1
Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM
have ensured that it has been and will continue to be of great and
BCE in Crete, Cyprus, Greece, and the Middle East (Nilson, Dawin
& Dolan, 2010). Concrete is one the most important materials that
Ing & Choo, 2017). Concrete is the most widely used man made
Not only for technical reasons, but also for economic reasons.
during the first few days and weeks. Structural design is generally
The Problem
4
at the end of the first week after placing. The final concrete
Dolan, 2010).
fogging and mist curing, and wet coverings. While membrane curing
Figure 1: Sprinkling
Source: https://gharpedia.com/concrete-curing-methods/
study concluded that moist sand curing method generates the highest
Similar study was conducted by Yu, Ing, & Choo (2017) where they
uses only two methods, full water curing and air-open curing, with
The Problem
7
study, Aminur, et. al. (2010), suggested likewise that water curing
Conceptual Framework
Concrete
Development
Concrete Strength
curing. The concrete to be used in this study shall have the same
concrete mix ratio for all the three (3) methods. Our study will
and 28-day strength. For the curing, standards for each of the
Theoretical Framework
Concrete
Mold
Curing of
Concrete
Flexural
Compressive
Strength
Strength Test
Test
compressive strengths.
g. Absorption: _______________%
k. Absorption: ______________%
The Problem
12
and coarse aggregate, the dry rodded unit weight of the coarse
aggregate, and the shape of the coarse aggregate and slump of the
concrete mix.
weights in the data. The weights of cement, water, coarse and fine
in larger mixing pan. Coarse and fine aggregates are added into
the mixing pan to produce a concrete mix with the desired slump
The Problem
13
and with good workability. Then slump shall be tested. When the
in the mixing board. The mold shall be firmly held down against
the board. The slump cone with concrete is filled in three layers,
determining the difference between the height of the mold and the
with the tamping rod. The behavior of the concrete under this
its original form, while a poor mix will crumple, segregate and
fall apart.
distributed uniformly over the cross section of the mold. Also the
mold filled with concrete should be tapped gently with the tamping
The Problem
14
test and the splitting tension test of concrete. For the test of
slowly until beam breaks and the UTM shall provide its maximum
load.
Compressive Strength
specification.
Cylinders tested for acceptance and quality control are made and
The Problem
15
are tested in accordance with ASTM C 39, Standard Test Method for
𝐏
𝐂𝐒 = (𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝟏)
𝐀
P = failure load in N
concrete.
low-density concrete weighing between 100 and 120 lb/ft3 [1600 and
strengths higher than 6000 psi [42 MPa] correction factors may be
6-inch (150 x150 mm) concrete beams with a span length of at least
point loading).
𝟑𝐏𝐋
𝐌𝐑 = (𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝟐)
𝟐𝐛𝐡𝟐
The Problem
17
L = span length
by as much as 15%.
Sprinkling
than the surface temperature of the concrete at the time the water
concrete walls and columns after time of initial setting and prior
The Problem
18
to the forms being removed. Place hoses at the top of walls and
columns so water will enter between concrete and form work. Keep
water and may need a drainage system to handle the run-off. The
and recycled.
Steam Curing
rapid. This method can best be used in pre cast concrete work. In
the concrete may dry too soon. In case of hot water curing,
not sufficient because the heat of hydration may cause the internal
(73°F) for 28 days (Klieger 1960 and Tepponen and Eriksson 1987).
than 22°C to 33°C (40°F to60°F) per hour depending on the size and
the concrete has reached the desired strength. The time required
enclosure.
for curing.
with wet fabric, including the edges of slabs. The coverings should
The Problem
21
Research Paradigm
batch of concrete materials, one (1) sample for 7 days, one (1)
sample for 14 days, and one (1) sample for 28 days. The process
the samples.
INPUT
• Materials for concrete
• Mix batch for three
separate curing durations
PROCESS
• Mix Design
• Property testing of cured
specimen
OUTCOME
• Curing Effects on the
strength concrete
specimen
The main aim of this study is to assess and compare the effect
Test for tensile and bending were not included in the gathering of
data.
Definition of Terms:
AASHTO
Abrasion Resistance
Admixture
The Problem
25
Aggregate
crushed stone and iron blast-furnace slag, and when used with a
ASTM
services.
Cement
Portland cement.
Coarse Aggregates
The Problem
26
sieve.
Compressive Strength
test.
Concrete
Consistency
concrete.
The Problem
27
Curing
Drying Shrinkage
Durability
Fine Aggregates
mesh.
Flexural Strength
6-inch (150 x150 mm) concrete beams with a span length of at least
Heat of Hydration
and less evident than the first, but may be as large. When a large
concrete.
Slump
Slump Test
Workability
Chapter 2
design that was chosen for the purpose of this study and the
reasons for this choice. The materials that was used for data
to carry out this study are included. The researcher also discusses
specimens were used per curing method and per curing time period
Materials:
Data was obtained from observation and the results taken from
concrete specimens.
Aggregates:
conforming the AASHTO No. 467 gradation and included 1 ½-inch round
combined.
Water:
Laboratory was used for the casting and for the curing of concrete
specimens.
Design and Methodology
33
Cement:
the same enterprise with the aggregates and the price is ranging
from 220.00 – 240.00 Php per 40kg of Cement bag. The cement is
this study.
Methodology:
container was filled to the mark with water, and determined the
weight in grams. Then the container was set to dry condition. The
rod, 25 strokes for every layer until the can is filled to the
marked. The weight of the sample was determined. With the sample
still in the can, the container was filled with water until the
original mark and removed the entrained air and weight in grams
Vs = Wc + Ws – W
Where:
Wc – weight of water
The total moisture content on dry basis (Pt) was calculated given
the formula.
Pt = Pd + Pa
the aggregate depends upon many factors, among them are: size,
compact.
one-third full, and then leveled the surface and tamped with 25
tamped 25 times again over the surface. Enough force was used to
net weight and the unit weight of the aggregates in the container
was determined.
Aggregate.
material and purposes for which the value of the specific gravity
moisture films with the cloth after the aggregate have been soaked
soaked in water for 24 hours. And then wiped off the variable
surface-dry condition. Then the sample was placed in the wire mesh
were placed in the oven and dry to constant weight (A). From the
Design and Methodology
38
formulas:
4. Absorption = ( B – A / A )x 100%
compressive strength.
proportioning constant 0.6 for all the samples. Base on the water-
Slump Test
in the mixing board. The mold shall be held down against the board.
previous layer. After the top layer has been rodded, the surface
of the concrete shall be stuck off with trowel so that the cone is
height of the mold and the height of the subsided concrete. After
frustum should be tapped gently with the tamping rod. The behavior
lower elevation and retain is original form, while a poor mix will
Steaming Method:
different curing time period from the other curing methods and
hours.
Sprinkling Method;
kept moist by sprinkling the specimens with water twice a day. The
in the afternoon.
Design and Methodology
41
make the concrete moist and is used as a barrier for the prevention
more absorbent.
strength for both the concrete cylinder and beam will follow the
Microsoft Office:
References
curing-methods/
https://www.cement.org/learn/concrete-technology/concrete-
construction/curing-in-construction
articles/concrete/25057-significance-of-curing-of-concrete-for-
durability-of-structures.html
Retrieved from:
https://www.academia.edu/32598279/Curing_of_Concrete
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Aa_Raheem/publication/30241
5335_Effect_of_curing_methods_on_density_and_compressive_strengt
h_of_concrete/links/5885f3c84585150dde4a7e01/Effect-of-curing-
methods-on-density-and-compressive-strength-of-concrete.pdf
http://publisher.unimas.my/ojs/index.php/JCEST/article/download/
71/48
Yu, T., Ing, D., & Choo, C. (2017), The Effect of Different Curing
http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/17401/7/The%20Effect%20of%20Di
fferent%20Curing%20Methods%20on%20the%20Compressive%20Strength%2
0of%20Eggshell%20Concrete.pdf
https://books.google.com.ph/books/about/Curing_Concrete.html?id=
Wv7NBQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=kp_read_button&redir_esc
=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
conduction, Measurement.
R01.
standards 2010.
Concrete.
References
46
Strength of Concrete.
Concrete.
Techniques.
Concrete Strength
Anticipated Problems
these, the project would take time and can lead to failure.
suffer.
project.
preparation in exams.
Appendices
49
April May
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Task 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Reading of Journals
Topic Proposal
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
First Finalization
First Revision
Transfer of materials
Data Gathering Part 1
Data Gathering Part 2
Data Gathering Part 3
Data Analysis Part 1
Data Analysis Part 2
Data Analysis Part 3
Results
Conclusion &
Recommendation
Abstract
Acknowledgement &
Appendices
Checking
Revision
Final Presentation
Appendices
50
June July
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Appendices
51
Chapters 1 and 2:
Paperworks 300
Food 750
Travel 630
Others 200
Data Gathering:
Materials 8240
Testing 5200
Chapters 3 and 4
Paperworks 300
Food 5000
Travel 2352
Others 500
Total: 23472
MOHAMMED H. AL-MATARI Person on ID must
be in formal
attire
Abdullah Sulayman St., Alfayha’a ID is passport
Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia size (35mm x
+63906-370-0073 25mm)
Almatari0566@gmail.com
OBJECTIVE:
To build career in a growing organization, where I can get
the opportunities to prove my abilities by accepting challenges,
fulfilling the organizational goal and climb the career ladder
through continuous learning and commitment.
PERSONAL INFORMATION:
Age: 24
Height: 164 cm
Weight: 75 kg
Birthday: Oct. 15, 1994
Birthplace: Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Father’s Name: Hussein Saleh Hussein
Mother’s Maiden Name: Norah Mohsen
Religion: Islam
Civil Status: Single
ORGANIZATIONS:
Loya Brand Company
Warehouse porter, S.Y.: 2010-2011
Loya Brand Company
Store manger, S.Y.: 2011-2012
1
SKILLS:
Languages: Arabic, English and Tagalog(basics)
Computer Skills: Well verse in Microsoft Word, Microsoft
Excel, Microsoft PowerPoint, 2dMatrix, and AutoCAD.
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
CHARACTER REFERENCES:
Engr. Alma A. Aguilar
Head, Department of Civil Engineering University of the
Cordilleras.
0920 507 3791
2
Engr. Nathaniel Vicent Lubrica
UC-RIO Director University of the Cordilleras
0920 507 3791
Al-Matari, Mohammed H.
3
KHYZEL BALIGAN ALMADIN
Proper Ampucao,
Itogon, Benguet, 2604 Philippines
+639-3005-82076
almadinkhyzel@gmail.com
OBJECTIVE:
To achieve a position where I can portray excellence
through the contribution and application of my knowledge and
adopting new learnings in my profession.
PERSONAL INFORMATION:
Age: 21
Height: 149 cm
Weight: 45 kg
Birthday: July 26, 1997
Birthplace: Baguio City
Father’s Name: Mark Benjamin Almadin Sr.
Mother’s Maiden Name: Jeane Baligan
Religion: Christian
Civil Status: Single
ORGANIZATIONS:
Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers (PICE)
Member, S.Y. 2017-Present
1
SKILLS AND QUALIFICATIONS:
Bachelor’s Degree in Civil Engineering
Registered/ Licensed Engineer
Professional Regulation Commission (Manila, Philippines)
Basic AutoCAD
Basic MS Office Applications
Computer Programming (Visual Basic)
Have knowledge on Estimates
Have knowledge in Project Management
Knowledgeable on the design and analysis of Structural
Systems
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
Tertiary: University of the Cordilleras
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
2013-Present
2
Elementary: Ampucao Elementary School
Itogon, Benguet
2003-2009
CHARACTER REFERENCES:
Engr. David C. Angiwan, BSCE, MSCE
University of the Cordilleras
+6393988630
3
DAISY S. ASIONG
OBJECTIVE:
To immerse myself in the actual practice of the discipline
that I have chosen where I can be able to learn and at the same
time apply the knowledge and experiences I gained so far.
PERSONAL INFORMATION:
Age: 26
Height: 160 cm
Weight: 55 kg
Birthday: May 22, 1992
Birthplace: Baguio City
Father’s Name: Lopez P. Asiong Sr.
Mother’s Maiden Name: Rosalina A. Solis
Religion: Roman Catholic
Civil Status: Single
ORGANIZATIONS:
Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers (PICE)
Member, S.Y. 2016-2019
1
SKILLS:
Engineering Computer Application (AutoCAD)
Basic MS Office Applications
Good communication and analytical skills
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
Tertiary: University of the Cordilleras
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
2016-Present
2008-2011
CHARACTER REFERENCES:
Engr. Nelson G. Notarte, BSCE, MSCE
OIC- Dean, University of the Cordilleras
+63999-570-8541
2
I certify that the above information is true and correct to the
rest of my knowledge.
Daisy S. Asiong
3
PAULO C. DAR
#111 Purok 2 Dontogan Barangay,
Baguio City, 2600 Philippines
+639-361-154-133
paulo_dar@yahoo.com/darpaulo17@gmail.com
CAREER OBJECTIVE
“Strive Towards personal & professional growth by embarking on new
and challenging assignments with an aim to bring process
improvements, imaginative logistics and business profitability.
Providing value addition to the task assigned.”
Personal Profile
Birthdate: September 17, 1996
Age: 22
Gender: Male
Civil Status: Single
Nationality: Filipino
Weight: 67kgs
Height: 178cm
Religion: Assemblies of God
Place of Birth: Baguio General Hospital, Baguio
City
Father’s Name: Rolando Y. Dar
Mother’s Maiden Name: Veronica A. Codillo
Sibling’s Name: Nicole Mae C. Dar
Justin Jay C. Dar
ORGANIZATIONS
Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers UC – SC
Member SY 2013 – 2017
Business Manager SY 2017 – 2018
President SY 2018 – 2019 (First Trimester Only)
1
SKILLS and QUALIFICATIONS
Have knowledge in Project Management
AutoCAD, Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Power
point, Visual Basic, Sketch Up, ETABS, Matrix 2D.
Estimates
Knowledgeable on design of fundamentals structure parts
Can work Under Pressure
Have a good communication skill and globally competitive
Flexible and willing to learn new things
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUD
Tertiary: University of the Cordilleras
Governor pack road, Baguio City
SY 2013 - Present
CHARACTER REFERENCE
Gladys R. Corpuz
OSAS SDO – Coordinator
University of the Cordilleras
+639169442013
Donna A. Villanueva
PICE Baguio Executive Secretary
PICE Baguio Chapter
+63175064519
2
I hereby certify that the information’s stated above are true and
correct with the best of my Knowledge
Paulo C. Dar
3
Person on ID must
be in formal
LUKE S. DAYAO attire
ID is passport
IC 48c Betag, size (35mm x
La Trinidad Benguet, 2601 Philippines 25mm)
+639-497-122-509
dayao.luke@gmail.com
OBJECTIVE:
Seeking a challenging career with a well-oriented
environment that will help me to capitalized the technical
knowledge and skills that I have acquired so far. Also, to
support the development of my continuing learning for the field
of Discipline that I have chosen.
PERSONAL INFORMATION:
Age: 25
Height: 165 cm
Weight: 65 kg
Birthday: December 14, 1993
Birthplace: La Trinidad, Benguet
Father’s Name: Amado Dayao Sr.
Mother’s Maiden Name: Heralda Saldo
Religion: Born Again
Civil Status: Single
ORGANIZATIONS:
Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers (PICE)
Member, S.Y. 2013-2019
ROTARACT La Trinidad – Sharelife Community
Member, S.Y. 2017-Present
1
SKILLS:
Engineering Computer Applications (AutoCAD, STAAD, Sketch
Up)
Basic MS Office Applications
Knowledge on Estimates
Adaptability & Team Player
Flexible and willing to learn
Good communication and analytical skills
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
Tertiary: University of the Cordilleras
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
2016-Present
CHARACTER REFERENCES:
Engr. Nelson G. Notarte
OIC- Dean, University of the Cordilleras
0908 209 7161
2
Engr. Alma A. Aguilar
Head, Department of Civil Engineering
University of the Cordilleras
0977 832 0032
Luke S. Dayao
3
Person on ID must
be in formal
JOHN DAVE ULSINO OS-OSA attire
ID is passport
Upper Wangal, size (35mm x
La Trinidad, Benguet, 2601 Philippines 25mm)
+639-4869-50654
johndaveososa@gmail.com
OBJECTIVE:
To seek a career-oriented environment where I can be able
to learn and at the same time apply the knowledge and
experiences I gained so far.
PERSONAL INFORMATION:
Age: 20
Height: 156 cm
Weight: 62 kg
Birthday: April 26, 1998
Birthplace: Kapangan, Benguet
Father’s Name: Johnny D. Os-osa
Mother’s Maiden Name: Erlinda Ulsino
Religion: Lutheran
Civil Status: Single
ORGANIZATIONS:
Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers (PICE)
Member, S.Y. 2015-Present
1
SKILLS:
Computer Literate (AutoCAD, Sketch Up)
Basic MS Office Applications
Fast Learner
Good Analytical Skills
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
Tertiary: University of the Cordilleras
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
2015-Present
CHARACTER REFERENCES:
Engr. David C. Angiwan, BSCE, MSCE
University of the Cordilleras
+6393988630
2
I certify that the above information is true and correct to the
rest of my knowledge.