Linear Algebra - Foundations to Frontiers

While = a pesar de que //

 Now, what's important is that a vector does not

have a location, so the fact that we started it at the
origin is purely a choice. So in order to discuss a
vector, we don't need to have the coordinate system
there. What matters is that it has a direction and a
length.

Rn denotes the set of all vectors of size n with components in R.

• A vector has a direction and a length:
–Its direction is often visualized by drawing an arrow from the origin to the
point(χ0,χ1, . . . ,χn−1), but the arrow does not necessarily need to start at the
origin.
–Its length is given by the Euclidean length of this arrow, √χ20+χ21+···+χ2n−1,It is
denoted by ‖x‖2 called the two-norm. Some people also call this the magnitude
of the vector.
• A vector does not have a location. Sometimes we will show it starting at the
origin, but that is only for convenience. It will often be more convenient to locate
it elsewhere (en algun otro sitio) or to move it.
1.2.2 Unit (Standard) Basis Vectors
(The more common term for this is "Standard Basis Vectors")

 So what are the unit basis vectors, or as they are

more commonly called, standard basis vectors?
Well, they are vectors of size n, so they have n
entries, but have the special property that all those
entries are equal to 0, except for one of those
entries. Now in this course, we're going to use the
notation e sub j to denote the vector that has that
one in the jth entry.

 So, if we're in our Rn, then we

will have n unit basis vectors . In
our presentations, any time you
encounter the symbol ej , it always
refers to the unit basis vector with
the “1” in the component indexed
by j.

Now, what is the advantage of using e sub 0 through e

sub n minus 1?
1.3.1 Equality (=), Assignment (:=), and
Copy
Stepwise = paso a paso entonces element-wise = element a element// account for =
explicar ; justificar//bring in =traer // keep track of = hacer seguimiento de// high
performance computing = computacion de alto rendimiento//

Definition 1.4Two vectors x, y ∈ Rn are equal if all their components are element-
wise equal: x=y if and only if χi = ψi, for all 0≤i<n. This means that two vectors are
equal if they point in the same direction and are of the same length. They don’t,
however, need to have the same location. The assignment or copy operation
assigns the content of one vector to another vector. In our mathematical notation,
we will denote this by the symbol :=(pronounce : becomes). After the assignment,
the two vectors are equal to each other.
Copying one vector to another vector requires 2nmemory operations (memops).
• The vector x of length n must be read, requiring n memops and
• the vector y must be written, which accounts for(justifica) the other n memops

1.3.2 Vector Addition

Go over = ir //

CORRECCION :

Heel to toe = head to toe//

 Now remember that vectors don't typically have a
spatial location. So we can actually move vector
y so that it lies right there. Now this we call
laying the vectors heel to toe. The heel of y,
where y starts, is now where x ends, which is
the toe of x. Now if one went in the direction
of x, and then in the direction of y, then the net
result would be that one would go from the
heel of x to the toe of y.

If you lay y heel to toe with x, or you lay x

heel to toe with y, you end up in the same
position, that creates this parallelogram that
you see here. And then the result of adding x to
y, or y to x, is this diagonal of the
parallelogram.

Cost:
On a computer, real numbers are stored as floating point numbers, and real
arithmetic is approximated with floating point arithmetic. Thus, we count floating
point operations (flops , abreviacion para operaciones de punto flotante): a
multiplication or addition each cost one flop. Vector addition requires 3n memops
(x is read, y is read, and the resulting vector is written,justamente a eso hace
referencia memop que es una operacion de lectura o escritura) and n flops
(floating point additions).For those who understand “Big-O” notation, the cost of the
SCAL operation, which is seen in the next section, is O(n).However, we tend to
want to be more exact than just saying O(n). To us, the coefficient in front of n is
important.

1.3.3 Scaling
Halve = reducer a la mitad//
Cost:
Scaling a vector requires n flops and 2n+1 memops. Here, α
is only brought in (traido) from memory once and kept in a
register for reuse. To fully understand this, you need to know
a little bit about computer architecture. “Among friends” we will
simply say that the cost is 2n memops since the one extra
memory operation (to bring α in from memory) is negligible.

1.3.4 Vector Subtraction

 how do you subtract two factors? We're going to see that that's just a matter of
combining addition and scaling.

En las demostraciones se usan vectores arbitrarios ,es decir ,vectores que no tienen ninguna
propiedad especial .

1.4.1 Scaled Vector Addition (AXPY)

Later on = más tarde // go ahead= realizer algo//sort of + Verbo= en cierto modo + Verbo.
Imagine que los datos comienzan siendo almacenados en memoria ,principal por el
momento , del ordenador y que para que el procesador haga los cálculos necesitan estos
datos ser traídos a los registros ,solo hay algunos de estos . Notamos que este número 2 se
reutiliza muchas veces. Entonces, lo que podemos hacer es tomar 2 y cargarlo en un registro y
mantenerlo allí durante todo el cómputo. Y eso nos cuesta 1 operación de memoria. Tambien
necesitamos leer los pares de elementos de x e y y luego escribirlo de vuelta en y , that means 2
memory operations for reading, one more for writing. So that gives us 3 memory
operations. And what do we do with those elements? Well, once we have read them, we
need to do one multiply - 2 times 1 in this case - and one addition. So that is 2 floating
point operations. But we need to do that for every corresponding pair in these two vectors.
OK. If the size of the vectors is n, then that means that we would have to do 3 times n
memory operations and 2 times n floating point operations. So, the number of memory
operations we have to do is then 3 n plus 1. And the number of floating point operations
that we need to perform is 2 times n.
1.4.2 Linear Combinations of Vectors

Shorthand= abreviatura //
1.4.3 Dot or Inner Product (DOT)

La notación y tiene un significado especial. Ambos son vectores. El tamaño de los vectores es,
bueno, cualquiera que sea el tamaño de los vectores con los que está trabajando. Cada uno de
ellos son vectores con un componente igual a 1 y el resto igual a 0, por lo que ambos tienen la
longitud 1. No serán iguales entre sí a menos que i = j, ya que la componente i es igual a 1 y la
componente j es igual a t

Lo veremos más en las últimas semanas del curso con cambios de base. Si miras las cosas desde
el punto de vista correcto, los problemas se vuelven mucho más fáciles. El cambio de base a
través de productos punto logra esto si es la base correcta. Es posible que desee ver el video de
3BLUE! BROWN sobre la interpretación geométrica del producto de puntos. No recuerdo cuál,
pero tienen un video particularmente sobre esto.
1.4.4 Vector Length (norm2)