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2856 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS, VOL. 30, NO. 6, NOVEMBER 2015
0885-8950 © 2014 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
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DE OLIVEIRA-DE JESUS AND ROJAS QUINTANA: DSSE MODEL USING A REDUCED QUASI-SYMMETRIC IMPEDANCE MATRIX 2857
Set of branch resistances. (DAS) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA)
systems as well as improved billing data by application of auto-
Triangular topology connectivity matrix.
matic meter reading (AMR) systems provide enough informa-
Connectivity matrix (meshed). tion to perform a better assessment of the energy balance of the
System impedance matrix (meshed). system.
The initial efforts to apply SSE into electric distribution
Reduced system impedance matrix. systems were made by Wu [3] and later by Roytelman [4]. A
System impedance matrix. complete formulation was proposed in [5], using a three-phase
model solved also with the Normal equation and iterative
Set of nodal voltages . Newton method. In [6]–[8], the problem is solved using the
Voltage module at node . current branch measurements.
Recently, a number of approaches to the distribution system
Voltage drop vector (meshed). state estimation (DSSE) formulation have been published. The
Set of measured nodal voltages . potential for improvements on DSSE based on phasor measure-
ments units (PMU) and smart metering is discussed [9]–[11].
Real part of voltage set .
Reference [12]presents a WLS robust state estimator based
Imaginary part of voltage set . upon the solution of the Normal equation to estimate the level,
Set of branch reactances. location, and impact of voltage unbalance on a real distribution
network. Reference [13], presents a WLS robust state estimator
Sets of state variables , . based upon the solution of the normal equation and machine
Sets of state variables at node 0. learning algorithm. In [14]–[16], DSSE procedures with billing
energy data as pseudomeasurements are introduced.
Sets of state variables (meshed).
The concept of exploitation of radial network characteristics
Sets of state variables at node 0 (meshed). in order to reduce the size of the optimization problem is dis-
Transformer reactance (%). cussed in [17]. This contribution presents an approach based
on an interior point optimization by reducing the estimation
Reactance between node and node . problem to load measurement groups which are located in mea-
Set of weights . surement areas or measurement subsystems[18], [19]. The opti-
mization problem is stated as the minimization of all data noise
Active energy consumed at node (MWh).
(powers, currents, and voltages) subject to global power equa-
Set of branch impedances . tions: active and reactive powers at slack bus are equal to loads
plus losses. In the next step, power losses and bus voltage mag-
Positive sequence impedance (ohms/mile).
nitudes are calculated using an external load flow program with
Teng's Impedance matrix (meshed). the updated values of the load group scaling factors.
Kron's matrix of . A DSSE model based upon Kersting's ladder iterative method
[20] and branch current measurements is presented in [21]. In
General impedance matrix (meshed). [22], a three-phase DSSE algorithm is proposed based on the re-
All entries are in per unit, except otherwise stated. taining of nonlinearity taking advantage of the characteristics of
the radial feeder and is suitable for systems with high R/X ratios.
In [23], the authors briefly present how radial exploitation tech-
I. INTRODUCTION niques could be applied into the single-phase DSSE problem
by introducing the concept of a global radial-exploited distribu-
the Jacobian procedure are presented using IEEE 4-, 13-, 37-, where is the set of voltages at nodes, corresponds to volt-
123-,and 8500-node test systems. ages at origin, and is the set of injected currents at nodes.
This paper is organized as follows. Section II addresses the System voltages are a function of injected powers by accom-
TRX-DSSE formulation. Comparative case studies are shown plishing Kirchhoff Current Laws (KCL) and Kirchhoff Voltage
in Section III. Conclusions are drawn in Section IV. Laws (KCL) through a reduced impedance matrix . This
matrix has a quasisymmetric structure, taking advantage of the
II. PROPOSED FORMULATION representation of large radial networks and expressly including
all nodes of the system. This representation should not be con-
This section presents the proposed formulation. In the fol-
fused with the phase matrix in the two-terminal voltage
lowing, overlined entries are complex numbers and bold are ar-
equation at a given branch : . The pro-
rays. All quantities are in p.u. except otherwise stated.
posed WLS state estimation model is written as a constrained
According to Monticelli [25], a generalized state estimation
optimization problem. In this formulation, the derivatives of the
model can be defined by using the following constrained opti-
measurement functions are not explicit as a function of the en-
mization problem:
tries of the TRX matrix, then voltage drop equation and mea-
(1) surement functions should be expressly included as constraints
in the optimization problem.
The objective is to get the state of the system that minimizes Under this representation, loads are regarded as constant ac-
global measurement noise produced by the difference between tive and reactive powers and vector groupings of transformers
measured variables and calculated variables or measurement are considered under wye-wye connection. However, other load
function . Symbol denotes vector/matrix transposition, representations and vector groupings could be included in the
and is set of weights. Any constrained optimization algo- TRX-DSSE according to models presented in [20]. This issue
rithm could be applied to solve linear or quadratic state estima- is beyond the scope of this paper.
tion models.
In general, the standard WLS optimization problem is set as A. Complete TRX-DSSE Formulation
follows: Let us define a radially exploited distribution network with
nodes (substation is denoted as node 0) with nodes with
(2) loads, generation, or both, and interconnecting nodes.
The basic formulation of the TRX-DSSE optimization
(3) problem is denoted as follows:
(4) (8)
TABLE I
DATABASE SETUP
B. Data Setup
Data required to apply the proposed model is detailed in
Fig. 2. Daily aggregated demand at node .
Table I.
1) Topology and Network Impedance Matrices : For
a radial distribution system with nodes and branches, pro-
posed formulation requires that all branches and nodes are orga- used as weights in the objective function: . Second,
nized according to an appropriate numbering scheme, as shown power injections , could be screened
in Fig. 1. The root node 0 (Grid Supply Point, GSP), is not con- directly via SCADA or regarded as pseudomeasurements which
sidered part of the distribution network. Under this appropriate values are allocated from historical or statistical data taken
numbering scheme, a relationship between the set injected cur- from load profiling studies. Variances of the pseudomeasure-
rents and the set of branch currents is set through an upper ments should be assessed from aggregated power histograms at
triangular matrix accomplishing the KCL: . distribution transformer taking into account the class error of
The model network structure and topology can be given in the metering equipment connected at LV customers.
single-phase or three-phase approach. The impedance At given time (i.e., maximum demand), the model requires
matrix has a quasisymmetric structure establishing an estimation of power injections at load trans-
former and generating nodes, where
and . Some of these parameters could
(12)
be obtained from monitored equipment as capacitor banks, dis-
tributed generators, or special loads.
where and are the series branch impedance parameters. However, most of the load buses are not directly monitored.
The matrix dimension is under single-phase If at given node an equivalent per unit daily load curve for
approach and under three-phase approach, where active power is known (using statistical or historical form billing
is the number of nodes. Details about the TRX matrix structure database), then active load power injected at given time can
can be found in [24]. be estimated, as shown in Fig. 2.
2) Weights, Measurements, and Pseudomeasurements: Let If global energy consumed in MWh, during a time
us define the set of direct measurements in the distribution billing frame, i.e., a month (30 days), by all users connected at
system as . Two types of direct mea- distribution transformer (node ) is known, then active power
surements are considered. First, voltage and branch injected at is expressed as
current could be screened directly via SCADA,
with their corresponding weights . Inverses of mea-
(13)
surement variances of monitoring equipment are normally
2860 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS, VOL. 30, NO. 6, NOVEMBER 2015
where the assignment factor is where is the set of voltages at load and generating nodes,
corresponds to voltages at origin, and is the set of in-
jected currents at load or generating nodes. System voltages are
(14) a function of injected powers by accomplishing KCL and KVL
through a reduced impedance matrix .
After reduction, a load flow is required to calculate the state
Reactive power injection calculation will depend on
of the system of eliminated nodes. Current load flow algorithms
historical information about daily power factor angle curve
are able to solve large distribution systems very fast [27], [28].
with its respective variance .
By solving a reduced TRX-DSSE and performing an additional
C. Constraint Calculations load flow, better computational results are expected than solving
the complete TRX-DSSE problem.
In order to determine the system voltage drop equation, let
us define , and E. TRX-DSSE Formulation for Weakly Meshed Systems
represented in rectangular form as follows [23], [24]:
The TRX-DSSE model is suitable to be applied on weakly
meshed distribution systems. In this case, the TRX matrix and
(15)
the voltage drop equation stated in (10) should be modified in
order to include additional equations corresponding to existing
where injected current entries of and are [23], [24] loops in the network.
Let us define . This matrix is filled with complex num-
(16) bers according to the following structure:
(17) (21)
According to (8), the values of the measurement set must where is the modified upper triangular matrix and
be compared with the calculated set . Total error is then modified impedance matrix according to [26]. Then, the
must be calculated taking into account the modified voltage drop equation can be written as
inverses of measurement variances by defining a diagonal ma-
trix of weights , where . Let us (22)
define . Entries of are given in the following
subsections. where are structured as
1) Nodal Voltages: Measured are compared with
calculated . At given node , magnitude value is
(23)
(18)
Applying Kron's reduction to , the modified voltage
2) Branch Currents: are compared with equation for weakly meshed networks can be expressed as
. At given branch , magnitude is given by
(24)
(19)
where .
where real and imaginary parts of currents are given by All entries of previous equations correspond to matrices
and . and vectors with complex numbers. In order to apply the
3) Power Injections: and are compared TRX-DSSE model, equations should be expressed in real
with and , respectively. Calculated injec- numbers. After some algebra, (24) can be expressed as follows:
tions are directly obtained of the set of system voltages.
(25)
D. Network Reduction: From to
If is an interconnecting node, there exist no injection real where is a quasi-symmetric matrix
or reactive powers, and . In this case, the
impedance matrix could be reduced to by elim-
(26)
inating corresponding files and rows to node. As a result, the
problem size is considerably reduced by replacing (10) by (20)
in the optimization model. where and .
For instance, a single-phase network with nodes, where Finally, in order to include meshed networks in the TRX-
are load or generating nodes, the dimension of could be DSSE model, (10) should be substituted by the following ex-
reduced to from to to yield pression:
(20) (27)
DE OLIVEIRA-DE JESUS AND ROJAS QUINTANA: DSSE MODEL USING A REDUCED QUASI-SYMMETRIC IMPEDANCE MATRIX 2861
TABLE III
TRX-DSSE IEEE TEST-CASE CHARACTERISTICS
TABLE II
IEEE 4-NODE SINGLE-PHASE MEASUREMENTS
TABLE IV TABLE V
IEEE 4-NODE SINGLE-PHASE COMPLETE RESULTS IEEE 4-NODE SINGLE-PHASE REDUCED RESULTS
TABLE IX TABLE X
IEEE 13 TEST SYSTEM—RESULTS IEEE 8500-NODE SYSTEM—REDUCED TRX-DSSE RESULTS
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2866 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS, VOL. 30, NO. 6, NOVEMBER 2015
[34] R. H. Byrd, J. Nocedal, and R. A. Waltz, “Knitro: An integrated Andrés A. Rojas Quintana received the M.Sc. and
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Proc. IEEE PES T and D, New Orleans, LA, USA, 2010, pp. 1–6. operation and smart grids.