LIFE WORKS & WRITING OF JOSE RIZAL

NATION AND NATIONALISM

Group 2 Reporters:

Amogues
Yara
Tumarlas
Alima
Abrau
 CHAPTER 2

I. Nation, State, Nation-State

II. Nation and Nationalism

III. Nation and Bayan

 BRIEF SUMMARY

NATION AND NATIONALISM

Nation, State, Nation-State

 To better understand nationalism, one must learn first the concepts of nation and
nationhood as well as state and nation-state.

Nation Nation-State State

A group of people that

shares a common
A political entity that wields
culture, history,
A state governing a nation sovereignty over a defined
language, and other territory
practices like religion,
affinity to a place, etc.

Nation and Nationalism

 One major component of the nation-state is the nation
 The origin of the nation, concomitantly nationalism, has been a subject of debates among
social scientists and scholars.

Three (3) theories about the roots of the nation:

1st theory is the Primordialism
 Traces the root of the nation and national identity to existing and deep-rooted features of
a group of people like race, language, religion, and others.
2nd theory is the Modernity
 States that nation, national identity, and nationalism are products of the modern condition
and are shaped by modernity.
 BRIEF SUMMARY

3rd theory is the Constructivist approach

 This view maintains that nationalism is socially constructed and imagined by people who
identify with a group.
 Benedict Anderson argues that nations are “imagined communities” (2003)
 Anderson also puts forward the important role of mass media:
 Fostered unified fields of communication which allowed the millions of people
within a territory to “know” each other through printed outputs and become aware
that many others identified with the same community
 Standardized languages that enhanced feelings of nationalism and community
 Maintained communication through a few languages widely used in the printing
press which endured through time.

Nation and Bayan

 Nation-building is a continuing struggle up to the present.
 In the 19th century it is the First anti-colonial revolution in Asia led by Andres Bonifacio
and the Katipunan
 Indigenous intellectual movements like Sikolohiyang Pilipino and Bagong Kasaysayan
introduced the concepts of kapwa and bayan.
Kapwa
 Important concept in the country’s social relations.
 Filipino interaction is mediated by understanding one’s affinity with another as described
by the phrases “ibang tao” and “di ibang tao”
 Supports the notion of unity and harmony in a community. It arises other notions such as
“pakikipagkapwa”, “pakikisama” and pakikipag-ugnay”
Pantayong Pananaw
 Major movement in the indigenization campaign is led by Bagong Kasaysayan, founded
by Zeus Salazar.
Bayan/Banua
 Important indigenous concept which can be traced all the war to the Austronesian
language family.
 The concept of bayan clashed with the European notion of nación during the Spanish
colonization.
 BRIEF SUMMARY

 Pantayong Pananaw maintain the existence of a great cultural divide that separated the
elite (nación) ant the folk/masses (bayan) as the product of colonial experience.

KEYWORDS
Bayan/banua – indigenous filipino concepts of community and territory that may be related to
nationalism
Nation – a group of people with a shared language, culture, and history
Nation-building – a project undertaken with the goal of strengthening the bond of the nation
Nation-state – a state ruling over a nation
 REFERENCES

 Wani-Obias, Mallari, and Reguindin-Estella. 2018. The Life and Works of Jose Rizal.
Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc.