Beruflich Dokumente
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C O M P L E T E COURSE THE B A S IC S
COURSE OUTLINE
How to use this course.............................................................................. xi
Language learning tips ............................................................................xv
Portuguese spelling and pronunciation ................................................... xxv
Lesson 2 (phrases)...............................................................................6
Subject pronouns ........................................7
Set (to be)...................................................... 9
iv C o m p l e t e B r a z il ia n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e B a s ic s
U N I T 2 : Talking a b o u t the f a m i l y .................
Lesson 5 (w o rd s ) ................................................ 21
Indefinite articles . 22
Há (there is/there are) 23
Lesson 9 (w o rd s )........................................................................................43
Telling t i m e ................................................... 44
The prepostion de (of) .............................. 46
Lesson l O (p h ra se s ) .................................................................................49
Course ('httme
Lesson 11 (sen ten ces) ................................................................................ 56
Question w o r d s ..............................................57
The verb fazer (to do, to make) .....................59
U N IT 4: Talking ab ou t h e a l t h ................................................................. 73
Lesson 15 ( s e n te n c e s ) ............................................................................... 87
Lesson 17 ( w o r d s ) ...................................................................................I0J
O rdinal n u m b e rs ........................................136
The verb ficar (to stay) and phrases o f
location and d ire c tio n .................................139
J
Lesson 22 (phrases)........................................................................ 142
The imperative ........................................ 142
Object pronouns......................................146
Lesson 24 (conversations)..............................................................160
The preposition para................................ 162
Personal infinitives .................................. 165
UNIT 7: Shopping.........................................................................169
Lesson 28 (conversations)...........................................................190
The immediate future........................... 191
The preposition por ............................. 194
v iii C o m p l e t e B r a z il ia n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e B a s ic s
U N I T 8 : In a re sta uran t
A d v e rb s .......................................................... 205
The preterite o f estar (to b e )....................... 209
C o u r s e ('f u l liM f m
Lesson 3 5 ( s e n t e n c e s ) ............................................................................ 241
Indefinites 2 .................................................262
Idiomatic expressions ................................ 265
Lesson 3 8 ( p h r a s e s ) .................................................................................268
X C o m p l e t e B r a z il ia n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e B a s ic s
H o w to use this course
W o r d l is t / p h r a s e l is t / s e n t e n c e l is t / c o n v e r s a t io n
Every lesson begins with a list o f words, phrases, or sentences, or
a dialogue. The grammar and exercises will be based on these
com ponents, so it’s im portant to spend as m uch tim e reading
and rereading these as possible before getting into the hear! ol
the lesson.
P r a c t ic e
It’s im portant to practice what you’ve learned on a regular basis.
You’ll find practice sections throughout each lesson; take your
time to complete these exercises before m oving on to the next
section. How well you do on each practice will determine whether
or n ot you need to review a particular grammar point before you
move on.
T ip !
In order to enhance your experience, you’ll find several tips for
learning Portuguese throughout the course. This could be a tip
on a specific grammar point, additional vocabulary related to the
lesson topic, or a tip on language learning in general. For more
practical advice, you can also refer to the Language learning tips
section that follows this introduction.
C u l t u r e n o t e s a n d l a n g u a g e l in k s
Becoming familiar with the culture o f Portuguese-speaking coun
tries is nearly as essential to language learning as grammar. These
sections allow you to get to know these cultures better through
facts about Portuguese-speaking countries and other bits o f cul
tural inform ation. You’ll also find the links to various websites
you can visit on the internet to learn more about a particular
country or custom, or to find a language learning tool that may
come in handy.
xii C o m p l e t e B r a z il ia n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e B asics
D isc o v e r y a c tiv ity
Discovery activities are another chance for you to p u t your new
language to use. They will often require you to go out into the
world and interact with other Portuguese speakers, or simply to
use the resources around your own hom e to practice your Por
tuguese.
U n it essen tia ls
Finally, each U nit ends with a review o f the m ost essential vocab
ulary and phrases. Make sure you’re familiar with these phrases,
as well as their structure, before m oving on to the next Unit.
L e a r n e r ’s d ic t io n a r y
If you’ve purchased this book as a part o f the com plete audio
package, you also received a Learner’s Dictionary with more than
20,000 o f the m ost frequently used Portuguese words, phrases,
and idiom atic expressions. Use it as a reference any time you’re at
a loss for words in the exercises and discovery activities, or as a
supplem ental study aid. This dictionary is ideal for beginner or
intermediate level learners o f Portuguese.
A u d io
This course works best when used along with the four audio CDs
included in the com plete course package. These C D s feature all
the word lists, phrase lists, sentence lists, and dialogues from each
unit, as well as key examples from the N uts &* bolts sections. This
audio can be used along with the book, or on the go for hands
free practice.
And it’s as easy as that! To get even more out o f Living Language
Complete Brazilian Portuguese: The Basics, you may want to read the
Language learning tips section th at follows this introduction. II
you’re confident that you know all you need to know to )>cl
G ood luck!
X IV C o m p l e t e B r a z il ia n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e B a sics
L a n g u a g e le a rn in g tips ~~
If you’re not sure about the best way to learn a new language, take
a m om ent to read this section. It includes lots o f helpful tips ami
practical advice on studying languages in general, im proving vo
cabulary, mastering grammar, using audio, doing exercises, and
expanding your learning experience. All o f this will make learn
ing more effective and m ore fun.
GENERAL TIPS
Let’s start with some general points to keep in m ind about learn
ing a new language.
1. F in d y o u r pace
The m ost im portant thing to keep in m ind is that you should al
ways proceed at your own pace. D on’t feel pressured into think
ing that you only have one chance to digest inform ation before
m oving on to new material. Read and listen to parts o f lessons or
entire lessons as m any times as it takes to make you feel com fort
able with the material. Regular repetition is the key to learning
any new language, so don’t be afraid to cover material again, and
again, and again!
2. T ake n o te s
Use a notebook or start a language journal so you can have some
thing to take with you. Each lesson contains material that you’ll
learn m uch m ore quickly and effectively if you write it down, or
rephrase it in your own words once you’ve understood it. That in
cludes vocabulary, grammar points and examples, expressions
from dialogues, and anything else that you find noteworthy. Take
your notes with you to review wherever you have time to k ill-o n
the bus or train, waiting at the airport, while dinner is cooking, or
whenever you can find the time. Rem em ber-practice (and lots o f
review!) makes perfect when it comes to learning languages.
M.ikc lime for your new language. The concept o f “hours o f ex
posure” is key to learning a language. W hen you expose yourself
to a new language frequently, you’ll pick it up m ore easily. O n
the ojther hand, the longer the intervals between your exposure to
a language, the more you’ll forget. It’s best to set time aside regu
larly for yourself. Imagine that you’re enrolled in a class that takes
place at certain regular times during the week, and set that time
aside. O r use your lunch break. It’s better to spend less time sev
eral days a week than a large chunk o f time once or twice a week.
In other words, spending thirty or forty m inutes on M onday,
Tuesday, Wednesday, Friday, and Sunday will be better than
spending two and a half or three hours just on Saturday.
4 . D o n ’t h a v e u n r e a l i s t i c e x p e c t a t i o n s
D on’t expect to start speaking a new language as if it were your na
tive language. It’s certainly possible for adults to learn new lan
guages with amazing fluency, but that’s not a realistic immediate
goal for m ost people. Instead, make a com m itm ent to become
“functional” in a new language, and start to set small goals: getting
by in m ost daily activities, talking about yourself and asking about
others, following TV and movies, reading a newspaper, expressing
your ideas in basic language, and learning creative strategies for
getting the m ost out o f the language you know. Functional doesn’t
m ean perfectly native fluent, b ut it’s a great accomplishment!
5. D o n ’t g e t h u n g u p o n p r o n u n c i a t i o n
“Losing the accent” is one o f the m ost challenging parts o f learn
ing a language. If you think about celebrities, scientists, or politi
cal figures whose native language isn’t English, they probably
have a pretty recognizable accent. But that hasn’t kept them from
becom ing celebrities, scientists, or political figures. Really young
children are able to learn the sounds o f any language in the
world, and they can reproduce them perfectly. That’s part o f the
process o f learning a native language. In an adult, or even in an
older child, this ability has diminished, so if you agonize over
sounding like a native speaker in your new language, you’re just
xvi C o m p l e t e B r a z il ia n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e B a sics
setting yourself up for disappointm ent. T hat’s not to say that yuii
can’t learn pronunciation well. Even adults can get pretty l.u
through mimicking the sounds that they hear. So, listen carefully
to the audio several times. Listening is a very im portant part ol
this process: you can’t reproduce a sound until you learn to dis
tinguish the sound. Then m im ic what you hear. D on’t be afraid
o f sounding strange. Just keep at it, and soon enough you’ll de
velop good pronunciation.
6 . D o n ’t b e s h y
Learning a new language inevitably involves speaking out loud,
and it involves making mistakes before you get better. D o n ’t be
afraid o f sounding strange, or awkward, or silly. You w on’t: you’ll
impress people with your attempts. The more you speak, and the
more you interact, the faster you’ll learn to correct the mistakes
you do make.
i. A u d io r e p e t it io n
Fix your eye on the written form o f a word, and listen to the
audio several times. Remind yourself o f the English translation as
you do this.
3. W r i t t e n r e p e t itio n
Write a word over and over again across a page, speaking it slowly
and carefully each time you write it. D o n ’t be afraid to fill up en
tire sheets o f paper with your new vocabulary words.
4. F la s h c a r d s
They m ay seem childish, but they’re effective. C ut out small
pieces of paper (no need to spend a lot o f m oney on index cards)
and write the English word on one side and the new word on the
other. Just this act alone will put a few words in your mind. Then
read through your “deck” o f cards. First go from the target (new)
language into E n g lish -th at’s easier. Turn the target language side
face up, read each card, and guess at its meaning. O nce you’ve
guessed, turn the card over to see if you’re right. If you are, set the
card aside in your “learned” pile. If you’re wrong, repeat the word
and its m eaning and then put it at the bottom o f your “to learn”
pile. C ontinue through until you’ve m oved all o f the cards into
your “learned” pile.
O nce you’ve com pleted the whole deck from your target lan
guage into English, turn the deck over and try to go from English
into your target language. You’ll see that this is harder, but also a
better test o f whether or not you’ve really mastered a word.
5. M n e m o n ic s
A m nem onic is a device or a trick to trigger your memory, like
“King Phillip Came Over From Great Spain,” which you may
xviii C o m p l e t e B r a z il ia n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e B a sic s
li.ivc lc.irncd in high school biology to rem em ber that spei ie.s .nr
i l.i.ssifit'd into kingdom, phylum , class, order, family, genus, ami
spivics. They work well for vocabulary, too. W hen you hear ami
i f.id .1 new word, look to see if it sounds like any th in g -a place, a
name, a nonsense phrase. Then form an image o f that place or
person or even nonsense scenario in your head. Imagine it as you
say and read the new word. Rem ember that the m ore sense trig
gers you have-hearing, reading, writing, speaking, imagining a
crazy im age-the better you’ll remember.
6. G r o u p s
Vocabulary should be learned in small and logically connected
groups whenever possible. M ost o f the vocabulary lists in this
course are already organized this way. D on’t try to tackle a whole
list at once. C hoose your m ethod-repeating a word out loud,
writing it across a page, etc., and practice with a small group.
7. P r a c t i c e
D on’t just learn a word out o f context and leave it hanging there.
Go back and practice it in the context provided in this course. If
the word appears in a dialogue, read it in the full sentence and
call to m ind an image o f that sentence. If possible, substitute
other vocabulary words into the same sentence structure (“John
goes to the library” instead o f “John goes to the store’). As you ad
vance through the course, try writing your own simple examples
o f words in context.
8. C o m e b a c k t o i t
This is the key to learning vocabulary—n o t just holding it tem
porarily in your short term m em ory, but m aking it stick in your
long term memory. Go back over old lists, old decks o f flash
cards you m ade, or old example sentences. Listen to vocabulary
audio from previous lessons. Pull up crazy m nem onic devices
you created at some point earlier in your studies. A nd always be
on the lookout for old words appearing again throughout the
course.
KK ( UMIMI IP H t 4 A# l ! I AN P n f t T U e i l i i S S ! Í í I í= 1 1 a s » < §
I IPS ON DOING EXERCISES
I In- exercises are m eant to give you a chance to practice the v<>
i .ibulary and structures that you learn in each lesson, and <>l
course to test yourself on retention. Take the time to write out the
entire sentences to get the m ost out o f the practice. D o n ’t limit
yourself to just reading and writing. Read the sentences and an
swers aloud, so you’ll also be practicing pronunciation and spo
ken proficiency. As you gain m ore confidence, try to adapt the
practice sentences by substituting different vocabulary or gram
matical constructions, too. Be creative, and push the practices as
lar as you can to get the m ost o ut o f them.
i. A u d io r e p e t it io n
i. S p o k e n r e p e titio n
I isten to the audio and repeat several times for practice. For ex
ample, to learn the conjugation o f an irregular verb, repeat all o f
tlu- forms o f the verb until you’re able to produce them without
j. W r it t e n r e p e t it io n
Write the new forms again and again, saying them slowly and
carefully as well. Do this until you’re able to produce all o f the
forms w ithout any help.
4. F la s h c a r d s
C opy the grammar point, w hether it’s a list o f pronouns, a con
jugation, or a list o f irregular forms, on a flash card. Stick the
cards in your pocket so you can practice them when you have
time to kill. Glance over the cards, saying the forms to yourself
several times, and when you’re ready to test yourself, flip the card
over and see if you can produce all o f the inform ation.
5. G r a m m a r in th e w il d
6. C o m e b a c k t o i t
Just like vocabulary, grammar is best learned through repetition
and review. Go back over your notes, go back to previous lessons
and read over the grammar sections, listen to the audio, or check
out the relevant section in the grammar summary. Even after
you’ve com pleted lessons, it’s never a bad idea to go back and
keep the “old” grammar fresh.
xxii C o m p l e t e B r a z il ia n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e Ba s ic s
IIOW IO EXPAND YOUR LEARNING EXPERIENCE
Vi mi experience with your new language should not be limited lc >
11us course alone. Like anything, learning a language will be more
enjoyable ii you’re able to make it a part o f your life in some way.
And you’d be surprised to know how easily you can do that these
days!
i. U se t h e in t e r n e t
Hie internet is an absolutely amazing resource for people learn
ing new languages. You’re never more than a few clicks away from
online newspapers, magazines, reference material, cultural sites,
Iravel and tourism sites, images, sounds, and so m uch more. De
velop your own list o f favorite sites that match your needs and in
terests, whether it’s business, cooking, fashion, film, kayaking,
rock climbing, or . . . well, you get the picture. Use search engines
i reatively to find examples o f vocabulary or grammar “in the
wild.” Find a favorite blog or periodical and take the time to work
your way through an article or entry. Think o f what you use the
internet for in English, and look for similar sites in your target
language.
i. C h e c k o u t c o m m u n ity r e s o u r c e s
Depending on where you live, there may be plenty o f practice
opportunities in your own com m unity. There may be a cultural
organization or social club where people meet. There may be a
local college or university with a departm ent that hosts cultural
events such as films or discussion groups. There may be a restau
rant where you can go for a good meal and a chance to practice a
hit o f your target language. O f course, you can find a lot o f this
information online, and there are sites that allow groups o f peo
ple to get organized and m eet to pursue their interests.
3. F o r e ig n film s
l-'ilms are a wonderful way to practice hearing and understanding
a new language. W ith English subtitles, pause, and rewind,
they’re practically really long dialogues with pictures! N ot to
4. M usic
Even if you have a horrible singing voice, music is a great way to
learn new vocabulary. After hearing a song just a few times, the
lyrics somehow manage to plant themselves in the m ind. And
with the internet, it’s often very easy to find the entire lyric sheet
for a song online, print it out, and have it ready for whenever
you’re alone and feel like singing.
5. T e l e v i s i o n
If you have access to television program ming in the language
you’re studying, including o f course anything you can find on
the internet, take advantage o f that! You’ll m ost likely hear very
natural and colloquial language, including idiomatic expressions
and rapid speech, all o f which will be a healthy challenge for your
com prehension skills. But the visual cues, including body lan
guage and gestures, will help. Plus, you’ll get to see how the lan
guage interacts with the culture, which is also a very im portant
part o f learning a language.
6. F o o d
A great way to learn a language is through the cuisine. W hat
could be better than going out and trying new dishes at a restau
rant with the intention o f practicing your newly acquired lan
guage? Go to a restaurant, and if the names o f the dishes are
printed in the target language, try to decipher them . Then try to
order in the target language, provided o f course that your server
speaks the language! At the very least you’ll learn a few new vo
cabulary items, not to m ention sample some wonderful new
food.
xxiv C o m p l e t e B r a z il ia n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e B a sics
P o rtu g u e s e sp e llin g a n d p ro n u n c ia tio n
Let’s start with the vowels. There are three im portant distinctions
to understand about Portuguese vowels. First, vowels m ay be ei
ther oral (pronounced with the airflow com ing completely
through the m outh) or nasal (pronounced with the airflow com
ing partially through the nose). We’ll start with the oral vowels
below, and then we’ll return to the nasal vowels afterward. The
second distinction is between “open” and “closed” vowels. An
open vowel is pronounced with the jaw lower, so there’s m ore o f
an opening for the air to pass through. A closed vowel is pro
nounced with the jaw higher o r closer to the ro o f o f the m outh,
so there’s a smaller opening for the air to pass through. English
has this distinction in, for example, seek (closed) vs. sick (open) or
take (closed) vs. tech (open). The vowels a, e, and o in Portuguese
have both open and closed varieties. Sometimes that’s marked
with an accent; á, é, and ó are all open vowels in stressed sylla
bles, and â, ê, and ô are all closed vowels in stressed syllables. But
usually there’s no written indication o f whether a vowel is open
or closed. That m eans that a can have two pronunciations, either
open or closed, but á will always be open, and â will always be
xxvi C o m p l e t e B r a z il ia n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e Ba sic s
ê Always pé, fé, décimo, férias, tépido
stressed and
open, like e in
best.
t Always você, estêncil, competência, Gênova,
stressed and decênio
closed, like ay
in day but
clipped.
i Like i in filha, ficar, Brasil, dizcr, piscina,
routine. Accent caricia, físico, particfpio
does not alter
pronunciation.
o Mostly in costa, porta, grota, oihos, bota
stressed
syllable: open,
like o in o ff
(Northeastern
U.S.
pronunciation).
o Closed: like o boca, ovelha, polvo, português
in^o, but
clipped.
o In comm on o, os, do, branco, livro, falo, cozinha,
monosyllabic tenho, gostamos
words, in
unstressed
word-final
position,
before a
stressed i, or
when reduced:
like oo in loot,
but clipped.
N asa l v o w els
If you speak French, the distinction between oral and nasal vow
els will be familiar to you. But actually, since you speak English,
it’s familiar to you as well, but you may not realize it. Say the
words dope, dote, dome, and don’t aloud. Now, pinch your nose
closed as you say them aloud again. Dope and dote are unaffected,
but it’s impossible to pronounce dome and don’t if you block your
nose. That’s because the -m and -n make the vowel o nasal in
those words. This is exactly the same in Portuguese; -n and -m at
the end o f a syllable or word nasalize the preceding vowel, and in
fact -n and -m are not really pronounced on their own. They only
affect the pronunciation o f the vowel before them . The other way
that nasal vowels are marked is with the tilde, b u t this is only
used with ã or õ.
xxviii C o m p l e t e B r a z il ia n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e B a sics
A. Like u in alemã, manhã, canta, branco,
tin. thunder or alfândega, ambos, ambição
am hunhf
en, Like ai in fain t bem, jovem, homens, tem, quarenta,
cm or paint. frente, tempo
in, Like ea in sim, fim, ginga, limpa, lindo,
im cleaned. simpático, saltimbanco
Õ, Like o in don’t onde, montar, bom, contar, pompom,
4(1, or won’t. fonte
uni
un, Like oo in um, uns, duns, cumprir, tumba,
urn swoons or punctura
loomed.
D iph t h o n g s
A diphthong is a combination o f two vowels that make one
sound together. Diphthongs in English are oy, ay, and ow, among
others. Portuguese has a lot o f diphthongs, both oral and nasal,
but if you know the pronunciation o f the individual vowels, it’s
pretty easy to figure out how the combinations are pronounced.
Let’s start with oral diphthongs:
But in the combinations gue, gui, que, and qui, the u is only there
to keep the hard g and k sounds (see g and q under consonants):
xxx C o m p l e t e B r a z il ia n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e B a sic s
N a n a i, d i p h t h o n g s
C o n so n a n ts
boca, boa, feira, falar, muito, almoçar, não, pena, papel, pe
sado, v o u ,a v ó
xxxii C o m p l e t e B r a z il ia n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e B a s ic s
Ai the end o f final, Brasil, decimal, hotel, favorável.
.1 word, boçal, servil
softened,
similar to w
in we.
Ili Like//z in lhama, lhes, lhano, m ilho, milhão,
million. calhau
nil Like w in espanhol, ranheta, canhão, canhota,
onion. lenho
■Iii Before a and o, qual, quadra, quanto, quatro, quota,
like qu in quotidiano
quota.
i|ii Before e and i, quem, querido, quieto, quilo, quina,
like k in kite. arquiteto
At the raça, reserva, roupa, rosa, rio, rua,
beginning o f ruído
a word, like a
breathy h.
(Trilled in
some parts
o f Brazil.)
In the middle para, pêra, duro, careta, zero, caro
o f a word
between
vowels, like a
tap or flap
against the
ridge behind
the top teeth.
xxxiv C o m p l e t e B r a z il ia n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e Ba sic s
Before hard c, gesto, esquema, asco, esposo, destino,
hard g, f, p, asfaltar, resgatar, resquício, canetas,
qu, and t, and hotéis, livros
in final
position, like
s in see.
Like ss in gesso, passar, esse, classe, tossir, nosso
message.
Before a, o, u, tarde, talo, todo, tocar, tubo, tropical,
and other trem, atacar, plantar
consonants,
like t in take.
Before e and i, feirante, tinta, tirar, tia, brilhante,
like the ch in importante
choose.
Usually like caixa, peixe, debuxo, xícara, baixo,
sh in shoe. mexer
Can also be exame, existir, exercício, máximo,
pronounced próximo, trouxe, táxi, fixo
like z in zipper,
s in see, or x in
taxi.
Usually like z fazer, zona, zorro, zero, feliz, capaz,
in zipper, but rapaz, rudez
at the end o f
a word, like s
in see or s in
measure.
Words ending in -a, -e, -o, or the consonants -s, -m, or -ns are usu-|
ally stressed on the penultim ate (second-to-last) syllable:
If a word does n o t follow one o f the two rules above, a written ac
cent marks the syllable that is stressed. The accute accent on i or]
ú simply marks stress, but on á, é, or ó it marks both stress and an]
open vowel.
The grave accent is only used over the letter à in certain contrac
tions. It doesn’t change the stress o f a word:
à, ás, àquela
xxxvi C o m p l e t e B r a z il ia n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e B a sics
U n i t i
Spying hello
O il (I HI)
----------------------- Lesson 1 (w o rd s)
WORD LIST 1
professor (rn.) teacher
professora (f.) teacher
o /a /o s/a s the
c and
m édico doctor
estudante (m./f.) student
escritório office
casa house
bem well, fine
bom (m.), b o a (f.) good
peq u en o small
m uito very
jQsson i 1
N otes
masculine feminine
2 U n i t i: Saying hello
Uldtl IllillC feminine
Die definite articles o and a, which are used much more often in
l’i ntuguese than the is in English, will always tell you the gender
■'I i he noun, so when you learn new vocabulary you should learn
r,uh noun with its article.
PRACTICE 1
< .ive the correct definite article, o or a.
Xessort i
5 . WORD LIST 2
o marido the husband
a mulher the wife/woman
a criança the child (m./f.)
os livros the books
ou or
o jornal the newspaper
a profissão the occupation
também too, also
o celular the cellphone
onde where
Tchau! Bye! (infml.)
Oi! H i! (infml.)
Até logo! Bye! (finl.)
pouco little
To form the plural o f m ost nouns ending in a vowel, just add -s, ]
like in English. There are also plural forms o f the definite articles, ]
os and as.
U n it i : Saying hello
I In ir hi some exceptions that have to be learned on a case-by
i i • basis.
<> hom em /os hom ens (the o som /os sons (the sound/s)
m,m/men)
And finally, nouns ending in -1 drop the -1 and add -is. A n accent
mark is often added to show the stress.
PRACTICE 2
Translate the following:
I os hotéis 4. os livros
L os carros 5. os escritórios
I. as praias
Xèssott i ii
Now give the plural forms o f these nouns.
6. a ação 9. o mês
7. o hom em 10. o professor
8. o jornal
Culture note
T h e ap e rto d e mãos (ha nd shake ) is c o m m o n in Brazil, b u t it’s usually
re s e rv e d f o r m o re fo rm a l occasions. A m o n g frie n d s , o r even c o l
leagues, it's cu s to m a ry fo r w o m e n to beijar (to kiss) each o th e r as
w e ll as m ale frie n d s and re la tive s on b o th cheeks. Brazilians m ay also
give each o th e r um abraço fa h u g) w h e n saying g o o d -b ye . S peaking
o f p h ysica l c o n ta c t, it ’s co m m o n fo r frie n d s o r collea gu es to stand
q u ite clo se and to to u c h o n e a n o th e r lig h tly w h en speaking.
ANSWERS
PRACTICE 1: 1. o; 2. o; 3. a; 4. o; 5. a; 6. a; 7. a; 8. o; 9. o; 10. a]
PRACTICE 2: 1. the hotels; 2. the cars; 3. the beaches; 4. the
books; 5. the offices; 6. as ações; 7. os hom ens; 8. os jornais;
9. os meses; 10. os professores.
7 Lesson 2 (phra se s)
PHRASE LIST 1
a mulher e o homem the woman and the man
sou americano I ’m American (m.)
ela é italiana she’s Italian
sou casada I ’m married (f.)
daqui from here
Que legal! How nice! (infml.)
e você? andyou?
este/esta é this is (m./f.)
estes/estas são these are (m./f.)
U n it i : Saying hello
Muni* pit»/, cr! I t’s a pleasure!
n tit. it amigo my friend (m.)
• dirrtora our director (f.)
Ailitiii Nova Iorque. I love New York.
-» . -t-.., gi.iiule the bighouse
n jji.ii i.inicnto p eq u e n o the small apartment
A Hi l l S & BOLTS 1
Nunn <T PRONOUNS
! I r i r ,no the subject pronouns in Portuguese.
eu /
He he, it
rla she, it
nós we
Notice that there are two forms ofyou in Portuguese, singular and
plural. In fact, you’ll also come across tu (sg., infml.) in Portugal,
.is well as the archaic vós (pi., infml.) in literature and poetry.
Also notice that in Portuguese the third person plural they has
both a masculine and a fem inine form. For mixed groups o f peo
ple, use the masculine. Finally, keep in m ind that all nouns have
gender, so ele can m ean it for a masculine noun, and ela can
mean it for a fem inine noun. The same is true o f eles and elas in
Ihe plural.
/lesson 2 7
Elas são japonesas.
They areJapanese. (Referring to two or moreJapanese women)
PRACTICE 1
Replace each phrase with a subject pronoun.
Ex: Eu e Paulo
nos
8 U n it i : Saying hello
ri1 ii iiiIi you ’re welcome
ti» I in Angdcs from Los Angeles
hum lii r<jça excuse me
■ N I H S ft B O L T S 2
1 it (10 III!)
in»., Il l’s look at one o f the m ost im portant verbs, ser (to be).
• II ton I am
« Ir é he is
rla c she is
n ó s somos we are
I n sou italiano.
I'm Italian.
I lf c de N ova Iorque.
/ /c \from New York.
l u sou turista.
I 'hi a tourist.
jQsum 2
Pedro é professor.
Pedro’s a teacher.
O Brasil é grande.
Brazil is big. ,
A na é casada.
Ana is married.
PRACTICE 2
Com plete with the correct form o f the verb ser.
ANSWERS
PRACTICE 1: 1. Ele; 2. Ela; 3. Elas; 4. Nós; 5. Eles; 6. Eles;
7. Eles; 8. Vocês
PRACTICE 2: 1. é; 2. é; 3. é; 4. sou; 5. é; 6. é; 7. é; 8. é;
9. somos; 10. são
10 U n i t i : Saying hello
J
Lesson 3 (sentences)
s k i i 11 n c ; e l i s t i
t it. i nmi amigo Roberto. This is my friend Roberto.
I H =.iu .micricana. I am American, ( f )
I ii sou .l« Nova Iorque. I ’m from New York.
Vtii f r do liio? Are you from R io?
No* ii.lt» somos do Rio. We’re notfrom Rio.
Pit him i cm Curitiba. I was born in Curitiba.
P# oiidc você é? Where areyo u from ?
I ti «ou i asado. I am married, (m.)
I Ir r solteiro. He's single.
I las s.id daqui. They’refrom here, (f.)
um /um a 9 nove
(m./f.)
dois/duas 10 dez
(m./f.)
três 11 onze
quatro 12 doze
cinco 13 treze
seis 14 quatorze
sete 15 quinze
oito 16 dezessis
Wessonj
17 dezessete 19 dezenove
18 dezoito 20 vinte
Notice that the num bers one and two have both masculine anj
feminine forms. So you’d say uma mulher e um hom em (on
woman and one man) and duas casas e dois carros (two houses an\
two cars).
PRACTICE 1
Com plete each sentence with the correct form o f the verb ser.
13 SENTENCE LIST 2
G ostaria de apresentá-lo ao I ’d like to introduceyou to Mr. José Luis.
Sr. Jo sé Luis.
O uvi falar q u e é m uito I ’ve beard it’s very big.
grande.
M uito p razer em conhecê-lo I t ’s a pleasure to meetyou, too.
tam bém .
N ó s som os de São Paulo. We’refrom São Paulo, (m.)
Elas são italianas. They’re Italian, (f.)
Ele é nosso geren te de H e’s our sales manager.
vendas.
12 U n it i : Saying hello
f|§i!Hi >tu f nr 1 1i.ima? W hat’syour name?
jtljtt í jiMtidc. This store is big.
Midi s,ni estreitas, These streets are narrow.
t imiIh t,<> os Estados I don’t know the United States.
itii».
Mill', A. BOLTS 2
! it nAIION
ii f«nm .1 negative sentence, just put não (not) before the verb.
iiM U n c arquiteta.
I*r . no, ,m architect.
fSft *i i< c Ihat when answering a question in the negative, you’ll use
Hit* twice: Você é brasileiro? N ão, não sou brasileiro. Eu sou
ifliri k dno. (Areyou Brazilian? No, I ’m not Brazilian. I ’m Ameri-
,,in ) Hie first não m eans no, and the second one means not.
PRACTICE 2
An-.wer these questions in the negative.
Wessonj 13
J
Cool link
G o to w w w .fa s .h a rv a rd .e d u /~ rll/re s o u rc e s /p o rtu g u e s e /re s o u rc e s
p o rtu g u e s e .h tm l
ANSWERS
PRACTICE 1: 1. somos, somos; 2. são, são; 3. são; 4. são; 5. sã
PRACTICE 2: 1. Não, Pedro não é casado. 2. Não, os jornais
não são americanos. 3. Não, eu não sou de São Paulo. 4. Não,
nós não somos do Paraná. 5. Não, Carolina não é de Boston.
6. Não, as crianças não são francesas.
15 CONVERSATION 1
Listen in as Cláudia, Paul, and Eduardo greet one another at t
office.
14 U n i t i: Saying hello
{Idiitmlo: Scu Paul, a Dona Cláudia é nossa diretora de
vendas.
Paul: A senhora é do Rio?
« Uudiii: Não, não sou. Eu sou italiana, sou de M ilão.
P A D ona Cláudia trabalha na nossa filial de São
Paulo.
Paul: N ão conheço São Paulo, mas ouvi falar que é
uma cidade muito grande.
» Imdia: É verdade. Com licença, mas preciso ir agora.
Até logo.
N otes
All hough Brazilians are, in general, informal people, a certain
Irvcl o f formality is required w hen addressing an older person
in someone o f a higher professional status. Titles such as Sen-
lioi/Senhores (Mr., sg./pl.), Senhora/Senhoras (Mrs., sg./pl.),
Sru (Mr., Sir), and D ona (Mrs., Ms., M a ’am) are used. Seu and
I >ona are com m only used in speech, and they’re usually followed
by a first name. In writing, the abbreviations Sr. (Mr.) and Sra.
(Mrs.) are used. Also note that in formal conversation, o Senhor
1 1 11 I a Senhora are used in place o f você, and os Senhores and as
V nhoras in place o f vocês.
/csson 4 15
NUTS & BOLTS 1
P r o n u n c ia t io n a n d s p e c ia l s y m b o l s
PRACTICE 1
Answer the questions with a com plete sentence following the
cues provided.
J(o CONVERSATION 2
Listen to Felipe as he introduces his American friend, Paul, toj
Ana.
16 U n it i: Saying hello
I »iipr: Oi, Ana. Tudo bem?
An,»: Bem, e você?
I rli|K : lambem. Ana, este é m eu amigo Paul. Ele é
americano.
Ann: Oi, Paul. Prazer.
I’.ml: O prazer é meu.
Ana: De onde você é?
I’.iul: Eu sou de N ova Iorque.
Ana: Q ue legal! Adoro N ova Iorque.
Paul: E você, Ana? Você é do Rio?
Ana: N ão, não sou daqui. Eu nasci em Curitiba, sou
do Paraná. Bem, preciso ir. Até mais.
tipll|H r Paul: Tchau, Ana.
I" ,i\k a simple yes/no question in Portuguese, just use the same
wt>rd order as in a statem ent, b u t with question intonation.
Ela é arquiteta?
Is she an architect ?
PRACTICE 2
Com plete the informal dialogue with these expressions:
Discovery activity
G o a ro u n d y o u r ho use and p ick o u t te n o r fifte e n o b je c ts th a t are
im p o rta n t fix tu re s in y o u r e ve ryd a y life. L o o k up th e ir P o rtu gue se
e q u iv a le n ts in a d ic tio n a ry o r o n lin e re fe re n c e , and w rite th e new
w o rd s on labels. T hen, label th e o b je c ts , alon g w ith o o r a, d e p e n d
ing on gender. You c o u ld also p ra c tic e th e plurals. F or exa m ple, on
th e re frig e ra to r p u t a n o te th a t says a geladeira/as geladeiras. Every
tim e you see th e P o rtu g u e se w o rd s, say th e m a lo u d fo r p ra c tic e . B e
fo re you kn o w it, y o u 'll have a d d e d th o s e w o rd s to y o u r voca bu lary.
ANSWERS
PRACTICE 1:1. Não, eu não sou de São Paulo. Eu sou de
Miami. 2. Não, eu não sou de Paris. Eu sou de Londres. 3. Não,
18 U n i t i: Saying hello
P iliii f il.i ( l.ilifórnia. Ela é da Bahia. 4. Não, ela não é a nov.i
m íi ..i Mi r a nova diretora. 5. Não, eles não são espanhóis,
p its slii .ilcmães.
H aí i i< :i<: 2: l. Bem, e você? 2. Oi, prazer. 3. Você é
H h h ano? 4. De onde você é? 5. Até mais.
WMIt I ESSENTIALS
i hin11 vai?
.nr you?
Au logo.
Mi r professor.
L n 0 teacher.
|i« »ou americano.
J0m /Ijkerican.
Vm r < do Rio?
1n youfrom Rio?
( !um licença.
Excuse me.
jQssoti 4 19
Gostaria de apresentá-lo ao Seu Ricardo.
I ’d like to introduceyo u to Mr. Ricardo.
Obrigado/a.
Thankyou. (m./f.)
De nada.
You’re welcome.
20 U n it i : Saying hello
U n i t 2
‘Talking about thefam ily
Lesson 5 (w ords)
I 8 WORD LIST 1
D on’t forget that o is the (m.) and a is the (£). W ith these articles,
you’ll be able to tell the gender o f nouns in the vocabulary lists.
N o tes
A gente literally means the people, but it’s also used in informal
conversation to mean we: a gente é da Argentina (we arefrom A r
gentina), a gente é estudante (we are students). Com pare this to a
pessoa (person) and as pessoas (people, more than one individualper-
fesson j 21
son). To talk about people, as in a group o f people from a country,
use o povo: o p ovo brasileiro é feliz (Brazilians are a happy people).
singular plural
PRACTICE 1
Choose the indefinite article for each o f the following nouns, and
then translate.
1. professora 6. jornais
2. escritórios 7. camisas
3. hotel 8. dias
4. canetas 9. pessoas
5. mesa 10. turista
PRACTICE 2
Form sentences with h á and the following nouns. Then, form
questions and give the answers in the negative with não.
Xesson j 23
Ex. um a casa
Há um a casa. H á um a casa? Não, não há um a casa.
1. uns hotéis (some hotels)
2. umas chaves (some keys)
3. um a piscina (a pool)
4. um a pessoa (aperson)
5. uns americanos (some Americans)
Culture note
T h e B ra zilia n fa m ily is a v e ry tig h tly k n it g ro u p . T h is can b e see n in
a fe w ways. F o r e xa m p le , c h ild re n ty p ic a lly live w ith th e ir p a re n ts
u n til th e y g e t m a rrie d , and even th e n , in som e less p ro s p e ro u s
h o u s e h o ld s , th e n e w ly w e d s w ill live w ith o n e se t o f in-law s. Also,
B ra zilia n s d o n ’t u su a lly “go o f f " to c o lle g e . T h e y sta y in th e ir h o m e
to w n , and th e y c h o o s e a u n iv e rs ity th e y can a tte n d w h ile liv in g
w ith th e ir p a re n ts w h o, in m o s t cases, w o u ld n o t have it any o th e r
way, e s p e c ia lly w h e re d a u g h te rs are c o n c e rn e d . Finally, fa m ilie s
ty p ic a lly g e t to g e th e r e v e ry S un da y fo r a lu n c h w ith a la rge p a rt o f
th e e x te n d e d fam ily. T his u su a lly s ta rts a t a ro u n d 1 :0 0 P.M., a nd it
goes on u n til th e s o c c e r gam es b e g in on T V a ro u n d 3 : 0 0 P.M.
ANSW ERS
PRACTICE 1: 1. um a professora (a teacher); 2. uns escritórios
(some offices); 3. um hotel (a hotel); 4. umas canetas (some
pens); 5. um a mesa (a table); 6. uns jornais (some newspapers);
7. umas camisas (some shirts); 8. uns dias (some days); 9. umas
pessoas (some people); 10. um turista (a male tourist) or um a
turista (a female tourist)
PRACTICE 2: 1. H á uns hotéis. H á uns hotéis? Não, não há uns
hotéis. 2. H á um as chaves. H á um as chaves? Não, não há umas
chaves. 3. H á um a piscina. H á um a piscina? Não, não há um a
piscina. 4. H á um a pessoa. H á um a pessoa? Não, não há um a
pessoa. 5. H á uns americanos. H á uns americanos? Não, não há
uns americanos.
-’ I U n i t 2: Talking ab o u t th e family
2A
Lesson 6 (phrases)
PHRASE LIST 1
Está certo. Okay./It’s all right.
Como está? How areyou doing?
Está tudo bem? Is everything all right?
Você está bem? Are you well?
Você está pronto? Are you ready?
Está quente. It's hot.
Está frio. It’s cold.
o ar condicionado air conditioning
o aquecimento central central heating
Estou aqui. I ’m here.
uma casa grande a big house
uma rua estreita a narrow street
a avenida comprida the long avenue
uns computadores novos some new computers
um sofá confortável a comfortable sofa
uma cozinha ótima a great kitchen
a banheira grande the big bathtub
o banheiro limpo the clean bathroom
eu estou nó s estam os
Wesson 6 23
Estar is used to express locations and tem porary qualities
states, while ser is used to express m ore perm anent charactc-
tics. Com pare está frio (it’s cold) with Alaska é frio (Alas
cold). Here are some other examples o f estar.
Eu estou aqui.
I'm here.
Está quente.
I t’s hot.
PRACTICE 1
Com plete each sentence with the correct form o f estar.
singular plural
Wesson 6 27
L
books), a filha bonita (the pretty daughter), as filhas bonitas (th
pretty daughters), o barco rápido (thefast boat), os barcos rápido^
(thefa st boats), a revista nova (the new magazine), and as revista
novas (the new magazines). There are a few irregular adjectives, fo
example bom (good) and mau (bad).
a festa boa (the good party) as festas boas (the good parties) 1
0 café ruim (the bad coffee) os cafés ruins (the bad coffees) ,
a maçã ruim (the bad apple) as maçãs ruins (the bad apples) I
I As mesas s ã o _____ .
I. Os cabelos s ã o _____ .
K. Há uma c a m a _____ ?
[)ool lin k
C h e c k o u t th e fo llo w in g lin k to th e C IA W o rld F a c tb o o k . It has a
w e a lth o f fa cts, fig u re s and u p d a te d in fo rm a tio n on Brazil.
B u t d o n ’t s to p th e re ! T h e re are p le n ty o f o th e r P o rtu g u e s e
s p e a k in g c o u n trie s to e x p lo re : A n g o la , C a p e V e rd e , E ast T im or,
G u in e a -B issa u , M o z a m b iq u e , and São Tom é and P rin cip e .
jÇesson 6 29
ANSWERS
PRACTICE 1: la . está; lb . estou; 2a. estão; 2b. estão, estão;
.la. estão; 3b. estamos, estamos; 4a. está; 4b. está, está; 5a. estã
5b. estão, estão
PRACTICE 2: 1. redondas; 2. castanhos; 3. frio; 4. fechados;
5. altas; 6. caro; 7. americana; 8. confortável; 9. cheias; 10. boa
0 .6 Lesson 7 (sentences)
SENTENCE LIST 1
O meu passaporte é M y passport is American.
americano.
A minha mulher é advogada. M y wife is a. lawyer.
Os meus olhos são castanhos. M y eyes are brown.
As minhas primas são M y cousins are single, (f.)
solteiras.
Os meus pais são velhos. M y parents are old.
O meu país é moderno. M y country is modern.
Os seus documentos estão Your documents are in order.
em ordem.
Os nossos pratos são velhos. Our plates are old.
As nossas amigas são Ourfriends are Hungarian.
húngaras.
A sua colher está suja. Your spoon is dirty.
As nossas facas estão limpas. Our knives are clean.
} / Í N U T S & BOLTS 1
P o ssessiv e a d je c t iv e s ( i )
A possessive adjective is a kind o f adjective that shows posses
sion, like the English my, your, her, our, and so on. A possessiv
pronoun is similar, but it actually stands in for a noun, like mine
yours, hers, ours, and so on. Thankfully, possessive nouns and pro
nouns in Portuguese have the same forms:
Singular Plural
Wesson 7 31
The use o f the article with the pcssessive adjective is optional, buj
m ost native speakers use it. However, with possessive pronouns i
is usually om itted: o m eu carro ; im p o rtad o , o carro im portac
é m eu (my car is imported, the imp)rted car is mine).
PRACTICE 1
Use the translations to fill in thf blanks with the correct posses!
sive.
SENTENCE LIST 2
Os nossos maridos estão Our husbands are here.
aqui.
A minha prima é italiana. M y cousin is Italian.
A minha prima está em casa. M y cousin is at home.
O banheiro está ocupado. The bathroom is occupied.
O meu quarto é pequeno, M y room is small, but it is comfortable.
mas é confortável.
Os sofás são caros, mas são The sofas are expensive, but they are nice.
lindos.
Os seus olhos são Are your eyes brown?
castanhos?
32 U n i t 2 : Talking ab o u t th e family
O meu carro está na minha My car is in my house.
casa.
O meu quarto não está My room is not clean.
Iimpo.
Os nossos quartos são Our rooms are great.
ótimos.
Eu sou americana.
1 am American, (f)
A Itália é na Europa.
Italy is in Europe.
O livro é meu.
The book is mine.
Ii uma hora.
It’s one o’clock.
je s so n y 33
I star is used to express more temporary or changeable character-
r.tii s, like transient conditions or states, tem porary locations, and
the weather.
Está quente.
It’s hot.
PRACTICE 2
Choose ser or estar in each o f the sentences below.
/ l u (estou/sou) na praia.
ANSWERS
PRACTICE 1: rainha; 2. m eu; 3. meus; 4. m inhas; 5. seus;
6. seu; 7. sua; 8. nossas; 9. nossos; 10. nossa
PRACTICE 2: 1. está; 2. são; 3. está, estou; 4. são; 5. é; 6. é;
7. estou; 8. é; 9. estamos; 10. está, está
CONVERSATION 1
Listen in as Márcia and Ricardo talk on their cell phones about a
house for rent.
Just like the other possessive adjectives, dele, dela, deles, and
delas can be used as possessive pronouns: o carro é dela (the car
is hers). Let’s look at some example sentences.
Jfysson 8 37
PRACTICE 1
Follow the cues to find the correct possessive adjective.
Os nossos livros.
CONVERSATION 2
Listen in while Luiza shows C arolina a picture taken a week
earlier at her family reunion.
20 vinte 32 trinta e
dois/duas
22 vinte e 40 quarenta
dois/duas
30 trinta 60 sessenta
31 trinta e 70 setenta
um /uma
Wesson 8 39
80 oitenta 101 cento e
u m /u m a
In U nit 1 you learned that um (one) and dois (two) have both
masculine and fem inine forms. The same is true o f higher num
bers with um or dois.
PRACTI CE 2
Translate these sentences, writing out the numbers.
7 íp !
As yo u le a rn e d in U n it 1, e n te rin g n e w w o rd s in to a jo u rn a l can be
a g re a t w a y to e x p a n d y o u r v o c a b u la ry . N o w tr y a d d in g to th o s e
w o rd s. Use a n u m b e r o r an a d je c tiv e , o r use th e n e w w o rd in a sen-
ANSWERS
PRACTICE 1: 1. as casas deles; 2. as estantes dele; 3. as estantes
dela; 4. os filhos deles; 5. as primas dele; 6. nossa mãe; 7. nosso
pai; 8. os quartos dela; 9. os quadros dele; 10. as amigas deles
jQssott N 41
O meu quarto é pequeno, mas confortável.
M y room is small, but comfortable.
Everyday life
Lessons 9 (w ords)
WORD LIST 1
a hora hour
a manhã morning
a tarde afternoon
a noite night
atrasado/a late
adiantado/a early
na hora on time
o relógio clock/watch
todo/s every
o minuto minute
o segundo second
quase almost
hoje today
a atividade activity
a aula lesson/class
a academia gym
o despertador alarm clock
o rádio-relógio clock radio
jÇfííUHy 41
NUTS & BOLTS 1
T e l l in g t im e
The word hora/s m eans hour/s, and it’s also used to ask for and
give the time: Q ue horas são? (What time is it?) To answer just use
é for 1:00 and são for 2:00 or higher: É uma hora. (It’s one o’clock.)
São duas horas. (It’s two o’clock.) Because hora is fem inine, you
have to use the fem inine forms uma and duas. Just like in Eng
lish, you can specify that a time is in the early morning (m idnight
to 6:00 a . m .) with da madrugada, in the morning with da manhã,
in the afternoon with da tarde, and in the evening or at night with da
noite.
To say that it’s h alf past an hour, use e meia (and a half). To say
that it’s a quarter past an hour, use e quinze. To say that it’s quar
ter to an h our use quinze para as . . .
44 U n i t 3: Everyday life
To express other times between the hours, use e (and) for minutes
after the hour, and faltam . . . para or just para for m inutes before
the hour:
E uma e cinco.
It’s 1:05.
São quatro e vinte.
I t’s 4:20.
Notice that you have three possible ways o f expressing a time like
9:50: São n o v e e cinqüenta. (It’s ninefifty.) São dez para as n ove.
(It’s ten to tfn.) Faltam dez para as n ove. (It’s ten minutes before W'l.)
O ne more thing to keep in m ind is that the 24-hour clock, or
“military” time, is also used for official times or schedules. So,
you’ll see 13:00 for 1:00 p . m ., 15:00 for 3:00 p . m ., and so on.
PRACTICE 1
Translate the following.
3 k WORD LIST 2
depois after
antes before
o café da manhã breakfast
o chuveiro shower
Wesson 9 45
L
o banho bath
a escova de dentes toothbrush
a pasta de dentes toothpaste
a escova de cabelo hairbrush
o sabonete soap
a garrafa de cerveja beer bottle
o frasco de xampu shampoo bottle
o aparelho de barbear razor
a xícara de café coffee cup
a colher de sopa soup spoon
o copo de vinho wineglass
46 U n i t 3: Everyday life
Notice in the last example the form às (to the), it’s a contraction
with the preposition a (to, at), b ut we’ll come back to that. D e is
also used to show possession or association:
PRACTICE 2
C om plete w ith the appropriate form o f de.
Wesson 9 47
3. As camisas s ã o _____ Paris? Não, as camisas s ã o ______
Barcelona. (Are the shirtsfrom Paris? No, the shirts arefrom
Barcelona.)
4. Os copos ____ vinho s ã o _______ minhas amigas. (Theglasses o f
wine are my friends’.)
5. O d ire to r_____ marketing é ______ Japão. (The marketing director
isfrom Japan.)
6. Os livros_____ m atemática s ã o ______escola. (The mathematics
books are the school’s.)
7. Os c o p o s_____ suco s ã o ________ estudantes. (The glasses o f juice
are the students’.)
8. Este é o telefo n e _____ hotel? Não, este é o telefo n e______
m inha casa. (Is this the hotel’s phone number? No, this is my home
phone number.)
9. A que horas é o café_____ m anhã? É______das oito às dez da
m anhã. (W hat lime is breakfast? I t’sfrom 8:00 to 10:00 in the
morning.)
10. As to alh as____b a n h o ______ hotel s ã o ______algodão. (The
hotel bath towels are made o f cotton.)
Culture note
D iffe re n t c u ltu re s have v e ry d iffe r e n t re la tio n s h ip s w ith th e c lo c k .
O f co u rse , s ta te m e n ts like “ B ra zilia n s a re n o t p u n c tu a l” are gro ss
g e n e ra liz a tio n s , a n d th e y ’re u n fa ir t o th e c o u n tle s s in d iv id u a ls w h o
pay c a re fu l a tte n tio n to b e in g on tim e . B u t s till, s p e a k in g in g e n e r
a liz a tio n s , it ’s p ro b a b ly fa ir to say th a t p u n c tu a lity is n o t as p riz e d
a c h a ra c te r t r a it in B razil as it is in m any E n g lish -sp e a kin g c u ltu re s .
T his o b s e rv a tio n is th e fo d d e r o f a n th ro p o lo g y p a p e rs, p s y c h o lo g
ical analyses, c ro s s -c u ltu ra l s tu d ie s , and o f c o u rs e jo k e s m a d e at
th e e x p e n s e o f C a rio ca s, th e in h a b ita n ts o f Rio d e J a n e iro , w h o
a re p e rh a p s th e B ra zilia n c h a m p io n s o f ta rd in e s s . P aulistas, p e o
p le fro m São P aulo and th e tr a d itio n a l riva ls o f C a rio c a s , w o u ld
48 U n i t 3 : Everyday life
like to th in k o f th e m s e lv e s as p u n c tu a l, b u t th e ir p u n c tu a lity w o u ld
p ro b a b ly s till n o t pass m u s te r w ith m o s t A m e ric a n s . T h e re m ay be
s o m e p e r fe c tly u n d e rs ta n d a b le rea son s fo r th is te n d e n c y to w a rd
ta rd in e s s . F or e xa m p le , tr a ffic in m o st big c itie s is c h a o tic , and t r a f
fic d e la ys are o fte n o ffe r e d as excuses f o r ta rd in e s s . S e ttin g aside
th e q u e s tio n o f w h e th e r tr a ffic is r e a lly b e h in d all o f th e ta rd in e s s ,
a g o o d p ie c e o f a d v ic e is th a t yo u s h o u ld e x p e c t so m e d e g re e o f
ta rd in e s s w h e n m a kin g a p p o in tm e n ts w ith B ra zilia n s f o r social
e ve n ts. F or e x a m p le , B ra zilia n s u su a lly a rriv e 3 0 m in u te s la te fo r
d in n e r a t s o m e o n e ’s ho m e, and p o s s ib ly o n e h o u r la te f o r a pa rty.
T h e e tiq u e tte f o r so cia l s itu a tio n s is: antes ta rd e do q u e nunca
(b e tte r la te th a n ne ver!)
ANSWERS
PRACTICE 1: 1. Que horas são? 2. São dez e trinta./São dez e
meia. 3. São três e quinze. 4. São oito e trinta./São oito e meia.
5. Faltam dez para as quatro. 6. E meia noite e meia. 7. São dez
e quarenta e cinco./São quinze para as onze. 8. É um a e cinco
da tarde.
PRACTICE 2: 1. de; 2. da; 3. de, de; 4. de, das; 5. de, do; 6. de,
da; 7. de, dos; 8. do, da; 9. da, das; 10. de, do, de
1O Lesson I O (p hrases)
PHRASE LIST 1
estar atrasado para to be latefor
trabalhar muito to work a lot
estudar inglês to study English
morar no Rio to live in Rio
Wesson 10 4V
falar português to speak Portuguese
viajar de trem to travel by train
encontrar os amigos to seefriends
tirar fotos to take photos
acordar cedo to wake up early
combinar encontros to make plans to meet
tirar férias to take vacations
entrar no Banco 24 Horas to go to the A T M
conversar no bar to talk in a bar
parar no sinal vermelho to stop at the red light
mandar flores to sendflowers
50 U n i t 3: Everyday life
As you can see, to conjugate an -ar verb in the simple present,
you take off the -ar and add certain endings depending on the
subject. N ote that the forms in parentheses are n o t used in Brazil.
In Portugal tu (you) is used in very informal speech, between
members o f a family and close friends. In Brazil people use você
(you) when talking to friends, people the same age, and younger
people. In the plural, vocês is used in both Brazil and Portugual,
and vós is considered fairly archaic and rarely used. Also note
that both countries use o senhor, a senhora, os senhores, and as
senhoras as the less familiar and more polite forms. So, if we take
away the less com m on forms, there are only five forms that you
need to focus on: the infinitive, two singular forms, and two
plural forms. Let’s look at them with another verb, estudar (to
study).
Let’s see some examples. N ote that you can usually drop the pro
nouns eu and nós, because it’s plain from the ending who the
subject is.
Estudo inglês.
I study English.
Estudamos inglês.
We study English.
JÇesson i o 5 1
Here are some m ore com m on and useful -ar verbs. They’re all
conjugated in exactly the same way as falar and estudar.
D o n ’t forget that questions use the same word order, and não
(not) is placed before the verb in negative sentences.
52 U n i t 3: Everyday life
Eu falo portu g u ês n este m o m en to .
Right now I ’m speaking Portuguese.
PRACTICE 1
Supply the correct form o f the verbs in parentheses.
W esson i o 53
PHRASE LIST 2
gostar de . . . to like . . .
gosto de . . . I like . . .
g ostar de v in h o to like wine
gostar de leite to like milk
n ão gostar de sorvete to not like ice cream
gostar dos am igos to likefriends
am ar n ossos filhos to love our children
odiar trânsito to hate traffic
n ão agüentar can’t stand
ad o rar viajar to love to travel
dem ora? does it take long?
é só? is that all?
geralm ente cedo usually early
n u n ca tarde never late
estar sem tem p o to not have time
Eu gosto de v in h o tinto.
I tike red wine.
54 U n i t 3: Everyday life
D on’t forget the contractions o f de with definite articles (do, da,
dos, das) are used to talk about specific things, but when you’re
talking about likes or dislikes in general, just use de.
PRACTICE 2
Fill in the blanks with the verb gostar using the correct form o f
the preposition de.
jflW H IV
Discovery activity
M a ke a lis t o f th in g s yo u like, love, d islike , ha te, o r ca n ’t s ta n d . Use
th e e x p re s s io n s eu gosto de . . . (I lik e . . .) , eu não gosto d e . . . (I
d o n ’t like . . . ) , eu não su p orto . . . (I c a n 't s t a n d . . . ), eu ad o ro . . . (7
love . . . , u se d f o r th in g s), eu am o . . . (7 lo ve . . . , used f o r p e o p le ),
an d eu o d e io . . . (7 h a te , . . ) T hen , in te rv ie w a fr ie n d , and a d d his
o r h e r p re fe re n c e s , ch a n g in g th e v e rb fo rm s o f co u rse . Finally,
m ake a lis t c o m p a rin g b o th .
ANSWERS
PRACTICE 1: 1. acordo; 2. começam; 3. com binam os; 4.
term ina; 5. m anda; 6. trabalha; 7. param; 8. tiro; 9. olham ; 10.
chegam, chegam
PRACTICE 2: 1. gostam de; 2. gosta da; 3. gostamos de; 4.
gostam de; 5. gostam da; 6. gostam da; 7. gosta de; 8. gostam
de; 9. gosta de, gosta de; 10. gosto do; gosto da
Lesson 11 (sentences)
SENTENCE LIST 1
Q u a n d o ele estuda? When does he study ?
Ele estuda de no ite. He studies at night.
O n d e vocês m oram ? Where do you live?
N ós m o ram o s na Rua We live at 26 Pamplona Street.
P am plona, n ú m e ro 26.
Por que ela estuda português? Why does she study Portuguese?
Ela estuda portu g u ês p o rq u e She studies Portuguese because she likes it.
gosta.
O q u e vocês estudam ? What doyou study?
E studam os portu g u ês. We study Portuguese.
C o m o elas viajam ? How do they travelf
Elas viajam de trem . They travel by train.
A p ro fessora está atrasada. The teacher is late.
56 U n i t 3: Everyday life
O avião está adiantado. The plane is early.
O relógio está adiantado. The clock isfast.
M eu relógio está atrasado. M y watch is slow.
M ariana ad o ra festas. Mariana loves parties.
M ariana am a Paulo. Mariana loves Paulo.
Eu odeio trânsito. I hate traffic.
N ó s não su p o rtam o s o calor. We can’t stand the heat.
Q u an d o você viaja?
When do you travel?
O n d e você trabalha?
Where do you work?
C o m o você acorda?
How do you wake up?
Notice that por que (why) is two separate words. The answer, be
cause, is one word: porque. Por que você está atrasado? Eu
estou atrasado porque o trânsito está ruim. (Why are you late?
I ’m late because traffic is bad.)
W esson i i 57
PRACTICE 1
Com plete the following questions with the right question word
or phrase: Q uando, C om o, O nde, Por que, O que.
2 . ________o avião chega? Às 21:00. (When does the plane get in? A t
9:00 P.M.)
,3 SENTENCE LIST 2
C o m o é seu so brenom e? W hat’syour last name?
M eu so b ren o m e é Sm ith. M y last name is Smith.
O que você faz de m anhã? What do you do in the morning?
Eu acordo às seis, to m o I wake up at 6:00, take a shower, then I
ban h o , depois to m o café da have breakfast, and I study Portuguese.
m an h ã, e estu d o português.
O que você faz no seu What do you do in yourfree time?
te m p o livre?
Eu faço m uitas coisas I do lots o f interesting things in my free
interessan tes n o m eu tem p o time.
livre.
Eles fazem m uitas perguntas They ask a lot o f questions about my daily
sobre o m eu dia a dia. routine.
A m in h a am iga está M y friend is making plans to go to the
c o m b in a n d o um cinem a movies at 8:00 P.M.
para as oito da n o ite.
58 U n i t 3: Everyday life
A diretora marca a reunião The director is scheduling the meetingfo r
para as dez da manhã. 10:00 a .m .
Faz tem p o que eu não I haven’t seen my friends in a long time.
en co n tro m eus am igos.
Vocês gostam de fazer Do yo u like to play sports?
esporte?
Ele faz negócios com o Japão. He does business with Japan.
A Estrela faz b rin q u ed o s. Estrela makes toys.
Eu faço café.
1 make coffee.
W esson i i 59
A nossa em presa faz negócios com a C h in a.
Our company does business with China.
PRACTICE 2
M atch the question in the left colum n with the m ost appropriate
answer in the right colum n.
60 U n i t 3: Everyday life
3. Q uando ele faz a lição de C. Sim, faz cinco anos.
casa?
(fool links
w w w .b ra s ile m b .o rg / B razilia n Em
bassy, f o r in fo r
m a tio n on visas
and d o c u m e n ts
yo u n e e d w h e n
tra v e lin g to
Brazil.
Jgsson n 61
ANSWERS
PRACTICE 1: 1. O nde; 2. Q uando; 3. Por que; 4. C om o; 5. O
que
PRACTICE 2: 1. E; 2. H ; 3. G; 4. F; 5. A; 6. B; 7. C; 8. D
CONVERSATION 1
Listen in while Flávia answers some questions for a cell phone
survey.
62 U n i t 3: Everyday life
Entrevistador: Para quem você manda mais mensagens de
texto?
Flávia: Acho que mando mais mensagens de texto
para minha família.
Entrevistador: É só. M uito obrigado.
Flávia: De nada.
Wesson i i 63
\
Q u an tas casas ele visita?
How many houses does he visit?
Q u a n to (m.) and quanta (f.) are used to m ean how much, and
they’re used with singular mass nouns, like time, money, water, etc.
Q u a n to tem p o d u ra o film e?
How long does thefilm last ?
Q u a n to custa o anel?
How much does the ring cost?
D e q u em é o casaco?
Whose coat is it?
64 U n i t 3: Everyday life
And finally, to ask questions with which, use qual:
C o m q u em você conversa?
Who areyo u talking with?/With whom areyou talking?
PRACTICE 1
Use the following question words to complete the questions.
Quanto, Q ue horas, Quantas, Com o, O que, Com quern,
Sobre o que, Por que.
jÇesson n 65
7. _____ você conversa? C om as m inhas amigas?
8 . _____ vocês conversam. Nós conversamos sobre os nossos
namorados.
CONVERSATION 2
Listen in as two old friends catch up.
66 U n i t 3 : Everyday life
Paulo: Hi. It’s been a long time! How nice to run into you
here! How areyou doing?
Roberto: Fine. I t’s really been a long time. H ow ’syour wife,
Ana?
Paulo: She’s great. She’s happy about the new house.
Roberto: D id you move? Where do you live now?
Paulo: Yes, we’ve moved. Now we live in Morumbi. I t’s a
very nice, big house. When areyou and Glória coming
to visit ?
Paulo: Soon, I hope. Do yo u still work at the same
company ?
Roberto: Yes, I still work at Banco do Brasil. A n d you? Where
do you work now?
Paulo: Now I work at the Museum o f Modern Art, M A S P.
I like my new job. There are lots o f benefits, and I
have free time to do other things. For example, I'm
taking a photography course. N ow when I travel, I
take incredible pictures. W hat do you do in your
free time?
Roberto: Whatfree time? A ll I do is work, sometimesfrom eight
in the morning to eight at night. I never have time to
take vacations or take courses.
Paulo: What a hard life! But it’s good to talk toyou again.
Send my regards toyour wife.
Xesson i i 67
Notice that the second and third person plural forms, vocês têm
and eles têm, are written with the circumflex accent to distin
guish them from the singular forms. Now let’s look at the uses o f
ter. First, it’s used to express possession, like English:
Eu te n h o v in te e cinco anos.
I ’m twenty-fiveyears old.
Q u e m tem m ed o de escuro?
Who’s afraid o f the dark?
Eu não te n h o fom e, m as te n h o sede.
I ’m not hungry, but I ’m thirsty.
Eles têm azar q u a n d o jogam pôquer.
They’re unlucky when they play poker.
Você tem razão, o film e com eça às o ito e n ão às sete.
You’re right, thefilm starts at 8:00, and not at 7:00.
N ós tem os saudade d o Brasil.
We miss Brazil.
68 U n i t 3: Everyday life
PRACTICE 2
Com plete each sentence with the correct form o f the verb ter.
‘Tip!
L is te n in g to and s in g in g a lo n g w ith B razilia n bossa nova is an e x c e l
le n t w a y to im p ro v e y o u r v o c a b u la ry w h ile d e v e lo p in g y o u r p r o
n u n c ia tio n and in to n a tio n . In fa c t, yo u p ro b a b ly a lre a d y k n o w a
litt le bossa nova, lik e G a ro ta de Ipanem a (G irl fro m Ipa nem a ),
Águas d e M arço (W a te rs o f M a rch ), Insensatez (H o w Inse nsitive ),
and D e safin ad o (O u t o f Tune). It's re la tiv e ly easy to sing a lo n g to
bossa nova b e ca u se o f its slo w a n d m e lo d io u s ca d e n c e , and it c e r
ta in ly is a lo t o f fu n , so tr y to g e t a bossa nova C D th a t c o m e s w ith
th e lyrics, o r d o w n lo a d a son g and d o an in te rn e t se a rch f o r its
lyrics. To g e t yo u s ta rte d , h e re a re a fe w links th a t w ill g ive you
g re a t in fo rm a tio n , a b it o f h isto ry, and s u g g e stio n s f o r g o o d m u s i
cians to h e lp yo u fa ll in love w ith th is u n iq u e ly B ra zilia n m usical
style, if yo u h a v e n ’t a lre a d y!
l i t t p : / / w w w .a lla b o u tja z z .c o m /p h p /a rtic le .p h p ? id = 2 5 1
lesson 12 69
ANSWERS
PRACTICE 1: 1. Que horas; 2. O que; 3. C om o; 4. Quantas;
5. Por que; 6. Q uanto; 7. C om quern; 8. Sobre o que
PRACTICE 2: 1. tem ; 2. tem; 3. temos; 4. têm, tem; 5. temos;
6. têm ; 7. tem; 8. tenho; 9. têm ; 10. tenho
UNIT 3 ESSENTIALS
O s n o ssos am igos estão atrasados.
Ourfriends are late.
Q u e horas são?
What time is it?
Você m o ra aqui?
Do you live here?
O n d e você trabalha?
Where do you work?
70 U n i t 3: Everyday life
Faz tem p o que você trabalha aqui?
Have you worked here long?/Has it been a whde sincey o u ’ve been working
here?
In this unit you’ll learn how to talk about your health, which
means you’ll learn important vocabulary related to the
human body. Unit 4 also covers the regular verbs ending in
-er, and the equivalents of need to, have to, want to, can,
and should. Finally, you’ll learn important expressions that
use estar, as well as the demonstratives this, that, these, and
those. Saúde! (To your health!)
C\ ( T7 / I \
2,. Lessons 1 3 ( w o rd s )-------------------------------------
W O R D LI ST 1
a saúde health
a cabeça head
a boca mouth
0 olho eye
a orelh a ear
0 nariz nose
a garganta throat
0 pescoço neck
a p ern a leg
0 rosto face
0 braço arm
0 pé foot
a m ão hand
0 estôm ago stomach
0 dente tooth
0 dedo finger/toe
0 coração heart
Wesson 13 73
o p u lm ão lung
o sangue blood
o osso bone
In U nit 2, Lesson 8, you learned that the num ber for 100 is cem, I
101 is cento e um (masculine) or cento e um a (feminine), 102 is
cento e dois/duas, 103 is cento e três, and so on. The same hap
pens to the other num bers in the hundreds:
trezentas e u m a -3 0 1 novecentos/as-900
There’s only one form for m il (one thousand), but there’s a singu
lar and plural for both m ilhão (million) and bilhão (billion).
m il-1,000 dez m il e d u z e n to s/
as-10,200
74 U n i t 4 : Talking a b o u t health
duzentos m il e um dois m ilhões-2,000,000
(uina)-200,001
1,129,346
1,200,000,848
Wesson 73 75
alent o f $1,300,000.00. Some other useful vocabulary related to
num bers is: um a dezena (ten), um a dúzia (one dozen), um a cen
tena (one hundred), and os/as m ilhares (one thousand)
PRACTICE 1
M atch colum n A and colum n B.
C olum n A C olum n B
2. vinte e quatro B. 36
5. trezentos e trinta E. 30
6. um a dúzia F. 24
WORD LIST 2
o rem éd io medicine
a v itam ina vitamin
a consulta m édica doctor’s appointment
a receita m édica medical prescription
o p ro n to socorro emergency room
76 U n i t 4 : Talking ab o u t health
em form a fit, in shape
a disposição state o f mind, condition, disposition
cansado(a) tired
a injeção injection
a dor ache, pain
do en te sick, ill (adjective)
a infecção infection
a gripe flu
o resfriado a cold
a aspirina aspirin
o curativo Band-Aid* adhesive bandage Band-Aid ®
o xarope cough syrup
o colírio eye drops
masculine feminine
Xesson J3 77
The forms este, esta, estes, and estas refer to som ething that is
near both the speaker and the person spoken to. They’re the
equivalents o f this or these.
The forms esse, essa, esses, and essas refer to som ething near or
related to the person being spoken to, but n o t near the speaker.
The m ost natural translation for this situation is that or those.
Q u e m é aquela m ulher?
Who is that woman (across the street)?
A queles jogadores de fu teb o l são ótim os.
Tlyose soccerplayers (out~Q*rtt)èjMd) aregreat.
78 U n i t 4 : Talking ab o u t health
E ste h o m e m é jovem , m as aqu ele lá é velho.
This man isyoung, but that one over there is old.
O f course, sometimes you may not know what exactly you’re re
ferring to, so you w on’t know if it’s masculine or feminine. In this
case, there are special neuter, invariable forms o f the dem onstra
tives: isto (this thing here), isso (that thing you have), and aquilo
(that thing over there).
Now that you’ve learned the different forms, it’s w orth pointing
out that in inform al, spoken Brazilian Portuguese n o t m uch at
tention is paid to the differences between esse and este, essa
and esta, or isso and isto. So either este or esse is used to refer
to som ething near and aquele to som ething far. A nother im por
tan t p o in t to make is that dem onstratives form contractions
w ith de. But they’re sim p le-th e y just consist o f the regular
forms o f the dem onstratives, with d- added at the beginning:
deste, desta, desse, dessa, daquele, daqueles, disto, disso, and
so on.
Wesson 13 79
PRACTICE 2
Fill in the blanks with one o f the demonstratives. Use the transla
tion to guide you.
(fool link
B o th B razil and P o rtu g a l use th e m e tric system f o r m e a s u re m e n ts ,
w h ic h m eans gra m s and k ilo s f o r w e ig h t, lite rs f o r liq u id s , k ilo m e
te rs f o r d is ta n c e , and C e ls iu s fo r te m p e ra tu re . You m ay re m e m b e r
so m e o f th is fro m th e U n ite d S ta te s' a tte m p t to go m e tric in th e
la te 19 7 0 S , o r m a yb e th a t w as b e fo re y o u r tim e . In any e v e n t, m ost
o f th e w o rld is m e tric , so it ’s a g re a t id e a to m e m o riz e a t le a s t a fe w
basic m e tric e q u iv a le n ts . B e lo w y o u 'll fin d som e u s e fu l w e b s ite s
th a t w ill h e lp yo u c o n v e rt w e ig h ts and m easures, te m p e ra tu re s
and areas.
w w w .m e tric -c o n v e rs io n s .o rg /*
80 U n i t 4 : Talking a b o u t health
ANSWERS
P R A C T IC E 1: 1. D ; 2. F; 3. K; 4. B; 5. G; 6. J; 7. H ; 8. E; 9. C;
1 0 .1; 11. A
P R A C T IC E 2: 1. esta; 2. aqueles; 3. Aquelas; 4. Aqueles;
5. Estas; 6. esse; 7. Aquela
Lesson 1 4 (p h ra se s)
PHRASE LIST 1
a d o r de cabeça headache
a d o r de garganta sore throat
0 nariz en tu p id o stuffy nose
os pés inchados swollenfeet
to m ar rem édios to take medicine.
0 exam e m édico geral medical checkup
0 con selh o d o am igo a friend’s advice
as reco m en d açõ es do m édico the doctor’s suggestions/advice
Isso dói! That hurts!
m anter a form a to keepfit, to stay in shape
p erder peso to lose weight
engordar to gain weight
ter alergias to have allergies
Volte aqui. Come back.
doença contagiosa contagious disease
Estim o as suas m elhoras. I hopeyou get better soon.
contra indicação warning (contraindication)
You’ve already learned that regular -ar verbs are conjugated with
i lie endings -o, -a, -am os, and -am. The second group o f regular
Wesson 14 81
verbs in Portuguese are the -er verbs, and the -er endings are very-
similar to -ar endings, except e replaces a. Let’s look at an exam
ple verb, entender (to understand).
Eu não e n te n d o a pergunta.
I don't understand the question.
N ós ap ren d em o s portu g u ês.
We learn Pgxtugmse. |
Você com e dem ais!
You eat too much!
Q u an tas pessoas vivem aqui?
How many people live here ?
82 U n i t 4 : T a lk in g a b o u t h e a lth
PRACTICE 1
Fill in the blanks with the correct form o f the verb indicated in
the translation.
rtfcv*
1. Os atletas_____ a m aratona de Nova York. (The athletes run the
N Y Marathon.)
2. Os m en in o s_____ leite de m anhã. (The children drink milk in the
morning.)
3. As plantas n ã o _____ sem água. (Plants don’t live without water.)
4. O professor de m atem ática_____ o problem a no quadro. (The
math teacher solves the problem on the board.)
5. V ocê______ que eu perdi cinco quilos? (Do you notice that I lost 5
kilos?)
6. O cachorro _____ o osso no jardim. (The dog hides the bone in the
garden.)
7. E u _____ português para viajar para o Brasil. (I’m learning
Portuguese to travel to Brazil.)
8. Eu n ã o _____ cerveja porque não gosto de bebidas alcoólicas.
(I don’t drink beer because I don’t like alcoholic beverages.)
9. N ó s ____________um a língua estrangeira. (We’re learning a foreign
language.)
10. M arian a ______a lista dos convidados. (Mariana is writing the
guest list.)
1 1 . 0 que os seus filh o s_____ de m anhã? (What doyour children eat
in the morning?)
12. Os a d u lto s______as emoções. (Adults hide their emotions.)
PHRASE LIST 2
tudo azul everything’sfine (infml.)
biblioteca pública * public library
Wesson 14 83
cam in h ar bastan te to walk a lot
beber m u ito líq u id o to drink plenty o f liquids
levantar pesos to lift weights
fazer ioga to doyoga
fazer exercícios to exercise
em p o u co tem p o in no time/in little time
de três em três horas every three hours
um dia sim o u tro n ão every other day
ser vegetariana to be vegetarian
sem energia p ara nada without any energy
m elh o rar to get better
ler a bula to read the instructions (for medicine)
com er frutas e verduras to eatfruits and vegetables
estar d o en te to be sick
ser saudável to be healthy
estar com febre to have afever
estar com tosse to have a cough
estar com d o r de cabeça to have a headache
estar com pressa to be in a hurry
estar com m ed o to be afraid
N o tes
Did you notice two time expressions above? Some other com
m on time expressions are: logo/em breve/daqui a pouco (soon),
até (until), uma vez/duas vezes/três vezes (once/twice/three times),
às vezes (sometimes), algumas vezes (afew times).
84 U n i t 4 : Talking ab o u t health
eu vejo nós vem os
N ote that the second and third person plural forms double the e,
and that there is a circumflex on the first e.
Você vê aqucle h o m em ?
Doyou see that man ?
Eu vejo m u ito s film es bo n s.
I see a lot of good movies.
N ós não lem os m u ito n a aula.
We don’t read very much in class.
PRACTICE 2
Fill in the blanks with the verb ver (to see):
jÇesson 14 85
6. Pedro e M ariana, v o cês_____ aquele cachorro?
7. Os turistas sem pre_____ as praias bonitas.
T ip !
W a tc h in g m o vie s in th e o rig in a l language is e n jo y a b le , a n d it w ill
h e lp yo u im p ro v e y o u r lis te n in g c o m p re h e n s io n in an e n te rta in in g
way. R e nt D V D s in P o rtu g u e se , and to b e gin, w a tc h th e film w ith
th e E nglish s u b title s . J u s t re la x, ta ke in th e rh y th m an d c a d e n c e o f
th e language, a n d t r y to see h o w m u ch y o u 're a b le to p ic k up. N e xt,
s e le c t a th re e - to fo u r-m in u te se g m e n t to w a tc h w ith th e English
s u b title s . Finally, go b a ck and w a tc h th e sam e s e g m e n t w ith o u t th e
s u b title s . D o th a t as m any tim e s , and w ith as m any se g m e n ts, as
you w a n t. O n to p o f b e in g a fu n and e n te rta in in g w a y to le a rn a
fo re ig n language, th e film s lis te d b e lo w w ill g ive yo u an e x c e lle n t
o p p o r tu n ity to le a rn m o re a b o u t Brazil.
86 U n i t 4 : Talking a b o u t h e a lth
ANSWERS
PRACTICE 1: 1. correm; 2. bebem ; 3. vivem; 4. resolve;
5. percebe; 6. esconde; 7. aprendo; 8. bebo; 9. aprendemos;
10. escreve; 11. comem ; 12. escondem
X ’i 7
Lesson 15 (sentences)
SENTENCE LIST 1
N ó s não estam os com sono. We’re not sleepy.
Vocês estão com fom e? Areyou hungry?
Elas estão com v o n tad e de Tl)eyfeel like eatingpizza.
com er pizza.
O paciente está com d o r de The patient has a headache.
cabeça.
O m eu filho está com febre. My son has afever.
O s anim ais estão com sede. The animals are thirsty.
O s executivos estão com The businessmen are in a hurry.
pressa.
A garota está sem von tad e de The girl doesn’tfeel like studying.
estudar.
O rapaz n ão está com m edo. Theyoung man is not afraid.
P or que o fu n c io n á rio está Why is the employee embarrassed?
com vergonha?
A professora está sem The teacher has no patience.
paciência.
Ele está com d o r de barriga. He has a stomachache.
As crianças estão com tosse. The children have a cough.
As m inh as p ern as doem . My legs hurt.
A m in h a cabeça dói. My head hurts.
Wesson i j 87
A spirina é b o m para d o r de Is aspirin goodfor toothaches ?
dente?
Você tem d o r de cabeça? Do you have a headache?
N o tes:
In U nit 3 you learned some expressions with the verb ter, for ex
ample eu tenho fom e (I’m hungry). Estar com is used to talk
about som ething a person is feeling at a particular m om ent, while
ter is used to talk about more general feelings.
88 U n i t 4 : Talking a b o u t health
Eu estou com sede, preciso to m ar água.
I ’m thirsty, I need to drink water.
Eu te n h o sede q u a n d o faço ginástica.
I get thirsty when I work out.
Some other expressions with estar com are: estar com febre (to
have afever), estar com pressa (to be in a hurry), estar com tosse (to
have a cough), estar com dor de dente (to have a toothache), estar
com m edo (to be afraid), estar com sede (to be thirsty), and estar
com dor de cabeça (to have a headache).
PRACTICE 1
Com plete the sentences with the following expressions: com
fcbre, com pressa, com tosse, com vontade, com dor de dente,
com m edo, com dor de cabeça.
Wesson i$ 89
3. Táxi! Rápido! E s to u _____ ! (Taxi!Quick! I ’m in a hurry!)
4. O que você e s tá _____ de fazer? (What do you feel like doing?)
5. Ele toma xarope porque e stá _____ . (He’s taking cough medicine
because he has a cough.)
6. Nós tom am os aspirina porque estam os_____ . (We’re taking
aspirin because we have a headache.)
V.11
SENTENCE LIST 2
Q ual é o problem a? W hat’s the matter?
O que você tem ? W hat’s the matter with you ?
C o m o você se sente? How do yo u feel?
Eu não m e sinto bem . I don’tfeel very well.
E stou m al. I f e d terrible.
90 U n i t 4 : Talking a b o u t health
Meu corpo está dolorido. M y body aches.
Perder peso é difícil. Losing weight is hard.
Emagrecer não é fácil. Losing weight isn ’t easy.
Nadar é bom para saúde. Swimming is goodfor your health.
Dançar é divertido. Dancing isfun.
Andar de ônibus é tedioso. Riding a bus is boring.
Fumar é proibido. Smoking is prohibited.
Beber e dirigir é perigoso. Drinking and driving is dangerous.
Aprender português é Learning Portuguese is important.
importante.
Correr a maratona é Running the marathon is tiring.
cansativo.
v a o
NUTS & BOLTS
T h e in fin itiv e a s a n o u n
In English, when you begin a sentence with a verb used as a
noun, you will generally use the -ing form, also known as the
gerund. For example, to swim is a verb, but as a noun you’d say
swimming isfun. In Portuguese, you use the infinitive.
Nadar é divertido.
Swimming isfun.
< ’.in you guess the gender o f infinitives used as nouns by looking
il the adjectives above? That’s right, they’re masculine, so the ad-
jectives take the masculine singular forms.
Wesson ij 91
PRACTICE 2
Answer the following questions using the adjectives in parenthe
ses as a cue.
ANSWERS
PRACTICE 1: 1. com febre; 2. com dor de dente; 3. com pressa;
4. com vontade; 5. com tosse; 6. com dor de cabeça; 7. com
m edo; 8. tenho; 9. está com; 10. têm; 11. estou com; 12. tenho;
13. está com
PRACTICE 2: 1. trabalhar na polícia é perigoso; 2. fazer ginástica é
saudável; 3. dançar é divertido; 4. visitar o médico é importante;
5. perder peso é difícil; 6. fumar é proibido; 7. trabalhar até à meia
noite é cansativo; 8. estudar na Inglaterra é caro
92 U n i t 4 : Talking a b o u t health
sem energia. H oje, não estou com vontade de
fazer ginástica.
Vera: Você deve tomar as vitaminas Energex—
trabalhar e ficar em forma é mais fácil com
Energex.
Marisa: O nde eu posso comprar essas vitaminas?
Vera: Você pode comprar Energex aqui na academia
ou na farmácia. Mas lembre-se, você também
deve fazer ginástica, comer frutas e verduras, e
beber bastante água. Em pouco tem po, você
vai ver a diferença!
Marisa: E, quantas vitaminas devo tomar por dia?
Vera: Você pode tomar duas ou três.
Marisa: Vera, Energex tem alguma contra-indicação?
Vera: N ão, não tem, é 100% (cem por cento) natural.
Marisa: Obrigada, vou experimentar.
Wesson 16 93
N o tes
You’ll be studying the verb ficar (to stay, remain, be located, etc.) in
a later lesson. For now, notice that ficar em forma means to getf i t
or to get in shape.
Here are the full conjugations o f dever and poder, used with the
infinitive falar as an example.
você deve falar (you should vocês devem falar (you should
speak) speak)
94 U n it 4: Talking ab o u t health
ele/ela deve falar (he/she eles/elas devem falar (they
should speak) should speak)
você pode falar (you can vocês podem falar (all o f you
speak) can speak)
PRACTICE 1
Fill in the blanks with the correct form o f the verb given in paren
theses. Translate your answers. See if you can guess the meanings
o f unfamiliar words by context, or look them up.
CONVERSATION 2
Listen to a conversation between Felipe and his doctor, Dr. Ben
jamin.
Wesson 16 95
Felipe: N ão sei, estou com dor de garganta, com dor de
cabeça, e com tosse. Acho que estou com gripe.
Dr. Benjamin: Eu tenho que verificar a sua temperatura, e
também quero fazer um exame geral. Sente-se
nesta cadeira, por favor.
Felipe: O senhor acha que posso viajar amanhã?
Tenho que visitar um cliente em outro estado.
Dr. Benjamin: Sinto muito, mas a sua temperatura está muito
alta, e a sua garganta está bastante inflamada.
Você deve ficar em casa por dois ou três dias e
descansar. Você também precisa tomar esses
remédios de seis em seis horas. Você também
deve tomar muito líquido. Se não melhorar em
três dias, volte aqui para um outro exame.
Felipe: Está bem. Vou obedecer às suas
recom endações: ficar em casa, descansar, e
tomar os remédios. M uito obrigado.
Dr. Benjamin: N ão se preocupe, e melhoras!
96 U n i t 4: T a lk in g a b o u t h e a lth
1 : 2.4
NUTS & BOLTS 2
Q u e r e r ( t o w a n t to ) , t e r q u e ( t o h a v e to ) , and p r e c i s a r (to
NEED to)
The verbs querer (to want to), ter que (to have to, must), and pre
cisar (to need to) are used in the same way as dever and poder
above. They are followed by infinitives, for example falar:
você quer falar (you want vocês querem falar (you want
to speak) to speak)
eu tenho que falar (I have to nós tem os que falar (we have
speak) to speak)
você tem que falar (you have vocês têm que falar (you have
to speak) to speak)
ele/ela tem que falar (he/she eles/elas têm que falar (they
has to speak) have to speak)
você precisa falar (you need vocês precisam falar (you need
to speak) to speak)
Wesson 16 97
E u quero a p re n d e r japonês; eu gosto da cultura japonesa.
/ want to learnJapanase; I like theJapanese culture.
PRACTICE 2
Com plete with t e r que, precisar, or querer. Follow the example,
and try to translate the questions and answers, using context or
by looking up unfam iliar words.
Ex. O que vocês têm que fazer hoje? Nós tem os que escrever um
relatório.
98 U n i t 4 : Talking a b o u t health
Culture note
B razil is e s s e n tia lly a C a th o lic c o u n try , b u t o th e r fo rm s o f re lig io u s
e x p re s s io n are fo u n d th e re as w e ll, w ith u n iq u e a n d in te re s tin g
h e a lin g p ra c tic e s . F or e xa m p le , M a cu m b a , C a n d o m b lé and U m
ba nd a are ba sed on A fric a n re lig io u s tra d itio n s a n d w e re o rig in a lly
b ro u g h t to B razil in th e 1550s th ro u g h th e slave tra d e . T h e te rm
M a cu m b a is n o w slang f o r m agic and s u p e rs titio n , and it g e n e ra lly
has a p e jo ra tiv e m ea ning. C a n d o m b lé has its g re a te s t fo llo w e rs in
Bahia, and U m b a n d a in Rio, a lth o u g h v a ria tio n s o f b o th are p re s e n t
in all p a rts o f B razil. A b o u t tw o m illio n B razilia ns id e n tify th e m
selves as fo llo w e rs o f C a n d o m b lé o r U m b an da. O n e o f th e m ain
c h a ra c te ris tic s o f th e s e re lig io n s is th e im p o rta n c e o f m e d iu m s.
A f te r p e rfo rm in g o r ta k in g p a rt in ritu a ls in v o lv in g d a n c in g and
singing, m e d iu m s “ re c e iv e ,” o r a re po ssesse d by, s p iritu a l gu id es.
T h e s p iritu a l g u id e s co m e to e a rth to co u n se l, he lp , and heal th e
d e v o te e s p re s e n t a t p lace s o f w o rs h ip o r te m p le s .
ANSWERS
P R A C T IC E 1 :1 . pode (Can you give the present back?)
2. devem (The children shouldn’t run in the street.) 3. posso (I
i .rn’t solve the problem .) 4. pode (She can’t hide her face.)
5. deve (The manager should get the report.) 6. deve (The
Wesson 16 99
student should answer.) 7. podem (W hat can they drink?)
8. devo (W hen should I arrive?) 9. podem os (We can see the
beach.) 10. devem (W hat should the students read?)
PRACTICE 2: 1. Eu preciso estudar (W hy do you need to study
Italian? I need to study Italian because I’m going to move to
Italy.) 2. Eu quero correr (W hat time do you want to run in the
park? I want to run in the park at 7 a . m .) 3. Ela precisa com prar
(W hat does she need to buy? She needs to buy the papers.)
4. Ele tem que tom ar (Which medicine does the boy have to
take? He has to take cough medicine.) 5.Vocês precisam
depositar (How m uch m oney do we need to deposit? You need
to deposit $300.00.) 6. Eles querem com prar (W hat do the
clients want to buy? They want to buy our products.) 7. Elas têm
que escrever (W hat do the teachers have to do? They have to
write the exercises.) 8. Nós queremos m orar (Where do you
want to live? We want to live in Brazil.) 9. Eu quero beber
(W hat do you want to drink? I want to drink wine.) 10. Eles têm
que tom ar (Why do they have to have injections? They have to
have injections because they are very sick.)
UNIT 4 ESSENTIALS
Este livro tem m ais de q u atrocentas páginas.
Tins book has more than 400pages.
Este rem éd io é p ara resfriado?
Is this a cold medicine ?
Essa receita m éd ica é a m inha?
Is thatprescription (yon^re holding) mine?
Estes aqui são m eus e aqueles com você são seus.
These here are mine, and those withyou areyours.
Eu gosto disso, m as n ão gosto daquilo.
I like this, but I don‘t like that.
Eu não e n te n d o a pergunta.
I don’t understand the question.
6n the phone
Lesson 17 (w o r d s ) ------------------------------------
W O R D LI ST 1
«ilô hello
ligar to call
telefonar to telephone
atender to answer (the phone)
desligar to hang up
gravar to record
0 tele fo n e /o ap arelh o de telephone
telefone
a linha telephone line
a ligação/a cham ada phone call
a secretaria eletrô n ica answering machine
0 ram al extension
0 sinal signal
ocupado busy
0 recado message
caixa postal voice mail
a conexão connection
e-mail e-mail
Wesson 7 7 103
o celular/o telefone celular cellphone
a in te rn e t internet
o site website
PRACTICE 1
Use the correct form o f the -ir verbs in parentheses. Translate the
full sentences.
Xessoti iy 105
4. Que h o ra s_____ (partir) o seu vôo?
5. Nós n ã o _____ (insistir) no desconto.
ft. A professora_____ (repetir) a lição.
W O R D LI ST 2
a reclam ação complaint
reclam ar to complain
en co m en d ar to order (by phone, online, catalog)
a enco m en d a order (noun)
0 p ro d u to product
aguardar to wait
esperar to wait/to hope
anotar take note
a sem ana week
0 mês month
0 calendário calendar
ajudar to help/to aid/to assist
a tela screen
a + o = ao a + os = aos
a + a = à a + as = às
Xesson iy 107
Ele vai à p raia de C opacabana.
He’s going to Copacabana beach.
Ela vai ao parque.
She’s going to the park.
N ós vam os aos jogos de futebol.
We’regoing to the soccergames.
Eles vão às partes m ais p o b res da cidade.
They go to the poorest parts o f the city.
PRACTICE 2
Com plete the following with the correct forms o f ir, and add à(s)
or ao(s).
ANSWERS
PRACTICE 1: 1. prefiro (I d o n ’t travel because I prefer to stay at
home.) 2. discutem (The managers discuss the new plans.)
3. assistem (The children watch more than four hours o f TV
every day.) 4. parte (W hat time does your flight leave?)
5. insistimos (We d o n ’t insist on the discount.) 6. repete (The
teacher repeats the lesson.) 7. com pram os (We buy m any things
for the trip.) 8. bebem (Do you drink red or white wine?)
9. preferimos (We prefer beer, thank you.) 10. recebem (Carlos
and Marcia get m any Christmas cards.) 11. acordo (I wake up at
6:00 A.M.) 12. divide (Why don’t you share a house with a
friend?) 13. gostam (Those young m en don’t like to study very
much.) 14. chega (W hat time does she arrive?) 15. encontra
(W hen does he meet with the bank manager?)
PRACTICE 2: 1. vou ao; 2. vão à; 3. vão às; 4. vamos aos; 5. vai
à; 6. vai à; 7. vão ao
P H R A S E LI ST 1
o aten d im en to eletrô n ico recorded message
deixar um recado to leave a message
o código de área area code
digitar o n ú m ero to dial the number
Pois não ?/P o is não! Yes ?/'Can I helpyou ?/•O f course!
pois é that’s true
a galeria de arte art gallery
n a parte esq u erd a da tela on the left hand side o f the screen
Wesson 18 109
do lado direito on the right side
em cim a da m esa on the table
em baixo d o console under the console
n o m eio do film e in the middle o f thefilm
ao lado da m esa next to the table
d en tro d o cofre in the safe deposit box
fora de casa outside the house
atrás da im pressora behind the printer
em frente à T V infront o f the T V
entre as duas e as três between 2:00 and 3:00
Em also contracts with um, uma, uns, umas, and becom e num,
numa, nuns, numas.
Wesson 18 111
Eles estão em fren te ao cinem a.
They are infront of the movie theater.
Ele m o ra fora da cidade.
He lives outside the city.
O d in h eiro está d e n tro da bolsa.
The money is in the handbag.
O esp elh o está p en d u rad o atrás da porta.
The mirror is hanging behind the door.
O sofá está bem en tre as duas m esas.
The sofa looks nice between the two tables.
PRACTICE 1
Com plete the following sentences with one o f the following
prepositions: fora, dentro, em cima, em baixo, entre, ao lado,
em frente.
P H R A S E LI ST 2
as estações d o ano the seasons o f theyear
a prim avera florida the blossoming spring
o verão ú m id o the humid summer
o ar fresco de o u to n o thefreshfall air
o invern o frio the cold winter
n o fim de sem ana over the weekend, during the weekend
n o final da tarde at the end o f the afternoon
antes da data before the date
depois do evento after the event
d u ran te a cerim ô n ia during the ceremony
Q u e tal am anhã? How about tomorrow f
estam os em dois de abril this is April 2nd
n o dia o n ze de abril on April 11th
em m il n o v ecen to s e in 1997
n o ven ta e sete
n este século in this century
n o final do an o at the end o f theyear
n a sem ana que vem next week
First let’s learn the days o f the week and the m onths o f the year.
Wesson 18 113
N ote that the days o f the week are not capitalized, and that the
word feira is optional in informal and spoken Portuguese. If you
want to say that som ething happens on a particular day, use no
(on thej for sábado and dom ingo, which are masculine, and na
(on the) for the other days, which are feminine.
W hen you want to say that som ething happens in general, for ex
ample, on Mondays, use aos (sábado and dom ingo) or às (other
days):
Now let’s look at os m eses do ano (the months o f the year), which
are also n o t capitalized.
You learned the names for the seasons in the phrase list: a pri
mavera (spring), o verão (summer), o outono (fall), o inverno
(winter). If you want to say that som ething happens in a particu
lar season, use na for spring, and no for the other seasons.
jQsson 18 115
em dois mil e seis in 2006
PRACTICE 2
Write the dates:
ANSWERS:
PRACTICE 1: I. em cima; 2. dentro; 3. fora; 4. em frente; 5. ao
lado; 6. em baixo; 7. entre; 8. neste; 9. naquelas; 10. nessa;
11. nisso, naquilo; 12. naqueles
PRACTICE 2: 1. vinte e cinco de m aio de mil, oitocentos e
oitenta e quatro; dezenove de outubro de dois mil e cinco;
vinte e um de fevereiro de mil, novecentos e trinta e sete; 2. de;
3. às, aos; 4. da; 5. em; 6. em; 7. Eu vou viajar em três de abril.
(I’m going to travel on April 3.); 8. O m eu aniversário é em
cinco de dezem bro. (My birthday is on D ecem ber 5.); 9. A data
n o contrato é vinte de junho de dois mil e cinco. (The date on
the contract is June 20, 2005.); 10. Ele vai para universidade no
outono. (He’s going to university in fall.)
Lesson 1 9 (sentences)
SENTENCE LIST 1
A qui q u em fala é o Pedro. This is Pedro speaking.
U m m o m en to , p o r favor, a Please hold, the line is busy.
lin h a esta ocupada.
D e o n d e fala? What number did I call?
C o m q u em você gostaria de Who wouldyou like to speak to?
falar?
Eu gostaria de falar com a I ’d like to speak to Ms. Ana Maria.
se n h o ra A na M aria.
Você p o d e tra n sfe rir a Canyou transfer the call?
ligação?
Você disco u p ara o n ú m ero You’ve dialed the wrong number.
errado.
Wesson 19 117
Q ual é o seu telefone? What’syour phone number?
Posso ligar m ais tarde? Can I call back later?
Você p o d e deixar um recado, Canyou leave a message, please?
p o r favor?
Q ual é o ram al desejado? What is the extensionyou want?
N ós p erd em o s a conexão. We’ve lost the connection.
Vocês têm acesso gratuito Doyou havefree internet access?
para in tern et?
Você precisa discar zero para You need to dial zero to talk to reception.
falar com a recepção.
Esse h o tel tem in te rn e t Does this hotel have high-speed internet?
rápida?
Vocês p o d em usar in te rn e t Canyou use wireless internet here?
sem fio aqui?
Ele m an d a m ensagens de He sends text messages to hisfriends.
texto para os am igos.
Eu telefo n o m ais tarde. I'll call later.
Vocês ligam para o hotel. You call the hotel.
Wesson 19 119
N ote that vir a pé is to come onfoot; vir de carro is to come in a car,
and vir de ônibus, trem, avião is to come by bus, train, or plane.
PRACTICE 1
Com plete the following sentences with the correct form o f the
verb given in parentheses.
SENTENCE LIST 2
Você gostaria de fazer um a excursão? Wouldyou like to go on a tour?
Vocês q uerem usar a sauna? Doyou want to use the sauna?
N ão, o brigado. A gora estou o cupado. No, thankyou. I ’m busy now.
N ão, m u ito o brigado. No, thankyou. I ’d love to,
A doraria, m as n esse dia but I ’m busy that day.
esto u ocup ad o .
W esson 29 121
D esculpe, eu d isq u ei o n u m ero errado.
Sony, I ’ve dialed the wrong number.
D esculpe o m eu atraso.
I ’m sorryfor my delay.
N ão é n a d a ./N ã o faz m al.
It’s nothing.
N ão foi nada.
It was nothing.
W hen you want to say excuse me, say com licença, as in: Com
licença, onde fica o banheiro? (Excuse me, where is the restroom?)
Eu q uero agradecer.
I want to thankyou.
Você p o d e m e desculpar?
Canyonforgive me?
N ós sen tim o s m u ito , mas não vam os.
We’re sorry, but we’re not coming.
You’ve already learned the verb gostar de (to like). You can use its
conditional form to make polite requests, just as the English
would like. We’ll come back to conditionals later, but for now take
a look at the polite forms o f gostar de, used to soften a request:
A nother polite request verb is adorar (to love), which forms its
conditionals (would love) just like gostaria: adoraria, ado
raríamos, adorariam:
PRACTICE 2
M atch the phrase in C olum n A to its response in C olum n B, and
then give the translation.
C olum n A C olum n B
Jesson ip 123
C olum n A C olum n B
Culture note
A n A n g lic is m is th e use o f an E nglish w o rd in a n o th e r language. In
b o th B razil and P o rtu g a l th is tre n d has b e e n m aking in ro a d s in to
P o rtu g u e s e f o r d e ca d e s. T h e m ain rea son f o r th is is th a t n e w te c h
n o lo g ie s have c o m e m o s tly fro m th e U n ite d S ta te s, and th e P o r
tu g u e s e lang uag e is s o m e tim e s slo w to c o in n e w te rm s f o r th e s e
a d v a n c e m e n ts . As a re s u lt, by th e tim e a ne w te c h n o lo g y o r d e v ic e
g e ts a P o rtu g u e s e nam e, its English na m e has a lre a d y b e c o m e e n
tre n c h e d , e ith e r o u t o f h a b it o r s o m e tim e s b e ca u se w o rd s in En
g lish a re c o n s id e re d m o re d is tin c tiv e . W h a te v e r th e rea son , th e
in c o rp o ra tio n o f all th e s e E nglish nam es and te rm s h a p p e n s, som e
b e lie v e , to th e d e trim e n t o f th e P o rtu g u e s e language, g iv in g rise to
internet num c y
s e n te n c e s like: N o Brasil você já p o d e navegar na
bercafe q u e te n h a um h o tsp o t wireless para ler o seu e-mail, para
visitar sites com blogs, ou para fa z e r downloads. Mas cuidado
com os pop-ups e com os spam s na web! (In B ra z il y o u c a n a lre a d y
s u rf th e w e b in an in te rn e t c a fé th a t has a w irele ss h o ts p o t to re a d
y o u r e-m ails, o r v is it sites w ith b lo g s o r to d o w n lo a d s t u f f B u t be
c a re fu l w ith th e p o p -u p s o r sp a m on th e w e b !)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Portuguese_origin
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_English_words_of_international_origin
ANSWERS
PRACTICE 1: 1. vem; 2. peço; 3. traz; 4. vêm; 5. trazemos;
6. venho; 7. pedem ; 8. trago; 9. pedem ; 10. pedim os
PRACTICE 2: 1. D. -Thank you very much, Mr. Paulo. -D on’t
m ention it. 2. E. -C an you please tell me the time? -No, I can’t.
I d o n ’t have a watch. 3. F. -Ouch! My foot! -Sorry! 4. A. -Excuse
me, can I come in? -Certainly. W hat would you like? 5. C. -I’m
sorry, I’m late. -It doesn’t matter. 6. B. W ould you like a taxi? -
Yes, thank you.
CONVERSATION 1
Mensagem Eletrônica: Bem-vindo ao atendim ento eletrônico de
Digital Com unicações. Caso saiba o ramal
desejado digite agora, ou aguarde para falar
com um dos nossos agentes.
Gustavo: Alô Luiza?
Luiza: Pois não, quem fala?
Gustavo: Aqui é o Gustavo, tudo bem?
Luiza: O i Gustavo, tudo bem. Quanto tempo!
Gustavo: Pois é! Eu estou ligando para convidá-la para a
festa de inauguração da minha galeria de arte.
Luiza: Q ue legal. Quando?
Gustavo: A festa vai ser na quarta-feira que vem, dia
vinte e três, às sete e meia da noite. Você vem?
Pode trazer alguém com você.
Jesson 20 125
Luiza: N ão sei, deixe ver . . . Ah, que pena, não posso.
N a quarta que vem estarei viajando a negócios.
Gustavo: Não faz mal. Você gostaria de vir à galeria
outro dia? Quando voltar?
Luiza: Adoraria ir. Para quando você quer combinar?
Eu estou voltando para Belo H orizonte na
sexta-feira, dia vinte e cinco.
Gustavo: Que tal no sábado à tarde, então? Você vem à
galeria, e depois a gente pode tomar um café
juntos.
Luiza: Com binado. Sábado à tarde, entre três e quatro
da tarde eu apareço por lá. Boa sorte na
inauguração!
Gustavo: Obrigado, Luiza. Tchau, um abraço.
Luiza: Outro.
Wesson 20 127
Atualmente nós estamos ampliando as instalações da nossa fábrica.
Currently we are expanding thefacilities in ourfactory.
Esta semana eles estão trabalhando hora extra.
This week they’reputting in overtime.
PRACTICE 1
Com plete with the present continuous o f the verbs in parenthe
ses.
CONVERSATION 2
Recepcionista: Recepção, bom dia.
Sr. Duarte: Bom dia. Eu gostaria de fazer uma reclamação.
Recepcionista: Pois não. Qual é o problema?
Sr. Duarte: Eu sempre fico neste hotel, e nunca tenho
problemas. Desta vez, porém, estou tendo
problemas com a o ar condicionado, com o
chuveiro, e com o acesso à internet.
Recepcionista: Nossa! O senhor pode dizer que tipo de
problemas?
Sr. Duarte: O ar condicionado não está funcionando; não
está saindo água quente do chuveiro, e não
estou conseguindo conexão com a internet.
Even though both English and Portuguese have definite and in
definite articles, there are some differences in usage. Let’s start
with the definite articles. Use definite articles with: abstract
nouns; nouns used in a general sense; expressions o f time; the
days o f the week and seasons o f the year; names o f m ost coun-
Wesson 20 129
tries and other geographical names; first names, family names,
and titles o f people you know or that are close to you; and parts
o f the body and articles o f clothing in place o f the possessive
form.
A justiça é cega.
Justice is blind.
Os brasileiros são bons jogadores de futebol.
Brazilians are good soccerplayers.
O samba é famoso em todo o mundo.
Samba isfamous all over the world.
Ele deve chegar na próxima semana.
He should arrive next week.
Faltam dez para as cinco horas.
It's ten tofive.
Ela vai ao cinema na quinta-fcira.
She’s going to the movies on Thursday.
Ele prefere viajar no verão.
He prefers to travel in summer.
O Brasil é o maior país da América do Sul.
Brazil is the biggest country in South America.
O Carlos vem aqui mais tarde?
Is Carlos coming by later ?
Os Silveira são muito conhecidos no Paraná.
The Silveirafamily is very well known in Parand.
Ele lava as mãos.
He washes his hands.
Ela coloca as luvas.
She put on hergloves.
D o n ’t use the definite article with the noun casa when it means
your hom e; the names o f m ost cities; dates; and family names, ti
tles, and names o f famous and unfamiliar people.
Wesson 20 131
A livraria está encomendando cem livros desse autor.
The bookshop is ordering a hundred books by this author.
PRACTICE 2
Fill in the blanks with one o f the options given in parentheses.
The correct answer m ay be nothing, or 0 :
Tip!
Lo ok u p a h o te l w h e re you'd like to sta y in Brazil (w h e th e r y o u 're
p la n n in g a t r ip th e re or n o t) on w w w .o n d e h o s p e d a r.c o m .b r/,
w w w . h o t e lin s it e . c o m . b r / , w w w . d e c o la r . c o m / p a g in a s / h o t e le s /
b u s q u e d a h o te le s .a s p , o r any o th e r s ite you p re fe r, and g e t ac
q u a in te d w ith th e vo ca b u la ry. T hen , if y o u ’re fe e lin g b ra ve enough,
call th e h o te l to ask a fe w q u e s tio n s a b o u t price s, da tes, a m e n itie s
and th in g s to do. Try to g e t all th e in fo rm a tio n in P o rtu g u e se . T his is
a g re a t w ay to p ra c tic e , be cau se it e xp ose s you to th e real language
and real speakers.
ANSWERS
PRACTICE 1: 1. estão jogando; 2. está lendo; 3. estão correndo;
4. estão alim entando; 5. estão nadando; 6. está pintando;
7. estão tirando; 8. está fazendo
PRACTICE 2: 1. Os; 2. as; 3. na; 4. no; 5. O ; 6. 0 ; 7. O; 8. 0
Lesson 21 (w ords)
W ORD LIST 1
explicar to explain
seguir tofollow
parar to stop
estacionar to park
cruzar to cross
o cruzamento the intersection
atravessar to cross, to traverse
subir to go up
descer to go down
a velocidade speed
a praça square, garden
o jardim garden
a rua street
a avenida avenue
a estrada road
a alameda boulevard
a auto-estrada highway
Xesson 21 135
a rotatória traffic circle, roundabout
a esquina corner
N o tes
The verb seguir (to follow) is irregular: eu sigo, nós seguim os,
você segue, vocês seguem, ele/ela segue, eles/elas seguem.
For 11th through 19th just add décimo: décim o primeiro (11th),
décim o segundo (12th), décim o terceiro (13th), décim o quarto
(14th), décim o quinto (15th), décim o sexto (16th), décim o sé
timo (17th), décim o oitavo (18th), décim o n ono (19th).
Here are the ten places, along with 100th and 1000th: vigésim o
(20th), trigésimo (30th), quadragésimo (40th), qüinquagésimo
(50th), sexagésimo (60th), septuagésimo (70th), octogésim o
(80 th), nonagésim o (90 th), centésim o (100th), m ilésim o
(1000th).
For num bers in between, just add the smaller ordinal: vigésim o
primeiro (21st), vigésim o segundo (22nd), trigésimo quinto
(35th).
Ordinal num bers are adjectives, so they agree in gender and num
ber. That means that primeiro also has the forms primeira,
primeiros, and primeiras. Look at these examples.
136 U n i t 6 : A round to w n
Os dois primeiros meses do ano são os mais quentes.
Thefirst two months of theyear are the hottest.
A Rua Augusta é a segunda rua à direita.
Augusta Street is the second street on the right.
Eles estão entre os vigésimos colocados.
They are among the twentiethfinalists.
Todas as décimas quartas notas musicais são iguais nesta música.
All thefourteenth musical notes are the same in this piece of music.
Elas estão entre as vigésimas primeiras pessoas a chegar.
They’re among lhe twentyfirst people to arrive.
PRACTICE 1
Write out the ordinal numbers. Then try to translate the full sen
tences.
Wesson 2 i 137
WORD LIST 2
o veículo vehicle
passar to pass (by a building, park, etc.)
ultrapassar to pass (a car on the highway)
o/a motorista driver
errar to make a mistake
proibido forbidden
o suvenir souvenir
a lembrança souvenir
o elevador elevator
Cuidado. Watch out.
a atenção attention
o metrô subway
o metro meter
o quilômetro kilometer
o bonde tram/streetcar
o prefeito mayor
a prefeitura city hall
o/a guia guide (person or book)
o viaduto viaduct
a igreja church
a sinagoga synagogue
a mesquita mosque
N otes
In the above word list there are several words that are masculine
even though they end in a. Similar cases are: o dia (day), o turista
(tourist), and o guia (guide). Some professions that end in -ista,
such as motorista (driver), jornalista (journalist), pianista (pianist),
guitarrista (guitarist), violinista (violinist) are used for both gen
ders. But remember: you can always tell the gender o f a n o u n by
the article: O violinista é m uito bom. (The (male) violinist is very
good.) Aquela jornalista é famosa. (That (female) journalist is fa
mous.)
138 U n i t 6 : A round to w n
NUTS & BOLTS 2
f i c a r ( to stay) a n d p h r a s e s o f l o c a t i o n a n d d i r e c
T he v e rb
tio n
In Lesson 16 you learned that the verb ficar means to stay or to re
main. It’s actually a very com m on verb in Portuguese, with sev
eral other meanings. Let’s look at them.
The verbs ser (to be) and ficar (to be, to stay) are interchangeable
w hen they imply a perm anent location o f som ething or some
body.
jÇesson 21 139
Onde é a praia?
Where’s the beach?
Cool link
W ith G o o g le M aps, you can c h e c k o u t th e p la c e you w a n t to v is it
in B razil o r P o rtu g a l and eve n see w h e re y o u r h o te l w ill b e lo c a te d .
h ttp ://m a p s .g o o g le .c o m /
ANSWERS
PRACTICE 1:1. primeiras (First trips are the best.) 2. terceiras
(He travels every third week.) 3. décima (This is the tenth
consecutive victory o f this soccer team.) 4. décimo quinto (Your
room is on the fifteenth floor.) 5. vigésimo segundo (The
twenty-second seat is next to the emergency exit.)
PRACTICE 2: 1. fica; 2. longe; 3. ali; 4. lado; 5. a; 6. à
Wesson 2i 141
Lesson 2 2 (p hrase s)
PHRASE LIST 1
a faixa de pedestre pedestrian crosswalk
o sinal de trânsito traffic sign
o engarrafamento de carros trafficjam
o tráfego contrário oncoming traffic
a rua contramão one-way street
a rua de mão dupla two-way street
o elevador panorâmico panoramic elevator
a escada rolante escalator
a passarela de pedestre pedestrian overpass
o jardim público public garden
a rua arborizada tree-lined street
o bairro residencial residential neighborhood
o bilhete de ônibus bus ticket
o bilhete de metrô subway ticket
o carro alugado rented car
-ar -er/-ir
singular -e -a
142 U n i t 6 : Around to w n
Notice that the vowels in these endings are the reverse o f the
vowels used in the regular conjugation. Here are some examples
with three different verbs:
Wesson 22 143
There are also spelling changes in some verbs. For example, verbs
ending in -car and -gar change the c to qu and the g to gu before
the ending -e to keep the hard k and g sounds. Take explicar (to
explain) and pagar (to pay) as examples.
And if a verb ends in the soft -çar, there’s no need to keep the
spelling ç before -e, since -ce is pronounced as a soft s. Take
dançar (to dance) as an example.
You can soften com m ands by using querer (to want) and poder
(can), or with com m on courtesy expressions.
PRACTICE 1
Give the imperative o f the verbs in parentheses. Try to translate
the whole sentences.
PHRASE LIST 2
o limite de velocidade speed limit
a cabine de pedágio toll booth
a parada obrigatória mandatory stop
passar o sinal vermelho run a red light
a faixa exclusiva de ônibus restricted bus lane
a parada de ônibus/de táxi bus stop/taxi stand
a calçada estreita narrow sidewalk
o calçadão público pedestrian street
a estrada em obras road works
a ponte elevadiça drawbridge
Wesson 22 145
seguir em frente to go straight ahead
virar à direita turn right
a rua sem saída dead end street
à sua esquerda on your left
a uns dez quarteirões about ten blocks ahead
Here are all the direct and indirect object pronouns in Por
tuguese.
tu te (you) te (toyou)
146 U n i t 6 : Around to w n
Subject Direct Object Indirect Object
Pronouns Pronouns Pronouns
Notice that me, te and nos have the same forms for both types
o f objects. But don’t forget that the form tu is n ot com m only
used in Brazil, except for some regions such as Porto Alegre and
Rio Grande do Sul. It is, however, used in Portugal in informal
speech between family m em bers or close friends. Also notice that
the pronoun nós (we) has an accent, but nos (us, to us) does not.
N ós is pronounced with an open o, as in off, and nos is pro
nounced with a closed o, as in rose.
For the third person forms, notice that the direct object pro
nouns are the same as the articles: o, a, os, as. These forms can
refer to people (him, her, them), or to inanimate objects (it, them).
The gender o f the noun determines which pronoun to use. So, a
can m ean Maria in one context, but a caneta (thepen) in another.
In lesson 24 we’ll come back to the use and position o f direct and
indirect object pronouns. For now, just familiarize yourself with
their forms.
Wesson 22 147
PRACTICE 2
Give the appropriate direct object pronoun corresponding to the
subject pronoun given in parentheses. The blank space indicates
where in the sentence each pronoun should be placed. D o n ’t use
any prepositions, even if the corresponding English requires one.
Lesson 2 3 (sentences)
SENTENCE LIST 1
Cuidado com os carros! Watch outfor the cars!
É uma avenida muito It’s a very busy avenue.
movimentada.
É proibido fumar. Smoking is prohibited.
É permitido estacionar aqui? Is it legal to park here?
Onde posso comprar um Where can I buy a “park and show”
cartão de “zona azul”? ticket?
Onde fica a Rua Augusta? Where is Augusta Street?
A Praça da Sé fica perto Is Praça da Sé near here?
daqui?
É melhor ir de carro ou a pé? Is it better to go by car or to walk?
Vocês querem pegar o Do you want to take the 10:00 bus?
ônibus das dez?
Quanto é o bilhete do How much is the subway ticket?
metrô?
Quanto custa a corrida de How much is the taxi ride?
táxi?
Posso tomar conta do carro? Can I keep an eye onyour car?
Wesson 23 149
Você pode ficar de olho no Canyou keep an eye on our car?
nosso carro?
É possível chamar um táxi Canyou call a taxifor us?
para nós?
Qual o jeito mais fácil para What’s the easiest way to get there?
chegar lá?
Next look at some examples with the verb sair (to go out/to leave).
Wesson 23 151
Eles estão saindo juntos?
Are they going out togetherf/Are they seeing each other?
Essa mancha não sai; não sei o que fazer!
This stain does not come out; I don’t know what to do!
Não saiam daqui! Esperem-me.
Don’t leave here! Waitfor me.
Now, look at some examples o f how to use the verb dizer (to
say/to tell).
Finally, here are examples with the verb dar (to give).
PRACTICE 1
C om plete the sentences using the appropriate form o f the verb in
parentheses. The verbs may be in the present tense, the present
continuous, or the imperative. Then try to translate each com
plete sentence.
jÇesson 23 153
9. O nosso avião e s tá _________ (sair) atrasado, mas o seu está
_____ (sair) adiantado.
10. M eu marido e e u __ (dizer) às crianças onde elas podem nos
encontrar.
SENTENCE LIST 2
Faça-me um favor. Do me afavor.
Você pode me explicar o Canyou give me directions?
caminho?
O senhor pode me dar uma Canyou give me some information?
informação?
A senhora pode nos indicar Canyou show us the best way to gel to the
o melhor caminho para Ipiranga Museum?
chegar ao Museu do
Ipiranga?
Você pode completar o Canyou fill it up with ethanol, please?
tanque com álcool, por
favor?
Você quer abastecer o What kind of fuel do you want in the
automóvel com álcool ou car—ethanol or gasoline ?
gasolina?
Você pode verificar os Canyou check the tires?
pneus?
Vocês têm carro flex fuel Doyou rent “
flex-fuel”cars?
para alugar?
Leve-nos ao aeroporto, por Take us to the airport, please.
favor.
Deixe-me do outro lado da Drop me off on the other side of the street,
rua, por favor. please.
Dou-lhe uma gorjeta? Do I give him a tip?
Telefone-me mais tarde, tá? Call me later, okay?
154 U n i t 6 : A r o u n d to w n
NUTS & BOLTS 2
U se a n d p o s it io n o f o b je c t p r o n o u n s
Direct and indirect object pronouns may either precede or follow
the verb in Portuguese. Their position varies depending on the re
gion, the type o f verb, w hether the language is spoken or written,
and on other factors. There are some general tendencies that we
can look at more closely now. For example, if a sentence begins
with a noun or pronoun subject, Brazilians tend to place the pro
noun before the verb, and the Portuguese tend to place it after
the verb, linked with a hyphen:
Diga-lhe a verdade.
Tell him the truth.
Wesson 23 155
Abra-o.
Open it.
Estou escrevendo-lhes.
I ’m writing to (all of)you.
Estamos comprando-a.
We’re buying it.
Levo-os depois.
I ’ll take them later.
Telefono-lhes mais tarde.
I ’ll call them later.
There are also cases where the object pronouns come before the
verb, such as in negative sentences:
They also come before the verb with certain adverbs such as
ainda (still), tudo (everything), todos/todas (every), sempre (al
ways), também (also!too), talvez (maybe), pouco (little), bastante
(plentytenough), and muito (a lot).
Wesson 23 157
In these cases, -ar and -er verbs take a written accent (á and ê, re
spectively), and -uir verbs end in -i, except for -guir verbs, which
end in -gui.
Quer esperá-lo?
Doyou want to waitfor him?
Precisamos vê-la.
We need to see her.
Você consegue abri-los?
Canyou open them?
É fácil construí-la?
Is it easy to build it?
Eles querem segui-lo.
They want tofollow him.
Eles acordam-no.
They wake him up.
Ela põe-na.
Sheputs it on.
Eles o acordam.
They wake him up.
Ela a põe.
She puts it on.
158 U n i t 6 : A ro u n d tow n
PRACTICE 2
Answer the following questions using a direct or indirect object
pronoun that refers back to the underlined objects in the question.
Culture note
F lex-fue l cars, cars th a t run on e ith e r e th a n o l (m ad e fro m sugar
cane) o r g a soline o r b o th , m ixe d in any p ro p o rtio n , have be en on th e
B razilian m a rk e t since 2 0 0 3 . T hese d u a l-fu e l cars a c c o u n t fo r m ore
th a n 77% o f B razilian veh icle s, and th a t p ro p o rtio n has b e e n g ro w in g
at a ste a d y pace. Seven o u t o f e v e ry te n cars sold are fle x -fu e l cars,
and m o re th a n h a lf o f th e 3 0 ,0 0 0 s e rvice sta tio n s in th e c o u n try are
e q u ip p e d to s u p p ly cars w ith e th a n o l as w e ll as gasoline.
lesson 23 159
ANSWERS
PRACTICE 1:1. põe, diz (In the m orning she sets the table and
says good m orning to her husband.) 2. digam (Children, tell me
the truth: do you like this park?) 3. saem (Why don’t they get
out o f the way?) 4. ponha (Please put m ore ice in m y glass.)
5. saem (Are Pedro and Lucia going o ut or are they only
friends?) 6. digo (I never tell people my age!) 7. dando (Is the
new school working out?) 8. dão, diz (They will not give you a
new chance if you tell lies.) 9. saindo, saindo (O ur plane’s
leaving late, but your plane’s leaving early.) 10. dizemos (My
husband and I always tell the children where they can find us.)
PRACTICE 2: 1. as; 2. nos; 3. lhes; 4. os; 5. me; 6. lhe; 7. lhes;
8. os
CONVERSATION 1
Listen in while Robert asks the receptionist at the front desk o f
his hotel for some information.
Xesson 24 161
Senhor Robert: No, I don’t have time to go to the mall. Where’s the
hotel souvenir shop?
Receptionist: I t’s easy. Go back to the escalator and go up onefloor to
the mezzanine. Or take the elevator, press M . I t’s the
third orfourth store on your right.
Senhor Robert: Thankyou very much; have a nice day.
162 U n i t 6: A ro u n d tow n
PRACTICE 1
Choose the expression in colum n B that completes colum n A.
Translate your answers.
CONVERSATION 2
Listen in while Anne asks the assistant at a São Paulo airport car
rental agency the best way to get to her hotel.
jÇesson 24 163
Luís A ntônio. Vá em frente por uns cem ou
duzentos metros, e vire à esquerda na Rua
Estados U nidos. A rua do seu hotel é essa, veja.
Anne: Posso levar o mapa?
Assistente: Claro que pode levá-lo.
Anne: Então, por favor, marque o caminho para mim.
Assistente: Claro, aqui está. Mais alguma coisa?
Anne: Sim, por favor. O nde fica o posto de gasolina
mais próximo daqui?
Assistente: Na sua volta, a senhora pode encher o tanque
em qualquer posto ao longo desta avenida.
O lhe, bem ali em frente há um, está vendo?
Anne: Bem, muito obrigada.
Assitente: Boa estada em São Paulo.
Assistant: That's all. Don’tforget to bring the car back with afu ll
tank because it’s cheaperforyou. Is there anything else I
can dofo r you?
Anne: Yes. What's the easiest way to get to the Fasano Hotel?
Assistant: Take a look at this map. We’re here, and your hotel is
here, see? Have you ever heard o f the Ibirapuera Park?
Anne: Yes, I have.
Assistant: Your hotel is close to it. You should get on the big street
that’s right outside the airport called Avenida Rubem
Berta. Go straight aheadfo r about three kilometers
until you go by the Ibirapuera Park. When you get to a
traffic circle, stay toyour right, and turn onto the
second street. This street is called Brigadeiro Luis
Antônio. Go straightfor about two or three hundred
meters, then turn left onto Rua Estados Unidos. Your
hotel is on this street, take a look here.
Anne: Can I have the map ?
Assistant: O f courseyo u can take it.
Anne: Then can you please mark down the directions.
Assistant: Sure, here it is. Anything else?
Anne: Yes, please. Where’s the nearest gas station?
N o tes
Xesson 24 165
para eu levar (for me to take) para nós levarmos (for us to
take)
Take a look at how these constructions are used, and how you
could translate them into English:
PRACTICE 2
Com plete the following sentences using the correct form o f the
infinitive. Use the translation to help you.
1. Ele pede para n ã o _____ (nadar) à noite. (He asks us to not swim
at night.)
2. É p a ra _____ (esperar) aqui for a ou lá dentro? (Should they wait
inside or outside?)
ANSWERS
PRACTICE I: 1. A (You should take this m edicine every three
hours.) 2. E (He has no time to work or study.) 3. C (Be quiet so
you d o n ’t disturb her.) 4. A (Put air in the tires so you d o n ’t
have any problems.) 5. B (Walk two blocks to get to the church.)
PRACTICE 2: 1. nadarmos; 2. esperarem; 3. viajarmos;
4. trocarmos; 5. ir
UNIT 6 ESSENTIALS
A Rua Augusta é a segunda rua à direita.
Augusta Street is the second street on the right.
Desculpe, mas eu não lembro o seu nome.
Sony, but I can’t rememberyour name.
O nosso escritório fica na Avenida Paulista.
Our office is located on Avenida Paulista.
O aeroporto fica perto da cidade?
Is the airport near the city ?
Há um posto de gasolina mais adiante.
There’s a gas stationfarther on.
Vire à direita e ande três quarteirões.
Turn left and walk three blocks.
Preencham esses formulários, por favor.
Fill out theseforms, please.
Vocês podem vir aqui, por favor?
Canyou come here, please?
Xesson 24 167
Ela lhe escreve muitos e-mails.
She writes many e-mails to him.
É permitido estacionar aqui?
Is it legal to park here?
Quanto custa a corrida de táxi?
How much is the taxi ride?
A que horas sai o avião para o Rio?
What time does the plane leavefor Rio ?
Reserve o hotel com antecedência para não ter problemas.
Make hotel reservations beforehand so you don't have problems.
Você pode me explicar o caminho?
Canyou give me directions?
Você conhece a floresta amazônica?
Haveyou been to the Amazonforest?
Lesson 2 5 (w ords)
WORD LIST 1
a loja store
a livraria bookstore
a biblioteca library
o jornaleiro newsstand
a boutique boutique
o vendedor/a vendedora salesperson
a liquidação sale (on sale)
a barbearia barber shop
o desconto discount
a roupa clothes
a saia skirt
o vestido dress
a camisa shirt
a blusa blouse
as meias socks
os sapatos shoes
as sandálias sandals
o terno suit
Wesson 25 169
a g ra v a ta tie
0 chapéu hat
as lu v a s gloves
a c a r te ir a wallet
a b o ls a handbag
a ja q u e t a jacket
0 c in to belt
e s ta m p a d o patterned (with prints)
lis o solid (colors)
b ra n c o white
p re to black
a m a r e lo yellow
v e r m e lh o red
azul blue
v e rd e green
la r a n ja orange
m a rro m brown
c in z a gray
c o r-d e -ro s a pink
N o tes
The adjectives branco, preto, amarelo, and verm elho are com
pletely regular, so, for example, you have the forms preto, preta,
pretos, and pretas. A few colors have a single form in the singu
lar, and a single form in the plural: azul-azuis, verde-verdes,
and marrom-marrons. Finally, cor-de-rosa, cinza and alaran-
jado are com pletely invariant, m eaning that those forms are used
for both genders and numbers.
170 U n i t 7 : S hop p in g
(do) que to m ean -er/more than and m enos + adjective + (do)
que to m ean less than. The use o f do is optional.
Xesson 2 j 171
O Mar Mediterrâneo é menor do que o Mar do Caribe.
7be Mediterranean Sea is smaller than the Caribbean Sea.
O carro a álcool usa mais Combustível do que o carro a gasolina?
Do ethanol-powered cars use morefuel than gas-powered cars?
You can also compare two things that are similar using tão + ad
jective + quanto (as + adjective + as).
You can compare two nouns with tanto . . . quanto. This is like
the English as much/many . . . as. Just make sure that tanto (but
not quanto!) agrees with the noun it modifies.
PRACTICE 1
Use the adjectives in parentheses to make comparative sentences.
Translate your answers.
I / 2. U nit 7 : S hopping
5. O Airbus A3 80 é m u ito _____ o Jum bo 747. (grande)
6. O Fusca não é m u ito _____ o Golf, (grande)
Now practice with nouns. Com plete the sentences with tanto +
noun + quanto.
WORD LIST 2
o desodorante deodorant
a maquiagem makeup
a padaria bakery
o açougue butcher
a adega liquor store
o supermercado supermarket
a mercearia grocery store
o pão bread
a manteiga butter
o leite milk
o vegetal vegetable
o legume legume
a fruta fruit
o laticínio dairy
Wesson 2j 173
0 iogurte yogurt
a carne meat
0 peixe fish
0 frango chicken
0 sal salt
a pimenta pepper
a comida food
a bebida beverages
pechinchar to bargain
There are a few spelling changes to keep in m ind with the ab
solute superlative. First, if an adjective ends in a hard c-, change
the c- to qu- and then add -issimo, as in branco-branquissim o.
Also note these spellings: facilíssim o, dificílim o, felicíssim o.
Also note that bom and mau/ruim have irregular absolute su
perlatives: ótim o and péssim o.
Wesson 25 175
PRACTICE 2
Give the superlative form o f the adjective in parentheses, and
translate each sentence.
Culture note
Feiras livres a re o p e n -a ir/s tre e t m a rk e ts th a t a re an e s s e n tia l p a rt
o f th e e v e ry d a y lives o f th e p e o p le o f b o th B razil and P o rtu g a l. In
Brazil, th e feira s livres s ta rte d o u t in c o lo n ia l Rio d e J a n e iro in th e
la te 1700s, in th e p o r t area. Lo cal fis h e rm e n s e t u p s ta n d s to sell
th e c a tc h o f th e day. T h e y ’ve c o m e a lo n g w a y sin c e th o s e days,
a n d n o w th e y s u p p ly th e p u b lic w ith e v e ry th in g fro m lo c a l s e a
to im p o rte d fis h and s h e llfis h to all v a rie tie s o f m ea ts, fro m e v e ry
im a g in a b le k in d o f f r u it a n d v e g e ta b le , tro p ic a l an d o th e rw is e , to
an in c re d ib le a s s o rtm e n t o f flo w e rs an d p la n ts, fro m p o ts a n d pahs
to c lo th in g a n d s e rv ic e s such as sh in in g shoes and re -c a n in g o f
w ic k e r fu rn itu r e . A s tro ll th ro u g h o n e o f th e s e m a rk e ts is an in-
176 U n i t 7 : S hopping
c re d ib le jo u rn e y a m o n g th e v a rie ty o f im m ig ra n t p o p u la tio n s in
Brazil. Y o u ’ll h e a r a v e rita b le B ab el o f a cce n ts, e s p e c ia lly in th e
m a rke ts o f th e s o u th and s o u th e a s t. T h e re y o u ’ll see firs t-, seco nd ,
an d th ird -g e n e ra tio n Ja p a n e se , th e d o m in a n t g re e n -b e lt fa rm e rs,
a lo n g s id e p e o p le o f G e rm a n and Ita lia n d e s c e n t, and m ig ra n ts
fro m th e n o rth and n o rth e a s t a d v e rtis in g th e ir w a re s a t th e to p o f
th e ir lungs, and c ra ftin g w itt y c o m e -o n s to lu re passersby. W h ile
you w a lk a ro u n d , and th e re m ay be a lo t o f w a lk in g in v o lv e d sin ce
th e s e m a rk e ts can s tre tc h o v e r seve ral b lo cks, yo u can sip som e
caldo d e cana (s u g a rc a n e ju ic e ), m a d e fre s h fro m lo n g g re e n
sug arca nes in p re sses th a t can re s e m b le R ube G o ld b e rg c o n tra p
tio n s . T his is th e sam e sug arca ne th a t m akes e th a n o l and cachaça,
th e lo ca l rum . H ave fu n , b e c a re fu l o f p ic k p o c k e ts , and be sure to
pech inchar (b a rg a in )! T h e fo llo w in g link w ill h e lp yo u fin d o p e n -a ir
s tre e t m a rk e ts if y o u ’re v is itin g Rio o r P ortu gal.
ANSWERS
PRACTICE 1:1. mais barato (do) que (A Brazilian wine is
cheaper than a French wine.) 2. mais cansativa (do) que (A trip
by bus is more tiring than a trip by plane.) 3. melhores (do) que
(Hypermakets aren’t always better than small markets.) 4. pior
(do) que (Today I feel worse than yesterday.) 5. m aior (do) que
(The A380 Airbus is m uch bigger than the 747 Jum bo.) 6. m enor
(do) que (The VW Beetle isn’t m uch smaller than the VW
Golf.) 7. tão belo quanto (O ur country is as beautiful as yours.)
8. tão boas quanto (O ur companies are as good as foreign
companies.) 9. tão grande quanto (Is Rio as big as São Paulo?)
10. tão fácil quanto (The carioca accent is not as easy to
understand as the paulista accent.) 11. tanta, quanto (He knows
as m uch m ath as she does.) 12. tanto, quanto (My son plays as
m any sports as the other boys.)
Wesson 2y 177
Essa malha de lã vem em What colors does this sweater come in ?
que cores?
Você acha que essa blusa Doyou think the blue blouse goes better
azul combina mais com a with thefloral skirt or the solid one ?
saia florida ou com a saia
lisa?
Essa roupa está na última This outfit is the latestfashion!
moda!
Esse estilo já saiu de moda. Tins style is out of fashion.
Eu não consigo achar a I can’t manage tofind the electronics
seção de eletrônicos. department.
Elas conseguem chegar na Will they manage to arrive on time f
hora?
184 U n i t 7 : S hopping
Cuidado! Assim, você se corta.
Be careful! You’ll cutyourselflike that.
Eu me lavo de manhã.
I wash myselfin the morning.
Ele se serve de café.
He serves himselfcoffee.
Nós nos chamamos “Os Incríveis.”
We call ourselves “The Incredihles. ”
Vocês se vêem no rio?
Doyou seeyourselves in the river?
Elas não se divertem na festa.
They don’t enjoy themselves at the party.
Note that the reflexive pronouns usually come before the verb.
But if the subject is dropped so that the reflexive pronoun would
be at the beginning o f the sentence, then the reflexive follows the
verb, and is joined to it with a hyphen. This is similar to the situ
ation with object pronouns.
Wesson 27 185
Essa malha de lã vem em What colors does this sweater come in ?
que cores?
Você acha que essa blusa Doyou think the blue blouse goes better
azul combina mais com a with thefloral skirt or the solid one ?
saia florida ou com a saia
lisa?
Essa roupa está na última This outfit is the latestfashion!
moda!
Esse estilo já saiu de moda. This style is out of fashion.
Eu não consigo achar a I can’t manage tofind the electronics
seção de eletrônicos. department.
Elas conseguem chegar na Will they manage to arrive on time f
hora?
184 U n i t 7 : S hopping
Cuidado! Assim, você se corta.
Be careful! You’ll cutyourselflike that.
Eu me lavo de manhã.
I wash myselfin the morning.
Ele se serve de café.
He serves himselfcoffee.
Nós nos chamamos “Os Incríveis.”
We call ourselves “The Incredibles.”
Vocês se vêem no rio?
Do you seeyourselves in the river?
Elas não se divertem na festa.
They don’t enjoy themselves at the party.
N ote that the reflexive pronouns usually come before the verb.
But if the subject is dropped so that the reflexive pronoun would
be at the beginning o f the sentence, then the reflexive follows the
verb, and is joined to it with a hyphen. This is similar to the situ
ation with object pronouns.
Wesson 2j 185
Vocês se vêem todas as férias?
Doyou see each other every vacation?
Os empregados se cumprimentam.
The employees greet one another.
PRACTICE 1
Com plete the following sentences with a reflexive/reciprocal pro
noun, and with the appropriate form o f the regular verbs given in
parentheses.
SENTENCE LIST 2
Que gracinha de óculos de What a cute little pair ofreading glasses!
leitura!
Essa é uma das grandes This is one of the great national brands.
marcas nacionais.
Quanto custa esse abrigo How much is this track suit?
esportivo?
Quanto é o quilo de salmão? How much is the kilo of salmon?
Xesson 2 7 187
Lesson 2 8 (con versatio n s)
CONVERSATION 1
Listen in as Vera and Bianca shop at a supermarket for a deliciou
dinner.
190 U nit 7 : S ho p p in g
Vera: Wow, look at the wide selection! I t’s going to be difficult
to choose!
Bianca: I think we should take some lettuce and h a lf a kilo o f
these small tomatoes fo r a salad. A n d how about
these peas instead o f the potatoes? Peas are less
fattening!
Vera: Good idea. N ow we only need to buy somethingfor
desert. Thefrozen food section is this way.
Bianca: I have a good idea: let’s buy vanilla ice cream with
chocolate topping.
Vera: Yummy, delicious!
Xesson 28 191
O seu carro só vai ficar pronto daqui a um mês.
Your car is only going to be ready after a month.
O professor vai nos dar uma prova no dia seguinte à revisão.
The teacher is going to give us a test on the day after the review.
O ne thing to keep in m ind is that the verbs ir (to go) and vir (to
come) are not used in this construction. Instead, just use the sim
ple present tense.
PRACTICE 1
Use the words given to make com plete sentences.
1. Suzana/estacionar/o carro
2. O senhor/pedir/um café
3. Eu e meus filhos/nadar/no mar
4. Os alunos/passar/o exame
5. Os jogadores/ganhar/o jogo
6. O país/não/im portar/o petróleo
CONVERSATION 2
Listen to Cristiana talking to the salesperson at an electronics
store trying to help her exchange a birthday present.
192 U n i t 7 : S hopping
Vendedor: A senhora se lembra quando a comprou?
Cristiana: Foi um presente de aniversário. Eu não tenho a
nota fiscal. Tem problema?
Vendedor: N ão, não tem importância, a máquina está na
caixa. Vou mostrar outros m odelos para a
senhora. O lhe essa máquina: ela tem mais
recursos do que o seu m odelo, mas é um
pouco mais cara.
Cristiana: Nossa! É cara demais.
Vendedor: E verdade, essa é a mais cara que oferecem os.
Vou pegar um m odelo mais em conta. Veja
essa.
Cristiana: N ão, ainda é cara demais. O senhor não tem
uma um pouquinho mais barata? Posso trocá-la
pela mesma marca que a minha, mas com
zoom?
Vendedor: Claro, vou providenciar a troca.
Cristiana: Obrigada.
Wesson 28 193
Vendedor: O f course, I ’ll take care o f that.
Cristiana: Thankyou.
N o tes
To say too as in too much, use demais after the adjective: Esse
vestido está apertado demais. (This dress is too tight.) A casa está
grande demais. (The house is too big.)
You can use the preposition por to m ean by, along, through, or
throughout. It can m ean for, either in the sense o f benefiting someone
or in exchangefor. It can also be used with durations o f time, as
well as in the sense o f per in English.
There are also a lot o f idiom atic phrases you’ll come across with
por.
PRACTICE 2
Com plete the following sentences with the preposition por or its
contractions. Try to translate your answers.
Wesson 28 195
I Nós precisamos d e ,____ m enos, uma hora para nos
arrumarmos.
S Você vai votar neste c a n d id a to _____ mesmas razões que eu.
i> Hle não está com endo n a d a ._____ jeito ele não gosta de carne.
7. Q uanto é q u in z e __________ cento da conta?
H. Fias estão passando ___ um período m uito difícil.
Essas lembranças são feitas_____ uma tribo indígena da região.
10. Fies vão nos esperar_____ mais um a hora.
I I. ____ m enos você não precisa acordar cedo.
I2. () m otorista v a i_____ruas mais turísticas.
AN SW ER S
PRACTICE 1: 1. Suzana vai estacionar o carro. 2. O senhor vai
pedir um café. 3. Eu e meus filhos vamos nadar no mar. 4. Os
alunos vão passar o exame. 5. Os jogadores vão ganhar o jogo.
6. O país não vai im portar o petróleo.
PRACTICE 2: 1. pelo (I’m traveling through the Am azon River.)
2. pelas (The tourists walk along the dunes in Fortaleza.) 3. pelo
(I d o n ’t want beer; on the contrary, I only drink nonalcoholic
beverages.) 4. pelo (We need, at least, one hour to get ready.)
5. pelas (You’re going to vote for this candidate for the same
reasons I am.) 6. Pelo (He isn’t eating anything. He probably
doesn’t like meat.) 7. por (How m uch is 15% o f the bill?) 8. por
(They’re going through a very difficult period.) 9. por (These
souvenirs are m ade by a native tribe from this region.) 10. por
( They’re going to wait for us for another hour.) 11. Pelo (At least
you don’t have to wake up early.) 12. pelas (The driver takes the
most touristy streets.)
I'Jfi U n i t 7 : S hopping
UNIT 7 E S S E N T IA L S
Eu assisti um lindo filme em preto e branco.
I watched a beautiful black and white movie.
J^esson 28 197
Vocês têm mercadorias em liquidação?
Do yo u have merchandise on sale?
198 U n i t 7 : S h o p p in g
U n i t 8
Ün a restaurant
Lesson 2 9 (w o r ds)
WORD LIST 1
0 cardápio/o menu menu
0 guardanapo napkin
os talheres flatware
a faca knife
a colher spoon
0 garfo fork
0 vinagre vinegar
0 óleo oil
0 tempero spices
a salsinha parsley
a cebola onion
0 alho garlic
a torrada toast
a geléia jam
0 mel honey
0 almoço lunch
0 lanche snack
0 jantar dinner
a farofa side dish based on maniocflour
Wesson 29 199
NUTS & B O LTS 1
P r o n o u n s u s e d a f t e r p r e p o s it io n s
m im (me) n ó s (us)
There are two special forms that are used after the preposition
com (with). The pronouns m im (me) and n os (us) contract with
com , form ing com igo and co n o sco .
200 U n i t 8: In a restaurant
Ele só pode falar comigo depois das onze.
He can only talk to me after 11:00.
P R A C T IC E 1
Answer with the correct form o f the pronoun in parentheses. Try
to translate the answers.
W ORD LIST 2
a salada salad
a entrada appetizer
a sobremesa dessert
Wesson 29 201
o coquetel cocktail
o aperitivo aperitif
a refeição meal
o pastel an appetizer pastry similar to a fried
samosa
o refrigerante soft drink
a limonada lemonade
o pudim pudding
o sorvete ice cream
o gelo ice
o couvert pre-dinner appetizers served at
restaurants
a porção portion
a gorjeta tip, gratuity
o acompanhamento side dish
o molho sauce
202 U n i t 8 : In a restaurant
Diz-se que tempo é dinheiro.
They say time is money.
PRACTICE 2
Choose a verb from the following list to com plete the sentences
with the impersonal se. Use the appropriate form o f the verb, sin
gular or plural, and then translate your answers.
Xesson 29 203
6. _-se m uito viajando para outros países.
7. _-se casas e apartam entos para tem porada de verão.
8. Neste estabelecim ento não se
AN SW ER S
PRACTICE 1: l.Vamos ao parque com elas. (We’re going to the
park with them.) 2. Cristina se lem bra de nós. (Cristina
remembers us.) 3. Faça o cheque para ele. (Make the check out
to him.) 4. Ele vai sair comigo. (He’s going out with me.)
5. Mário vai jantar conosco. (Mário is going to have dinner with j
us.) 6. Eles estão esperando por elas. (They’re waiting for them.)
7. Elas estão falando de mim. (They’re talking about me.) 8. Esse]
presente é para você. (This present is for you.)
PRACTICE 2: 1. Precisa (Waiter with experience wanted.)
2. Bebe (Do people drink a lot o f beer in this country?) 3. fala
(The war is over! That’s all they talk about in the news.)
4. escreve (W ho do you write to in order to make a complaint?)
5. Vendem (Are antiques sold here?) 6. Aprende (One learns a
lot by traveling to other countries.) 7. Alugam (Summer
vacation houses and apartments are rented.) 8. fuma (This is a
nonsm oking establishment.)
Lesson 3 0 (phrases)
PH R A SE LIST 1
a carne bem passada well-done meat
o bife mal passado rare steak
o churrasco ao ponto medium-rare barbecue
muito apimentado very hot (,spicyj
o prato principal main dish
o azeite (de oliva) olive oil
o rodízio de carnes skewered meats brought to you
throughout the meal
20 4 U n i t 8: In a restaurant
a churrascaria gaúcha Brazilian-style steak house
o arroz com feijão rice and beans
o suco de laranja orangejuice
a água com gás carbonated water
a água mineral sem gás still mineral water
o purê de batatas mashed potatoes
o frango assado roast chicken
o ensopado de camarão shrimp stew
o peru recheado stuffed turkey
o peixe grelhado grilledfish
a torta de palmito heart-qf-palm pie
o bolo de chocolate chocolate cake
N o tes
Churrascarias are Brazilian barbecue houses that originated in
Rio G rande do Sul, the southernm ost state o f Brazil. They are
usually very large restaurants, where waiters serve large, sword
like skewers with prim e cuts of sizzling h o t barbecued meats,
pieces o f which they then slice o ff straight onto your plate.
Churrascarias are also known as rodízios de carne (rotations
o f meat) because o f the all-you-can-eat aspect o f the meal.
They are fam ous for their buffet-style salad bars, offering a rich
variety o f salads and appetizers. They charge a fixed price per
person.
Adverbs are words that answer questions such as how, why, when,
or to what degree. In English, a typical adverbial ending is -ly,
which corresponds to -mente in Portuguese. You can form ad
verbs by taking the fem inine form o f an adjective, and adding the
ending -mente. If the adjective ends in -e or a consonant, add
-mente to that:
Wesson 30 205
rápido (quick) rápida + mente rapidamente
(quickly)
There are also lots o f com m on adverbs that tell you how
som ething is done, but they d o n ’t follow this regular -mente
pattern.
206 U n i t 8: In a restaurant
Eu acordo cedo.
I wake up early.
Elas vão chegar amanhã.
They arrive tomorrow.
Eu raramente vou ao teatro.
I rarely go to the theater.
Wesson 30 207
N ó s dançam os m u ito .
We dance a lot.
P R A C T IC E 1
C hoose an adverb from the following list to com plete the sen
tences: exclu sivam en te (exclusively), u ltim am ente (lately), sepa
radam ente (separately), im ediatam ente (immediately), raramente
(rarely), eficien tem en te (efficiently), diariam ente (daily), co m p le
tam ente (completely)
PH R A SE LIST 2
pedir a conta to askfo r the check
chamar o garçom to call the waiter
fazer uma reserva to make a reservation
reservar uma mesa para to reserve a tablefo r a party o f four
quatro
deixar uma gorjeta to leave a tip
serviço incluído service included
lavar a louça to wash the dishes
enxugar os pratos to dry the plates
208 U n i t 8: In a restaurant
pôr a mesa to set the table
a área reservada para smoking area
fumantes
a xícara e o pires the cup and saucer
o prato de sopa the soup bowl
o especial do dia the special
parecer bom to look (seem) good
prato feito (PF) popular style restaurants whereyou are
served a complete meal in a single dish,
o restaurante por quilo a restaurant that charges by weight
Since the preterite is used to express past actions, you’ll often see
it used with time expressions such as: on tem (yesterday), on tem
de m anhã (yesterday morning), on tem à tarde (yesterday afternoon),
on tem à n o ite (last night), a n oite passada (last night), a sem ana
passada (last week), um a sem ana atrás (one week ago), o m ês pas
J~esson 30 209
sado (last month), d ois m eses atrás (two months ago), o ano pas
sado (lastyear), há vários anos atrás (severalyears ago).
P R A C T IC E 2
Com plete the sentences with the verb estar in the preterite, and
then translate.
210 U n i t 8: In a restaurant
9. P ed ro _____ no Canadá em 2006.
10. Os estudantes_____ na passeata do ano passado.
Culture note
Feijoada, p ro n o u n c e d fa y -z h o o -A H -d a h , is u n a rg u a b ly B ra z il’s na
tio n a l dish. It’s c o m p o s e d o f a h e a rty s te w m ad e w ith b e an s (fe i
jão ), and v a rio u s k in d s o f b e e f and p o rk . T h e s te w is b u t o n e o f th e
c o m p o n e n ts o f th is im m e n s e ly p o p u la r dish: w h ite rice , fa ro fa
(ro a s te d m a n io c flo u r), fr ie d m a n io c, couve (th in ly s lic e d coH ard
gre en s, so m e tim e s p r e p a r e d w ith b a co n ), and slice d o ra n g e a re an
e s s e n tia l p a rt o f a ty p ic a l feijo a d a . A ll o f th is is b e tte r w a sh e d
d o w n w ith th e tra d itio n a l B ra zilia n d rin k caipirinha, m a d e w ith
cachaça (s u g a rc a n e rum ), lim e, sugar, and ice. B eca use it ta k e s so
lo n g to p re p a re (and to d ig e s t!) re s ta u ra n ts in g e n e ra l se rve fe i
jo a d a o n ly f o r lu n ch , and o n ly on W e d n e s d a y s and S a tu rd a ys. T he
s te w is s o m e tim e s s e rv e d b u ffe t style . F irs t it ’s all c o o k e d to g e th e r,
a nd th e n each m e a t is s e rv e d s e p a ra te ly so you can c h o o s e th e
k in d s yo u like th e m o st, s k ip p in g th e p a rts you d o n ’t ca re for, w h ic h
t r a d itio n a lly in c lu d e s p a rts like p ig s’ fe e t, ears, and ta ils ! S o m e
tim e s , it ’s ju s t s e rv e d in a te rr a -c o tta b o w l.
A N SW ERS
PRACTICE 1:1. exclusivamente; 2. com pletam ente;
3. U ltim am ente; 4. separadamente; 5. im ediatamente;
6. raramente; 7. eficientem ente; 8. diariamente
Wesson j o 211
PRACTICE 2 : 1. esteve (He was in Japan during W W II.)
2. esteve (The bus was here until 3:00 p . m .) 3. estiveram (What
tim e were you here yesterday?) 4. estiveram (How long were
they at the hotel?) 5. estive (I was never at that restaurant.)
6. estiveram (Where were the children all this time?) 7. esteve
(Carm em was unem ployed until last year.) 8. esteve (Were you
ever at a Brazilian barbecue restaurant?) 9. esteve (Pedro was in
Canada in 2006.) 10. estiveram (The students were at the
dem onstration last year.)
Lesson 31 (sentences)
S E N T E N C E LIST 1
Prccisa-se de cozinheira com Experienced cook wanted.
experiência.
Vendem-se livros e discos Used books and recordsfo r sale.
usados.
Eu telefonei para o I called the restaurant last night.
restaurante ontem à noite.
Ele só nos avisou antes de He only advised us the day before
ontem. yesterday.
Você jantou fora na semana D id yo u go outfor dinner last week?
passada?
Ela deixou o carro com o She left her car with the valet.
manobrista.
Ele quer um pouco de pão He wants a bit o f bread and butter.
com manteiga.
Ela gostou do café com She liked the cojfee with a lot o f sugar.
bastante açúcar.
As crianças não tomaram a The children didn’t drink the lemonade
limonada sem açúcar. without sugar.
Essa salada tem pouco sal, This salad doesn’t have enough salt; we
precisamos de um saleiro. need the salt shaker.
212 U n i t 8: In a restaurant
A menina comeu pouca The girl atefew vegetables and a lot o f
verdura e muita batatinha frenchfries.
frita.
Vocês gostariam de um Would yo u like a little more caramel
pouco mais de doce de leite? candy (dulce de leche)?
Eu preparei uma sopa bem I prepared some very spicy soup.
apimentada.
O restaurante não cobrou o The restaurant didn ’t chargefo r service.
serviço.
Wesson 3/ 213
A recepcionista não avisou o gerente que você telefonou ontem à
tarde.
The receptionist didn’t advise the manager thatyo u calledyesterday afternoon.
Elas chegaram!
They arrived!
P R A C T IC E 1
Com plete the sentences with the preterite o f the verbs in paren
theses, and translate.
214 U n i t 8: In a restaurant
S E N T E N C E LIST 2
A comida acabou de chegar. Thefood has ju st arrived.
Eu acabei de tomar uma I ’ve ju st made up my mind.
decisão.
Olhe quem acabou de Look who’sju st arrived!
chegar!
Vocês já chamaram o Have yo u already called the waiter?
garçom?
Quanto você deixou de How much tip did yo u leave?
gorjeta?
Eles provavelmente não vão They probably w on’t stayfo r dinner.
ficar para o jantar.
Os meus filhos raramente M y children rarely have lunch at home.
almoçam em casa.
Vocês gostariam de um Wouldyo u like a little more caramel?
pouco mais de doce de leite?
Esse bolo é para o seu This cake isfo r your birthday. Happy
aniversário. Parabéns! Birthday!
Adivinhe quem vem ao Guess who’s coming to the restaurant
restaurante conosco! with us!
Eles reservaram a mesa para They reserved the tablefo r me.
mim.
The verb acabar means tofinish, but when it’s followed by de and
another verb in the infinitive, it can be translated as to have just
(done something). Acabar can be conjugated both in the simple
present or preterite to have this meaning.
Wesson 31 215
Ele acabou de me telefonar.
He has ju st called me.
P R A C T IC E 2
Com plete the sentences with acabar de and the verb in parenthe
ses.
A N SW ER S
PRACTICE 1:1. m orei (I lived in Bahia from 1990 to 2000.)
' 2. praticou (Pedro practiced sports in university but now he
doesn’t anymore.) 3. nadou, ganhou (She swam very quickly
21 6 U n i t 8: In a restaurant
and won the com petition.) 4. encontraram (Where did you
m eet yesterday?) 5. com praram (W hat did you buy at the
handicrafts fair?) 6. separamos, divorciamos (First we separated
two years ago, and then we got divorced.) 7. curaram (The
doctors cured my illness.) 8. procurou (Did you already look for
the keys in your coat pocket?) 9. cozinhou (Who cooked this
delicious meal?) 10. preparou, ajudei (The cook didn’t prepare
dinner by himself; I helped him.)
PRACTICE 2: I. acabou de fechar (His com pany has just closed
a great deal.) 2. acabou de ganhar (The boy has just gotten the
gift and has already broken it.) 3. acabei de ser (I’ve just been
prom oted! Let’s celebrate.) 4. acabou de telefonar (Haven’t you
just called? W hat do you want?) 5. acabamos de com prar (My
partners and I have just bought another restaurant.) 6. acabaram
de apagar (The fire fighters have just put out the fire.)
7. acabaram de viajar (My cousins have just traveled to Africa.)
8. acabaram de com er (The children have just eaten and they’re
hungry' again.) 9. acabei de ganhar (I’ve just w on the lottery!)
10. acabou de chegar. (The new m odel o f the car has just
arrived.)
C O N V E R S A T IO N 1
Listen in while Felipe talks to a waiter at a Brazilian fish restau
rant.
Jesson 32 217
de p eixe e tem peros, é um ótim o
acom pan h am en to para p eixes grelhados.
Felipe: Então vam os lá. Eu gostaria de pedir um a
salada com pleta para com eçar, e d ep ois o filé
de robalo grelhado. O que acom panha o peixe?
G arçom : Pirão e arroz branco. O que o sen h or gostaria
de beber?
Felipe: U m a caipirinha.
G arçom : O sen h or está pronto para a sobrem esa? Tem os
d oces brasileiros, frutas da estação, e sorvetes.
Felipe: Eu v o u experim entar o crem e de papaia, e
d ep ois um cafezinho.
G arçom : Aqui está a conta.
Felipe: O brigado, o serviço está incluído?
G arçom : Sim senhor. In clu ím os dez por cento na
conta.
218 U n i t 8: In a restaurant
NUTS & BO LTS 1
T h e p r e te r ite o f r e g u l a r -e r v e rb s
Now let’s turn to the conjugation o f regular -er verbs in the
preterite, for example escrever (to write).
Eu comi demais!
I ate too much!
P R A C T IC E 1
Com plete the sentences with the verb in parentheses in the
preterite, and translate.
Wesson 32 219
1. M uitos escritores am ericanos______ (viver) na França no século
passado.
2. O atleta n ã o _____ (correr) a M aratona de Nova York em 2007.
3. O ntem de m anhã C ristin a_____________ (receber) flores do seu
nam orado.
4. Q uantos cartões postais v o cês_____ (escrever) nas férias
passadas?
5. O ntem no parque, um cachorro _____ (morder) um a criança.
6. Nós n ã o _____ (entender) o que ele disse. V ocê______
(entender)?
7. Segunda-feira passada eu _ _ _ (resolver) fazer um a dieta.
8. Q uando o ladrão entrou em casa, nós n ã o _____ (perceber).
9. Q uando eu _ _ _ (devolver) o carro, n ã o ____ _ (perceber) que
o tanque estava vazio.
10.N o últim o semestre, Paulo n ã o ______ (aprender) inglês na
escola.
C O N V E R S A T IO N 2
Listen in while Roberto describes his dinner experience at a chur
rascaria to his friend Cristiano.
220 U n i t 8: In a restaurant
pratos quentes, com o macarrão e bobó de
camarão.
Cristiano: Nossa! Que fartura! E vocês conseguiram
comer carne depois desse m onte de entradas?
Roberto: Bem, não experimentamos tudo: só um pouco
de salada e uns pedaços de queijo parmesão.
Depois chegou a carne, e com em os fatias de
lingüiça, picanha, lom bo de porco, frango e até
peixe!
Cristiano: Parece muito bom. O que vocês beberam?
Roberto: N ós pedim os chope estupidamente gelado,
claro. Mas, as carnes chegaram à mesa muito
lentamente, e a sobremesa demorou um
tempão. Assim que acabamos o cafezinho
pedim os a conta, mas ela só chegou depois de
meia hora!
Cristiano: Você falou com o gerente?
Roberto: N ão, não falei porque quando esperava a
conta, olhei pela janela, e vi do lado de fora,
uma placa que dizia: “Precisa-se urgentemente
de garçons!”
W esson 52 221
Roberto: Well, we didn’t try everything: just a bit o f salad and a
few pieces o f parmesan cheese. Then the meat arrived,
and we ate slices o f sausage, top sirloin, pork loin,
chicken, and evenfish!
Cristiano: It all sounds great. What did you drink?
Roberto: We had incredibly cold draft beer, o f course. But, the
meats got to the table too slowly, and dessert took a long
time to arrive. A s soon as wefinished the meal we
askedfor the check, but it didn’t get there until after half
an hour!
Cristiano: D idyou speak to the manager?
Roberto: No, I didn ’t because while I was waiting fo r the check, I
looked out the window, and saw a sign that read:
“Waiters needed urgently!”
N otes
222 U n i t 8: In a restaurant
Você teve que ir ao escritório no domingo?
You bad to go to the office on Sunday f
eu pude n ós p udem os
v o cê p ôd e vocês puderam
P R A C T IC E 2
Com plete the sentences with the preterite o f the verbs in paren
theses and translate.
ANSWERS
PRACTICE 1: 1. viveram (M any American writers lived in
France last century.) 2. correu (The athlete didn’t run the New
York M arathon in 2007.) 3. recebeu (Yesterday m orning Cristina
got flowers from her boyfriend.) 4. escreveram (How m any
postcards did you write last vacation?) 5. m ordeu (Yesterday at
the park a dog bit a child.) 6. entendem os, entendeu (We didn’t
understand w hat he said. Did you understand?) 7. resolvi (Last
M onday I decided to go on a diet.) 8. percebemos (We didn’t
notice when the thief broke into our house.) 9. devolvi, percebi
(W hen I returned the car, I didn’t notice the tank was empty.)
10. aprendeu (Last semester Paulo didn’t learn English at
school.)
PRACTICE 2: 1. pude (Last Friday I was able to see the lunar
eclipse.) 2. pôde (The store couldn’t deliver the merchandise
yesterday.) 3. pudem os (We parked the car where we could.)
4. puderam (Were you able to go hom e after the rain?) 5. puderam
(The fans weren’t able to see the rock star.) 6. tive (I wasn’t afraid
o f the alligator in the jungle.) 7. teve (She always had musical
talent.) 8. tivemos (My friends and I had no luck with our hotel.)
9. tiveram (Why didn’t you have to pay taxes last year?) 10. teve
(Did you have to pick the kids up at school yesterday?)
UNIT 8 ESSENTIALS
Não esperem por mim.
Don’t waitfor me.
Alugam-se apartamentos.
Apartmentsfor rent.
Nós caminhamos lentamente.
We walk slowly.
A chuva chega de repente.
The rain arrives suddenly.
Você vem comigo? Talvez.
Areyou coming with me?Maybe.
Vocês estiveram em Madrid no verão passado?
Wereyou in Madrid last summer?
Wesson 32 225
U n it 9
W ork and school
Lesson 3 3 (w ords)
WORD LIST 1
a escola school
a matéria subject (school)
matemática math
história history
literatura literature
ciência science
química chemistry
biologia biology
física physics
o vestibular college entrance exam
o curso course
a faculdade college
a universidade university
a formatura graduation
o bacharelado bachelor’s degree
o mestrado master’s degree
o doutorado doctorate
o diploma diploma/certificate
W esson 33 227
PRACTICE 2: 1. o mais barato (His apartm ent is the cheapest
in the neighborhood.) 2. os mais caros (These are the most
expensive tickets in the theater.) 3. as melhores (That com pany
throws the best parties in the city.) 4. os piores (These are the
worst seats in the stadium.) 5. os maiores (SUVs are the biggest
cars on the market.) 6. modernissima (The architecture o f that
shopping mall is very modern). 7. péssimo (I’m not going to
work today because I’m feeling terrible.) 8. altíssimas (The
models on the catwalk are very tall.) 9. ótimas (The sales in this
store are great.) 10. pertissimo (My hom e is very close to the
office.)
PHRASE LIST 1
os pijamas listrados stripedpajamas
a roupa esportiva de lycra lycra sportswear/casual wear
o traje de passeio form al outfit/evening wear
os sapatos de salto alto pretos black high-heel shoes
o cheque pré-datado predated check
comprar à vista to pay cash
comprar a prazo to pay in installments
o cartão de crédito credit card
o cartão de débito debit card
as prestações sem juros interest-free installments
a loja de departamentos department store
a seção de brinquedos toy department
a caixa registradora cash register
o trocador de roupas fitting room
a revendedora de automóveis car dealership
a loja de antigüidades antique shop
o corredor do supermercado supermarket aisle
o cabide de roupas clothes hanger
178 U n it 7: Shopping
NUTS & BOLTS 1
D im in u t iv e s a n d au g m en ta tiv es
A dim inutive is formed by adding -inho or -inha to the base
word, after its final vowel is dropped. For example, from escola
(school) you can form escolinha (little school), and from bonito
(pretty) you can form bonitinho (cute). Dim inutives are com
m only used to add a sense o f smallness or cuteness. They also
show affection and can be used in nicknames.
The regular dim inutive ending is -inho/a, but if the base word
ends in a stressed vowel, two vowels, a nasal vowel, or an -1, add
a -z- before the dim inutive ending.
Xesson 26 179
café (coffee) cafezinho (coffee, little cup o f coffee)
PRACTICE 1
Replace the italicized words with a dim inutive or augmentative.
180 U n it 7: Shopping
6. Ele tem um pequeno carro, mas pensa que é um grande piloto de
Formula Um.
7. Eles m oram num a casa muito grande.
8. Aquele anim al tem um a cabeça muito grande e um corpo muito
pequeno.
PHRASE LIST 2
o fio dental dentalfloss
o condicionador de cabelos hair conditioner
o creme hidratante moisturizer
a escova de dentes verde e green and white toothbrush
branca
a escova de cabelos hairbrush
o protetor solar sunscreen
a entrega em domicílio home delivery
a pronta entrega ready-to-wear
a seção de congelados frozen food section
a embalagem a vácuo vacuum packed
embrulhar para presente to gift wrap
pagar na saída to pay on the way out
marcar hora make an appointment
o salão de beleza beauty parlor, hairdresser
fazer as unhas, fazer as mãos to get a manicure
fazer os pés to get a pedicure
perfumaria beauty product store
Wesson z6 181
before the noun they have a figurative meaning. Com pare thes
pairs o f examples.
PRACTICE 2
M atch the Portuguese sentence in colum n A to its translation in
colum n B.
C olum n A C olum n B
Lesson 2 7 (sentences)
SENTENCE LIST 1
Onde podemos encontrar Where can I find running shoes ?
tênis de corrida?
A senhora pode me ajudar? Canyou help me?
Você gostaria de Wouldyou like to try it on?
experimentá-lo?
Onde fica o provador? Where’s thefitting room?
Estou só olhando, obrigada. I ’mjust looking, thankyou.
Eu vou pensar e volto mais I ’ll think about it, and I ’ll come back later.
tarde.
Posso me olhar naquele Can I look at myselfin that mirror?
espelho?
O senhor quer que Wouldyou like to have it delivered?
entregue?
Qual é o seu tamanho? What’syour size?
Vocês não têm um número Don’t you have a larger size?
maior?
Eu gostaria de um tamanho I ’d like a smaller size in a different color.
menor em outra cor.
Wesson 2 7 183
Essa malha de lã vem em What colors does this sweater come in ?
que cores?
Você acha que essa blusa Doyou think the blue blouse goes better
azul combina mais com a with thefloral skirt or the solid one ?
saia florida ou com a saia
lisa?
Essa roupa está na última This outfit is the latestfashion!
moda!
Esse estilo já saiu de moda. Tins style is out of fashion.
Eu não consigo achar a I can’t manage tofind the electronics
seção de eletrônicos. department.
Elas conseguem chegar na Will they manage to arrive on time f
hora?
Note that the reflexive pronouns usually come before the verb.
But if the subject is dropped so that the reflexive pronoun would
be at the beginning o f the sentence, then the reflexive follows the
verb, and is joined to it with a hyphen. This is similar to the situ
ation with object pronouns.
Wesson 2 7 185
Essa malha de lã vem em What colors does this sweater come in ?
que cores?
Você acha que essa blusa Doyou think the blue blouse goes better
azul combina mais com a with thefloral skirt or the solid one ?
saia florida ou com a saia
lisa?
Essa roupa está na última This outfit is the latestfashion!
moda!
Esse estilo já saiu de moda. This style is out of fashion.
Eu não consigo achar a I can’t manage tofind the electronics
seção de eletrônicos. department.
Elas conseguem chegar na Will they manage to arrive on time ?
hora?
N ote that the reflexive pronouns usually come before the verb.
But if the subject is dropped so that the reflexive pronoun would
be at the beginning o f the sentence, then the reflexive follows the
verb, and is joined to it with a hyphen. This is similar to the situ
ation with object pronouns.
W esson 2j 185
Vocês se vêem todas as férias?
Doyou see each other every vacation?
Os empregados se cumprimentam.
The employees greet one another.
PRACTICE 1
Com plete the following sentences with a reflexive/reciprocal pro
noun, and with the appropriate form o f the regular verbs given in
parentheses.
SENTENCE LIST 2
Que gracinha de óculos de What a cute little pair ofreading glasses!
leitura!
Essa é uma das grandes This is one of the great national brands.
marcas nacionais.
Quanto custa esse abrigo How much is this track suit?
esportivo?
Quanto é o quilo de salmão? How much is the kilo of salmon?
186 U n it 7 : Shopping
Vocês têm mercadorias em Doyou have merchandise on sale?
liquidação?
A livraria da esquina está em The corner bookshop is having a sale.
liquidação.
Essa é a melhor papelaria da This is the best stationery store around.
redondeza.
Aquela marca é a mais That's the mostfamous brand in Brazil.
famosa do Brasil.
Pegue uma ficha e pague na Get the receipt, and pay onyour way out,
saída, por favor. please.
Esse caixa esta livre? Is this register open ?
Posso trocar esse casaco? Can I exchange this coat ?
Vou ficar com esse vestido I ’ll take the blue and white evening dress.
de noite azul e branco.
Não dá para entregar Can’t you deliver it tomorrow?
amanhã?
Dá para fazer um Canyou give me a discount?
descontinho?
Vamos fazer um desconto I ’ll giveyou a discount becauseyou’re a
porque a senhora é freguesa. regular customer.
Vocês já são clientes? Areyou already our clients?
X esson 27 187
Lesson 2 8 (con versatio n s)
CONVERSATION 1
Listen in as Vera and Bianca shop at a supermarket for a deliciou
dinner.
190 U n it 7 : Shopping
Vera: Wow, look at the wide selection! I t’s going to be difficult
to choose!
Bianca: I think we should take some lettuce and h a lf a kilo o f
these small tomatoes fo r a salad. A n d how about
these peas instead o f the potatoes? Peas are less
fattening!
Vera: Good idea. N ow we only need to buy somethingfor
desert. Thefrozen food section is this way.
Bianca: I have a good idea: let’s buy vanilla ice cream with
chocolate topping.
Vera: Yummy, delicious!
Xesson 28 191
O seu carro só vai ficar pronto daqui a um mês.
Your car is only going to be ready after a month.
O professor vai nos dar uma prova no dia seguinte à revisão.
The teacher is going to give us a test on the day after the review.
O ne thing to keep in m ind is that the verbs ir (to go) and vir (to
come) are not used in this construction. Instead, just use the sim
ple present tense.
PRACTICE 1
Use the words given to make com plete sentences.
1. Suzana/estacionar/o carro
2. O senhor/pedir/um café
3. Eu e meus filhos/nadar/no mar
4. Os alunos/passar/o exame
5. Os jogadores/ganhar/o jogo
6. O país/não/im portar/o petróleo
CONVERSATION 2
Listen to Cristiana talking to the salesperson at an electronics
store trying to help her exchange a birthday present.
W esson 28 193
Vendedor: O f course, I ’ll take care o f that.
Cristiana: Thankyou.
N o tes
To say too as in too much, use demais after the adjective: Esse
vestido está apertado demais. (This dress is too tight.) A casa está
grande demais. (The house is too big.)
You can use the preposition por to m ean by, along, through, or
throughout. It can m ean for, either in the sense o f benefiting someone
or in exchange for. It can also be used with durations o f time, as
well as in the sense o f per in English.
194 U n it 7: Shopping
The preposition por is contracted with the articles o, a, os, and as
to form pelo, pela, pelos, and pelas respectively.
There are also a lot o f idiom atic phrases you’ll come across with
por.
PRACTICE 2
Com plete the following sentences with the preposition por or its
contractions. Try to translate your answers.
Wesson 28 195
I Nós precisamos d e ,____ m enos, uma hora para nos
arrumarmos.
S Você vai votar neste c a n d id a to _____ mesmas razões que eu.
i> Hle não está com endo n a d a ._____ jeito ele não gosta de carne.
7. Q uanto é q u in z e __________ cento da conta?
H. fias estão passando ___ um período m uito difícil.
Essas lembranças são feitas_____ uma tribo indígena da região.
10.Kles vão nos esperar_____ mais um a hora.
I I. ____ m enos você não precisa acordar cedo.
I2. () m otorista v a i____ ruas mais turísticas.
ANSWERS
PRACTICE 1: 1. Suzana vai estacionar o carro. 2. O senhor vai
pedir um café. 3. Eu e meus filhos vamos nadar no mar. 4. Os
alunos vão passar o exame. 5. Os jogadores vão ganhar o jogo.
6. O país não vai im portar o petróleo.
PRACTICE 2: 1. pelo (I’m traveling through the Am azon River.)
2. pelas (The tourists walk along the dunes in Fortaleza.) 3. pelo
(I d o n ’t want beer; on the contrary, I only drink nonalcoholic
beverages.) 4. pelo (We need, at least, one hour to get ready.)
5. pelas (You’re going to vote for this candidate for the same
reasons I am.) 6. Pelo (He isn’t eating anything. He probably
doesn’t like meat.) 7. por (How m uch is 15% o f the bill?) 8. por
(They’re going through a very difficult period.) 9. por (These
souvenirs are m ade by a native tribe from this region.) 10. por
(They’re going to wait for us for another hour.) 11. Pelo (At least
you don’t have to wake up early.) 12. pelas (The driver takes the
most touristy streets.)
J^esson 28 197
Vocês têm mercadorias em liquidação?
Do you have merchandise on sale?
Para onde eles vão viajar no próximo mês?
Where are they going to travel to next month ?
198 U n it 7 : Shopping
U n it 8
Ün a restaurant
Lesson 2 9 (w o r ds)
WORD LIST 1
0 cardápio/o menu menu
0 guardanapo napkin
os talheres flatware
a faca knife
a colher spoon
0 garfo fork
0 vinagre vinegar
0 óleo oil
0 tempero spices
a salsinha parsley
a cebola onion
0 alho garlic
a torrada toast
a geléia jam
0 mel honey
0 almoço lunch
0 lanche snack
0 jantar dinner
a farofa side dish based on maniocflour
There are two special forms that are used after the preposition
com (with). The pronouns m im (me) and nos (us) contract with
com , form ing com igo and conosco.
PRACTICE 1
Answer with the correct form o f the pronoun in parentheses. Try
to translate the answers.
WORD LIST 2
a salada salad
a entrada appetizer
a sobremesa dessert
Xesson 29 201
o coquetel cocktail
o aperitivo aperitif
a refeição meal
o pastel an appetizer pastry similar to a fried
samosa
o refrigerante soft drink
a limonada lemonade
o pudim pudding
o sorvete ice cream
o gelo ice
o couvert pre-dinner appetizers served at
restaurants
a porção portion
a gorjeta tip, gratuity
o acompanhamento side dish
o molho sauce
202 U n i t 8 : In a restaurant
Diz-se que tem p o é din h eiro .
They say time is money.
N ão se sabe o q u e aconteceu.
They don’t know what happened./It’s not known what happened.
PRACTICE 2
Choose a verb from the following list to com plete the sentences
with the impersonal se. Use the appropriate form o f the verb, sin
gular or plural, and then translate your answers.
Xesson 29 203
6 . _-se m uito viajando para outros países.
7. _-se casas e apartam entos para tem porada de verão.
8. Neste estabelecim ento não se
AN SW ER S
PRACTICE 1: l.Vamos ao parque com elas. (We’re going to the
park with them.) 2. Cristina se lem bra de nós. (Cristina
remembers us.) 3. Faça o cheque para ele. (Make the check out
to him.) 4. Ele vai sair comigo. (He’s going out with me.)
5. Mário vai jantar conosco. (Mário is going to have dinner with j
us.) 6. Eles estão esperando por elas. (They’re waiting for them.)
7. Elas estão falando de mim. (They’re talking about me.) 8. Esse]
presente é para você. (This present is for you.)
PRACTICE 2: 1. Precisa (Waiter with experience wanted.)
2. Bebe (Do people drink a lot o f beer in this country?) 3. fala
(The war is over! That’s all they talk about in the news.)
4. escreve (W ho do you write to in order to make a complaint?)
5. Vendem (Are antiques sold here?) 6. Aprende (One learns a
lot by traveling to other countries.) 7. Alugam (Summer
vacation houses and apartments are rented.) 8. fuma (This is a
nonsm oking establishment.)
Lesson 3 0 (phrases)
PH R A SE LIST 1
a carne b e m passada well-done meat
o bife m al passado rare steak
o churrasco ao p o n to medium-rare barbecue
m u ito ap im en tad o very hot (,spicyj
o p rato p rin cip al main dish
o azeite (de oliva) olive oil
o rodízio de carnes skewered meats brought to you
throughout the meal
20 4 U n i t 8: In a restaurant
a churrascaria gaúcha Brazilian-style steak house
o arroz com feijão rice and beans
o suco de laranja orangejuice
a água com gás carbonated water
a água m in eral sem gás still mineral water
o p u rê de batatas mashed potatoes
o frango assado roast chicken
o enso p ad o de cam arão shrimp stew
o peru recheado stuffed turkey
o peixe g relhado grilledfish
a torta de p alm ito heart-of-palm pie
o bolo de chocolate chocolate cake
N o tes
Churrascarias are Brazilian barbecue houses that originated in
Rio G rande do Sul, the southernm ost state o f Brazil. They are
usually very large restaurants, where waiters serve large, sword
like skewers with prim e cuts of sizzling h o t barbecued meats,
pieces o f which they then slice o ff straight onto your plate.
Churrascarias are also known as rodízios de carne (rotations
o f meat) because o f the all-you-can-eat aspect o f the meal.
They are fam ous for their buffet-style salad bars, offering a rich
variety o f salads and appetizers. They charge a fixed price per
person.
Adverbs are words that answer questions such as how, why, when,
or to what degree. In English, a typical adverbial ending is -ly,
which corresponds to -mente in Portuguese. You can form ad
verbs by taking the fem inine form o f an adjective, and adding the
ending -mente. If the adjective ends in -e or a consonant, add
-mente to that:
Wesson 30 205
rápido (quick) rápida + mente rapidamente
(quickly)
There are also lots o f com m on adverbs that tell you how
som ething is done, but they d o n ’t follow this regular -mente
pattern.
206 U n i t 8 : In a restaurant
Eu acord o cedo.
I wake up early.
Elas vão chegar am anhã.
They arrive tomorrow.
Eu raram en te vou ao teatro.
I rarely go to the theater.
Wesson 30 207
N ó s dançam os m u ito .
We dance a lot.
Ele trab alh a m u ito po u co .
He works very little.
P R A C T IC E 1
C hoose an adverb from the following list to com plete the sen
tences: exclusivamente (exclusively), ultimamente (lately), sepa
radamente (separately), imediatamente (immediately), raramente
(rarely), eficientem ente (efficiently), diariamente (daily), com ple
tamente (completely)
PH R A SE LIST 2
p e d ir a conta to askfo r the check
cham ar o garçom to call the waiter
fazer um a reserva to make a reservation
reservar u m a m esa para to reserve a tablefo r a party o f four
quatro
deixar u m a gorjeta to leave a tip
serviço inclu íd o service included
lavar a louça to wash the dishes
enxugar os p ratos to dry the plates
208 U n i t 8: In a restaurant
p ô r a m esa to set the table
a área reservada para smoking area
fum antes
a xícara e o pires the cup and saucer
o p rato de sopa the soup bowl
o especial d o dia the special
parecer b o m to look (seem) good
prato feito (PF) popular style restaurants whereyou are
served a complete meal in a single dish,
o restauran te p o r quilo a restaurant that charges by weight
Since the preterite is used to express past actions, you’ll often see
it used with time expressions such as: ontem (yesterday), ontem
de manhã (yesterday morning), ontem à tarde (yesterday afternoon),
ontem à noite (last night), a noite passada (last night), a semana
passada (last week), uma semana atrás (one week ago), o mês pas
J~esson 30 209
sado (last month), dois m eses atrás (two months ago), o ano pas
sado (lastyear), há vários anos atrás (severalyears ago).
P R A C T IC E 2
Com plete the sentences with the verb estar in the preterite, and
then translate.
210 U n i t 8: In a restaurant
9. P ed ro _____ no Canadá em 2006.
10. Os estudantes_____ na passeata do ano passado.
Culture note
Feijoada, p ro n o u n c e d fa y -z h o o -A H -d a h , is u n a rg u a b ly B ra z il’s na
tio n a l dish. It’s c o m p o s e d o f a h e a rty s te w m ad e w ith b e an s (fe i
jão), and v a rio u s k in d s o f b e e f and p o rk . T h e s te w is b u t o n e o f th e
c o m p o n e n ts o f th is im m e n s e ly p o p u la r dish: w h ite rice , farofa
(ro a s te d m a n io c flo u r), fr ie d m a n io c, couve (th in ly s lic e d coH ard
gre en s, so m e tim e s p r e p a r e d w ith b a co n ), and slice d o ra n g e a re an
e s s e n tia l p a rt o f a ty p ic a l feijoada. A ll o f th is is b e tte r w a sh e d
d o w n w ith th e tra d itio n a l B ra zilia n d rin k caipirinha, m a d e w ith
cachaça (s u g a rc a n e rum ), lim e, sugar, and ice. B eca use it ta k e s so
lo n g to p re p a re (and to d ig e s t!) re s ta u ra n ts in g e n e ra l se rve f e i
j oa da o n ly f o r lu n ch , and o n ly on W e d n e s d a y s and S a tu rd a ys. T he
s te w is s o m e tim e s s e rv e d b u ffe t style . F irs t it ’s all c o o k e d to g e th e r,
a nd th e n each m e a t is s e rv e d s e p a ra te ly so you can c h o o s e th e
k in d s yo u like th e m o st, s k ip p in g th e p a rts you d o n ’t ca re for, w h ic h
t r a d itio n a lly in c lu d e s p a rts like p ig s’ fe e t, ears, and ta ils ! S o m e
tim e s , it ’s ju s t s e rv e d in a te rr a -c o tta b o w l.
A N SW ERS
PRACTICE 1:1. exclusivamente; 2. com pletam ente;
3. U ltim am ente; 4. separadamente; 5. im ediatamente;
6. raramente; 7. eficientem ente; 8. diariamente
Wesson j o 211
PRACTICE 2 : 1. esteve (He was in Japan during W W II.)
2. esteve (The bus was here until 3:00 p . m .) 3. estiveram (What
tim e were you here yesterday?) 4. estiveram (How long were
they at the hotel?) 5. estive (I was never at that restaurant.)
6. estiveram (Where were the children all this time?) 7. esteve
(Carm em was unem ployed until last year.) 8. esteve (Were you
ever at a Brazilian barbecue restaurant?) 9. esteve (Pedro was in
Canada in 2006.) 10. estiveram (The students were at the
dem onstration last year.)
Lesson 31 (sentences)
S E N T E N C E LIST 1
Prccisa-se de co zin h eira com Experienced cook wanted.
experiência.
Vendem-se livros e discos Used books and recordsfor sale.
usados.
Eu telefo n ei p ara o I called the restaurant last night.
restau ran te o n tem à noite.
Ele só nos avisou antes de He only advised us the day before
o ntem . yesterday.
Você jan to u fora na sem ana Did you go outfor dinner last week?
passada?
Ela deixou o carro com o She left her car with the valet.
m anobrista.
Ele q u e r u m p o u c o de pão He wants a bit of bread and butter.
com m anteiga.
Ela g o sto u do café com She liked the coffee with a lot of sugar.
bastan te açúcar.
As crianças n ão to m aram a The children didn’t drink the lemonade
lim o n ad a sem açúcar. without sugar.
Essa salada tem p o u co sal, This salad doesn’t have enough salt; we
precisam os de u m saleiro. need the salt shaker.
212 U n it 8 : In a restaurant
A m e n in a com eu pouca The girl atefew vegetables and a lot of
verdura e m uita b atatin h a frenchfries.
frita.
Vocês gostariam de um Wouldyou like a little more caramel
p o u c o m ais de doce de leite? candy (dulce de leche)?
Eu prep arei um a sopa b em I prepared some very spicy soup.
apim entada.
O restau ran te n ão co b ro u o The restaurant didn ’t chargefor service.
serviço.
Wesson 3/ 213
A recep cio n ista n ã o avisou o gerente q u e você telefo n o u o n tem à
tarde.
The receptionist didn’t advise the manager thatyou calledyesterday afternoon.
N o an o passado n ó s n ão viajam os p ara o exterior.
Lastyear we didn ’t travel abroad.
O n d e vocês jan taram n o d o m ingo passado?
Where didyou have dinner last Sunday f
O s artistas p in taram esses quadros um século atrás.
The artists painted thesepictures last century.
Elas chegaram !
They arrived!
P R A C T IC E 1
Com plete the sentences with the preterite o f the verbs in paren
theses, and translate.
214 U n i t 8: In a restaurant
SENTENCE LIST 2
A com ida acabou de chegar. Thefood hasjust arrived.
Eu acabei de to m a r um a I ’vejust made up my mind.
decisão.
O lh e q u em acabou de Look who’sjust arrived!
chegar!
Vocês já cham aram o Haveyou already called the waiter?
garçom ?
Q u a n to você deixou de How much tip didyou leave?
gorjeta?
Eles pro vavelm ente n ão vão They probably won’t stayfor dinner.
ficar para o jantar.
O s m eus filhos raram ente My children rarely have lunch at home.
alm oçam em casa.
Vocês gostariam de um Wouldyou like a little more caramel?
po u co m ais de doce de leite?
Esse b o lo é para o seu This cake isfor your birthday. Happy
aniversário. Parabéns! Birthday!
A divinhe q u em vem ao Guess who’s coming to the restaurant
restauran te conosco! with us!
Eles reservaram a m esa para They reserved the tablefor me.
m im .
The verb acabar means tofinish, but when it’s followed by de and
another verb in the infinitive, it can be translated as to have just
(done something). Acabar can be conjugated both in the simple
present or preterite to have this meaning.
Eu acabei de m u d a r de casa.
I havejust moved.
Ele acaba de telefonar.
He hasjust called.
Wesson 31 215
Ele acab o u de m e telefonar.
He hasjust called me.
N ó s acabam os de co m p rar u m carro.
We havejust bought a car.
Vocês acabaram de levantar?
Haveyou just gotten up?
O lh e q u em acabou de chegar!
Look who hasjust arrived!
O avião acabou de partir.
Theplane has just left.
P R A C T IC E 2
Com plete the sentences with acabar de and the verb in parenthe
ses.
A N SW ER S
PRACTICE 1:1. m orei (I lived in Bahia from 1990 to 2000.)
' 2. praticou (Pedro practiced sports in university but now he
doesn’t anymore.) 3. nadou, ganhou (She swam very quickly
21 6 U n i t 8: In a restaurant
and won the com petition.) 4. encontraram (Where did you
m eet yesterday?) 5. com praram (W hat did you buy at the
handicrafts fair?) 6. separamos, divorciamos (First we separated
two years ago, and then we got divorced.) 7. curaram (The
doctors cured my illness.) 8. procurou (Did you already look for
the keys in your coat pocket?) 9. cozinhou (Who cooked this
delicious meal?) 10. preparou, ajudei (The cook didn’t prepare
dinner by himself; I helped him.)
PRACTICE 2: I. acabou de fechar (His com pany has just closed
a great deal.) 2. acabou de ganhar (The boy has just gotten the
gift and has already broken it.) 3. acabei de ser (I’ve just been
prom oted! Let’s celebrate.) 4. acabou de telefonar (Haven’t you
just called? W hat do you want?) 5. acabamos de com prar (My
partners and I have just bought another restaurant.) 6. acabaram
de apagar (The fire fighters have just put out the fire.)
7. acabaram de viajar (My cousins have just traveled to Africa.)
8. acabaram de com er (The children have just eaten and they’re
hungry' again.) 9. acabei de ganhar (I’ve just w on the lottery!)
10. acabou de chegar. (The new m odel o f the car has just
arrived.)
C O N V E R S A T IO N 1
Listen in while Felipe talks to a waiter at a Brazilian fish restau
rant.
Jesson 32 217
de peixe e temperos, é um ótim o
acompanham ento para peixes grelhados.
Felipe: Então vam os lá. Eu gostaria de pedir uma
salada completa para começar, e depois o filé
de robalo grelhado. O que acompanha o peixe?
Garçom: Pirão e arroz branco. O que o senhor gostaria
de beber?
Felipe: Uma caipirinha.
Garçom: O senhor está pronto para a sobremesa? Temos
doces brasileiros, frutas da estação, e sorvetes.
Felipe: Eu vou experimentar o creme de papaia, e
depois um cafezinho.
Garçom: Aqui está a conta.
Felipe: Obrigado, o serviço está incluído?
Garçom: Sim senhor. Incluím os dez por cento na
conta.
218 U n i t 8: In a restaurant
NUTS & BO LTS 1
T h e p r e t e r i t e o f r e g u l a r -e r v e r b s
Now let’s turn to the conjugation o f regular -er verbs in the
preterite, for example escrever (to write).
P R A C T IC E 1
Com plete the sentences with the verb in parentheses in the
preterite, and translate.
Wesson 32 219
1. M uitos escritores am ericanos______ (viver) na França no século
passado.
2. O atleta n ã o _____ (correr) a M aratona de Nova York em 2007.
3. O ntem de m anhã C ristin a_____________ (receber) flores do seu
nam orado.
4. Q uantos cartões postais v o cês_____ (escrever) nas férias
passadas?
5. O ntem no parque, um cachorro _____ (morder) um a criança.
6. Nós n ã o _____ (entender) o que ele disse. V ocê______
(entender)?
7. Segunda-feira passada eu _ _ _ (resolver) fazer um a dieta.
8. Q uando o ladrão entrou em casa, nós n ã o _____ (perceber).
9. Q uando eu _ _ _ (devolver) o carro, n ã o ____ _ (perceber) que
o tanque estava vazio.
10.N o últim o semestre, Paulo n ã o ______ (aprender) inglês na
escola.
C O N V E R S A T IO N 2
Listen in while Roberto describes his dinner experience at a chur
rascaria to his friend Cristiano.
220 U n i t 8 : In a restaurant
pratos quentes, com o macarrão e bobó de
camarão.
Cristiano: Nossa! Que fartura! E vocês conseguiram
comer carne depois desse m onte de entradas?
Roberto: Bem, não experimentamos tudo: só um pouco
de salada e uns pedaços de queijo parmesão.
Depois chegou a carne, e com em os fatias de
lingüiça, picanha, lom bo de porco, frango e até
peixe!
Cristiano: Parece muito bom. O que vocês beberam?
Roberto: N ós pedim os chope estupidamente gelado,
claro. Mas, as carnes chegaram à mesa muito
lentamente, e a sobremesa demorou um
tempão. Assim que acabamos o cafezinho
pedim os a conta, mas ela só chegou depois de
meia hora!
Cristiano: Você falou com o gerente?
Roberto: N ão, não falei porque quando esperava a
conta, olhei pela janela, e vi do lado de fora,
uma placa que dizia: “Precisa-se urgentemente
de garçons!”
Wesson52 221
Roberto: Well, we didn’t try everything: just a bit o f salad and a
few pieces o f parmesan cheese. Then the meat arrived,
and we ate slices o f sausage, top sirloin, pork loin,
chicken, and evenfish!
Cristiano: It all sounds great. What did you drink?
Roberto: We had incredibly cold draft beer, o f course. But, the
meats got to the table too slowly, and dessert took a long
time to arrive. A s soon as wefinished the meal we
askedfor the check, but it didn’t get there until after half
an hour!
Cristiano: D id you speak to the manager?
Roberto: No, I didn ’t because while I was waiting fo r the check, I
looked out the window, and saw a sign that read:
“Waiters needed urgently!”
N otes
Ter (to have) and poder (can/to be able to) have irregular preterite
conjugations.
222 U n i t 8 : I n a r e s ta u ra n t
Você teve que ir ao escritório no domingo?
You bad to go to the office on Sunday f
Eu nunca tive um carro igual a esse!
I never had a car like this.
Nós não tivemos tempo para descansar.
We didn’t have time to rest.
PRACTICE 2
Com plete the sentences with the preterite o f the verbs in paren
theses and translate.
Wesson 32 223
5. As fãs n ã o _____ (poder) ver o roqueiro.
6. Eu n ã o _____ (ter) m edo do jacaré na selva.
7. Ela sem pre_____ (ter) talento para música.
8. O m eu amigo e eu n ã o _____ (ter) sorte com o nosso hotel.
9. Por que vocês n ã o _____ (ter) que pagar os impostos no ano
passado?
10.O ntem v o c ê ______ (ter) que buscar as crianças na escola?
ANSWERS
PRACTICE 1: 1. viveram (M any American writers lived in
France last century.) 2. correu (The athlete didn’t run the New
York M arathon in 2007.) 3. recebeu (Yesterday m orning Cristina
got flowers from her boyfriend.) 4. escreveram (How m any
postcards did you write last vacation?) 5. m ordeu (Yesterday at
the park a dog bit a child.) 6. entendem os, entendeu (We didn’t
understand w hat he said. Did you understand?) 7. resolvi (Last
M onday I decided to go on a diet.) 8. percebemos (We didn’t
notice when the thief broke into our house.) 9. devolvi, percebi
(W hen I returned the car, I didn’t notice the tank was empty.)
10. aprendeu (Last semester Paulo didn’t learn English at
school.)
PRACTICE 2: 1. pude (Last Friday I was able to see the lunar
eclipse.) 2. pôde (The store couldn’t deliver the merchandise
yesterday.) 3. pudem os (We parked the car where we could.)
4. puderam (Were you able to go hom e after the rain?) 5. puderam
(The fans weren’t able to see the rock star.) 6. tive (I wasn’t afraid
o f the alligator in the jungle.) 7. teve (She always had musical
talent.) 8. tivemos (My friends and I had no luck with our hotel.)
9. tiveram (Why didn’t you have to pay taxes last year?) 10. teve
(Did you have to pick the kids up at school yesterday?)
UNIT 8 ESSENTIALS
Não esperem por mim.
Don’t waitfor me.
Alugam-se apartamentos.
Apartmentsfor rent.
Nós caminhamos lentamente.
We walk slowly.
A chuva chega de repente.
The rain arrives suddenly.
Você vem comigo? Talvez.
Areyou coming with me?Maybe.
Vocês estiveram em Madrid no verão passado?
Wereyou in Madrid last summer?
Wesson 32 225
U n i t 9
Lesson 3 3 (w ords)
WORD LIST 1
a escola school
a matéria subject (school)
matemática math
história history
literatura literature
ciência science
química chemistry
biologia biology
física physics
o vestibular college entrance exam
o curso course
a faculdade college
a universidade university
a formatura graduation
o bacharelado bachelor’s degree
o mestrado master’s degree
o doutorado doctorate
o diploma diploma/certificate
W esson 33 227
a reitoria dean’s office
o reitor dean
a secretaria registrar
a diretoria principal’s office
o campus/os campi campus/campuses
a biblioteca library
The verbs ser (to be) and ir (to go) have the same form in the
preterite.
PRACTICE 1
Translate the following.
WORD LIST 2
o emprego job
o trabalho work
Xesson 33 229
0 operário fa c to r y w o rk e r
0 empregado em ployee
0 funcionário office w o r k e r
0 salário sa la ry
0 empregador e m p lo y e r
a divisória p a r titio n
0 cubículo cubicle
0 departamento d e p a r tm e n t
a divisão d iv is io n
a reunião m e e tin g
a companhia com pany
a empresa fir m
0 projeto p ro je c t
0 relatório rep o rt
0 sucesso success
0 crescimento g r o w th
a falência b a n k r u p tc y
PRACTICE 2
Give the preterite o f the verbs in parentheses, and translate the
full sentences.
Xtssonft 231
4. A que horas o av iã o _____ (partir)?
5. A m inha família e e u _____ (subir) na vida graças ao trabalho
duro.
6. O que eles_____ (conseguir) resolver com o chefe?
7. Vocês_____ (dividir) os lucros, mas não podem dividir os
prejuízos.
8. Eu n ã o _____ (incluir) os impostos.
9. V ocê_____ (assistir) o novo programa das oito?
10. E la ______ (possuir) a empresa até mil novecentos e noventa.
ANSWERS
PRACTICE 1: 1. W ho went to the graduation? 2. Cristina was
my best friend. 3. W hy didn’t you go by train? 4. We were
engaged for two years before we got married. 5 . 1 was a manager
for two years and then I was prom oted. 6. foi; 7. foi; 8. foram;
9. foram; 10. fui, fui
PRACTICE 2: 1. dorm im os (We slept all night and now we’re
rested.) 2. cobriu (The reporter didn’t cover the story because he
didn’t find it interesting.) 3. discutiram (Why did you argue
with the director?) 4. partiu (W hat time did the plane leave?)
5. subimos (My family and I succeeded in life thanks to hard
work.) 6. conseguiram (W hat did they manage to solve with the
boss?) 7. dividiram (You shared the profits, but you can’t share
the losses.) 8. incluí (I didn’t include the taxes.) 9. assistiu (Did
you watch the new 8 o ’clock program?) 10. possuiu (She owned
the com pany until 1990.)
* Lesson 3 4 (p hrase s)
PHRASE LIST 1
o ensino fundamental grade school (fromfirst to ninth grade)
o ensino médio high school
o ensino superior undergraduate study
Let’s look at a few more essential verbs that are irregular in the
preterite.
Wesson 34 233
fazer (to do/to make)
q uerer (to w a n t)
eu vi nós vim os
e u v im n ó s v ie m o s
v o c ê v e io v o c ê s v ie ra m
e le /e la v e io e le s /e la s v ie r a m
Xesson 34 235
Por que não houve aula?
Why wasn’t there a lesson?
Ele veio à aula, mas elas não vieram.
He came to class, but they didn’t come.
Vocês viram as fotos no jornal? Eu não as vi.
Didyou see the pictures in the paper?I didn ’t see them.
PRACTICE 1
Com plete the following with the preterite o f the verb in paren
theses, and translate.
algo something
Xesson 34 237
u m /u m a /u n s /u m a s one, ones
to d o s , to d o o m u n d o everyone, everybody
tu d o everything
cada each
Indefinite adjectives are like any adjectives; they agree with the
noun they m odify in gender and num ber. The exceptions are
q u a l q u e r / q u a i s q u e r (any, whichever), which agree only for num
ber, and c a d a (each), which is invariable. D on’t forget that the
question word q u a n t o (how much, how many) functions just like
an indefinite adjective.
vários/várias various
cada each
Xesson 34 239
Eu vou responder a quaisquer perguntas.
I ’ll answer any questions.
Cada pessoa tem uma vaga.
Each person has a position.
PRACTICE 2
Choose an indefinite from the following list to com plete the sen
tences: tu d o , toda, todos, cada, alguém , algum as, algum , qual
quer, outros, outra, uns, um a. Translate.
; Lesson 3 5 (sentences)
SENTENCE LIST 1
Eu fiz um mestrado na I got a masters at the State University.
Universidade Estadual.
Maria fez um estágio no Maria did an internship at the bank.
banco.
Wesson 3J 241
Pedro veio para São Paulo Pedro came to São Paulo to study.
para estudar.
Ele enfrentou muitos Hefaced many challenges.
desafios.
Nós trouxemos os relatórios. We brought the reports.
A empresa teve dificuldades The company hadfinancial difficulties.
financeiras.
Houve uma greve dos There was an employee strike.
funcionários.
O meu chefe não me deu o My boss didn 7 give me the raise I asked
aumento que pedi. for.
Os gerentes disseram que The managers said they agree with the
concordam com a medida. measure.
O seu curriculum vitae é Your résumé is very good.
muito bom.
Mauro recebeu uma Mauro got a promotion.
promoção.
A companhia está em fase The company is in an expansion phase.
de expansão.
You’ve learned that you use the preterite to express a past fact or
action that is com pletely finished. In this way, the Portuguese
preterite corresponds to the English simple past with -ed or did.
Now let’s look at another way to talk about the past with the im
perfect tense. You use the imperfect to talk about past actions or
states that occur over a period o f time. The imperfect sometimes
corresponds to the English habitual past with used to, as in I used
to play with dolls, or with would, as in I would study day and night
when I was in college. It is also used to describe things in the past,
and to talk about a past continuous action, corresponding to the
English past progressive with was/were + ing as in I was speaking
on the phone. We’ll contrast the imperfect and the preterite in a
ser
estar
Now study these examples with the imperfect tense o f ser and
estar. N ote that a typical past time expression for this tense is
antigam ente (in the past, formerly).
/esson 243
Ela estava numa reunião quando você telefonou.
She was in a meeting whenyou called.
Nós estávamos em Paris quando a guerra começou.
We were in Paris when the war started.
Onde eles estavam nas férias passadas?
Where were they last on vacation ?
P R A C T IC E 1
Com plete the dialogue between a teacher and some o f his stu
dents with ser or estar in the imperfect. The translation is given
below to help you.
S E N T E N C E L IS T 2
Eu me formei em I majored in engineering.
engenharia.
Onde você fez faculdade? Where didyou go to university?
Ele estava na biblioteca He was in the library whenyou called.
quando você telefonou.
Nós trabalhávamos de dia e We worked during the day and studied at
estudávamos à noite. night.
Mariana não fazia as Mariana didn’t do the research because
pesquisas porque não tinha she didn’t have time.
tempo.
Ela precisava trabalhar para She needed to work topay the tuition.
pagar as mensalidades da
escola.
Quando começam as Wljen does enrollment start?
matrículas?
Eu me matriculei no curso I enrolled in the literature course.
de literatura.
Ele ganhou uma bolsa de He got a scholarship.
estudos.
Vocês estudaram para os Did you studyfor thefinal exams?
exames semestrais?
Você conhece algum Do you know a private chemistry tutor?
professor particular de
química?
O curso de estatística é The statistics class is bimonthly.
bimestral.
Wesson 245
N o tes
-ar (falar)
-er (escrever)
-ir (assistir)
It’s also w orth noting that there are only three irregular verbs in
the imperfect tense aside from ser (to be).
eu p u n h a nós p únham os
você p u n h a vocês p u n h am
ele/ela p u n h a eles/elas p u n h am
Xesson 35 247
vir (to come)
PRACTICE 2
Com plete the sentences with the imperfect o f the verb given in
parentheses, and translate.
ANSWERS
PRACTICE 1: 1. eram; 2. eram; 3. estavam; 4. estávamos; 5. era;
6. estava; 7. eram; 8. era; 9. estavam; 10. era
Lesson 3 6 (conversation s)
C O N V E R S A T IO N 1
Listen in while Bianca is being interviewed for a job by D. Paula.
/esson 36 249
Bianca: Eu gostava de me comunicar com pessoas de
todo o mundo.
D . Paula: E a última pergunta: qual foi o maior desafio
que você enfrentou até o m omento?
Bianca: Sem dúvida, o m eu maior desafio foi vir
sozinha para essa cidade tão grande. Eu não
sabia nem cozinhar nem pagar contas. Quando
morava com meus pais eu só estudava e fazia
esportes, não precisava me preocupar com
nada. D epois que vim para cá tudo m udou
muito rapidamente, mas me adaptei bem.
D. Paula: Gostei muito das suas respostas. N ós vamos
mandar um e-mail para avisar sobre os
resultados.
N ote
NU TS & BOLTS 1
The pa st c o n t in u o u s w it h esta r
To talk about actions that were happening in the past over a pe
riod o f time, use the imperfect o f the verb estar (to be) + the
gerund.
You can join two sim ultaneous past actions with enquanto
(while). Or, if a continuous past action was interrupted by another
action, you can join the two with quando (when). The interrupt
ing action will be in the preterite.
Wesson 36 251
Eu estava assistindo a TV enquanto você estava dormindo.
I was watching TV whileyou were sleeping.
Ele estava jantando quando ela chegou.
He was having dinner when she arrived.
O chefe estava falando quando ele interrompeu.
The boss was talking when he interrupted.
Pedro estava estudando quando as luzes se apagaram.
Pedro was studying when the lights went out.
PRACTI CE 1
C om plete the sentences below using the past continuous o f the
first verb in parentheses and then decide whether the second verb
should be the past continuous or preterite.
C O N V E R S A T IO N 2
Listen in on a conversation between a grandfather, Seu Vicente,
and his ten-year-old grandson, Pedrinho.
jQ ssonfi 253
Pedrinho: Grandpa, M om said that when you were a kid, you
didn’t have a computer. How did you use to do the
researchfo r your school, and later college, papers?
Seu Vicente: It was simple, Pedrinho, I used an encyclopedia.
Pedrinho: But, how about whenyou had to research more than
one source?
Seu Vicente: That was easy: I ’d go to the library and look up the
topic in several books.
Pedrinho: B ut were the books updated?
Seu Vicente: Well, they weren’t as updated as the encyclopedias you
have today on the internet, but everyyear the publishers
issued the “Book o f the Year” to update the data.
Pedrinho: I don 7 know, that sounds like a lot o f work! A n d then
you had to copy everything by hand?
Seu Vicente: O f course, Pedrinho. M y classmates and I would write
a rough draft, and then we would do thefin a l draft,
generally using a typewriter.
Pedrinho: A n d what happened when you made a mistake while
typing?
Seu Vicente: That was difficult, because at that time we had neither
correctionflu id nor the delete key as we do now. We had
to use an eraser or start it all over again. Once I took
three days to copy a history paper.
Pedrinho: Oh, Grandpa, what a tough lifeyou had!
Both the preterite and the imperfect are used to talk about the
past, but they convey different nuances about the action in the
past. Let’s take a look at both tenses now, com paring what they
convey about a past action. The preterite is used to talk about an
action or state that happened at a specific time in the past. It typ
ically conveys a one-time action that happened at a point on a
timeline o f the past.
Xesson 36 255
Eles estavam rindo e nós estávamos chorando.
They were laughing and we were crying.
P R A C T IC E 2
Com plete the following sentences with the preterite or imperfect
o f the verbs in parentheses. Translate the full sentences.
Culture note
P o rtu g u e s e is th e o ffic ia l lang uag e o f A n g o la , B razil, C a p e V erd e,
G u in e a -B issa u , M o z a m b iq u e , P o rtu g a l, and Sao Tom e and
P rin c ip e , as w e ll as th e c o -o ffic ia l language, alon g w ith C h in e s e , in
M acau, and w ith T etum in East T im or. T h e P o rtu g u e s e in tro d u c e d
th e ir language to th e s e c o u n trie s d u rin g th e ir p e rio d o f e x p lo
ra tio n and c o lo n iz a tio n . T h e re a ch o f th e P o rtu g u e s e in th e p a st
has m a d e th e P o rtu g u e s e language to d a y th e f if th m a jo r language
in th e w o rld in te rm s o f n u m b e r o f n a tiv e speakers. T h e re a re o v e r
2 0 0 m illio n n a tiv e sp e a ke rs o f P o rtu g u e s e w o rld w id e . T h e m a jo r
ity o f th e s e sp e a ke rs a re fo u n d in B razil, w h e re P o rtu g u e s e is s p o
ken by o v e r 188 m illio n p e o p le , m a kin g it th e m o s t w id e ly sp o ke n
language on th e S o u th A m e ric a n c o n tin e n t.
/esson 36 257
tru c k vs. lo rry , o r a p a rtm e n t vs. f la t . S om e e x a m p le s yo u m ig h t
c o m e acro ss in c lu d e th e fo llo w in g .
B ra z il P o rtu g a l
a fila a bicha lin e ( o f p e o p le )
o b anheiro o q u a rto d e banho b a th ro o m
o c r e m e d e leite a nata cre a m
a geladeira o frigorífico r e fr ig e r a to r
o óleo diesel o gasóleo d ie s e l f u e l
o p e d e s tr e o p eão p e d e s tria n
ANSWERS
PRACTICE 1:1. estava andando, estava descansando (I was
walking while you were resting.) 2. estava escrevendo, estava
falando (Pedro was writing at the same time as he was talking on
the phone.) 3. estavam dorm indo, estávamos em brulhando (The
children were sleeping while we were wrapping the Christmas
gifts.) 4. estavam fazendo, com eçou (W hat were you doing
when the rain started?) 5. estava dirigindo, aconteceu (She
wasn’t driving slowly when the accident happened.) 6. estava
tendo, apareceu (I was having problem s with my car when the
police arrived.) 7. viu, estava fazendo (Which film did he watch
while you were shopping?) 8. estávamos indo, quebrou (We
were going to your house when our car broke down.) 9. estava
lendo, pediu (The manager was reading the proposals when the
director asked to speak with him.) 10. estavam viajando,
estavam se divertindo (Some people were traveling for business
while others were having fun.)
UNIT 9 E S S E N T IA L S
Eu fui à faculdade.
I went to college.
Ele fui o eliefe do departamento por dois anos.
He was the head of the departmentfor twoyears.
Eles pediram para ver o meu curriculum vitae.
They asked to see my résumé.
A companhia dividiu os lucros, mas não os prejuízos, com os
funcionários.
The company shared the profits but not the losses with their employees.
Ela fez toda a lição de casa.
She did all her homework.
Vocês souberam do acidente com o avião?
Did you learn about the plane accident?
Telefone para mim qualquer dia, eu não estou ocupado no
momento.
Call me any day; I ’m not busy at the moment.
Wesson 36 259
Ele procurou algumas informações nos relatórios da empresa.
He lookedfor some information in the company’s reports.
Nós estávamos na mesma classe na universidade.
We were in the same class in university.
Lesson 3 7 (w o rd s)
WORD LIST 1
a vitória victory
a derrota defeat
o empate draw (tie)
a rede net
a raquete racket
o capacete helmet
o treinador coach
o atleta athlete
o árbitro referee
a natação swimming
a ginástica workout
o esqui skiing
a academia gym
o estádio stadium
o ginásio gymnasium
a arquibancada bleachers
W esson 37 261
o ataque attack (offense)
a defesa defense
n en h u m /n en h u m a none/not any
nada nothing
PRACTICE 1
Com plete with the following: n en h u m , n en hu m a, nada,
n in gu ém , nada. Then translate.
Wesson 37 263
Now transform the sentences by using a positive indefinite, as
shown in the example. Translate your answers.
WORD LIST 2
o balé ballet
o teatro theater
a boate nightclub
o telão big screen
a telenovela soap opera
o forró a genre o f musicfrom Brazil’s northeast
o fado a genre o f musicfrom Portugal
o documentário documentary
o piquenique picnic
a exibição exhibition
o intervalo intermission
as férias vacations
o feriado holiday
a diversão amusement
o ingresso ticket
a imprensa press
a mídia media
J^essony/ 265
PRACTICE 2
Translate the following.
Culture note
So fa r y o u ’ve seen ho w th e m o re th a n tw o m illio n A fric a n s w h o
w e re b ro u g h t to B ra zil as slaves c o n trib u te d to th e n a tio n a l c u ltu re
and tra d itio n s o f th e c o u n try . F irst, in U n it 4, yo u le a rn e d h o w th e
p ra c tic e s o f M a c u m b a and C a m b o m b lé s till a ffe c t re lig io n and
m e d ic in e in B razil; an d la te r, in U n it 8, h o w th e sla ves’ c u lin a ry c re
a tio n o f f eijoa da b e c a m e th e a ll-tim e fa v o rite B ra zilia n m eal. N o w
le t’s lo o k at ca poeira, a fo rm o f m a rtia l a rts, w h ic h is a n o th e r c re
a tio n o f th e A fro -B ra z ilia n slaves th a t has lo n g in flu e n c e d p h ysica l
fitn e s s , da nce , an d m usic in B razil. C a p o e ira was o rig in a lly c re a te d
t o d isg u ise c o m b a t b e tw e e n m ale slaves. T h e fig h te rs d id n ’t w a n t
t o be p u n is h e d by th e ir m a ste rs, so th e y s ta rte d a d o p tin g ritu a ls in
fig h tin g to m ake it lo o k m o re like a gam e. T h e ritu a ls p e rfo rm e d by
th e fig h te rs th e n , and s till use d to d a y , in c lu d e an a rra y o f kicks,
AN SW ERS
PRACTICE 1: 1. nenhum a (He didn’t want to pick out any
clothes.) 2. ninguém (W hen she got hom e she didn’t find
anybody; she was alone.) 3. nada (I d o n ’t want to eat anything;
I’m not hungry.) 4. nenhum (We weren’t able to make
reservations in any hotels; they were all booked.) 5. Nada
(Nothing will get in the way o f our victory.) 6. ajuda alguma (He
didn’t ask for any help.) 7. notícia alguma (The reporter still
hasn’t gotten any news.) 8. entrevista alguma (The athletes
haven’t given any interviews.) 9. clube algum (They aren’t
members o f any club.) 10. filme algum (China doesn’t have any
films in the com petition.)
Wesson 37 267
PRACTICE 2: 1. She’s always tired during the day because she’s
always going out at night. 2. His performance is worse because
he stopped going to practice. 3. The M useum o f M odern Art is
incredible; you shouldn’t miss visiting it. 4. He almost failed
and now he tries to study day and night. 5. The elevator isn’t
working; there’s no point in pressing the button. 6. Sorry I was
late; I’ll try to arrive on time from now on. 7. There’s no point
in calling him. He left his cell phone at hom e. 8. Boys and girls:
be sure to study chapters three and four for the test tomorrow.
9. W hy did you give up playing tennis? You were so good!
10. They’re always fighting, but in fact, they love each other
very much.
Lesson 3 8 (p hrases)
PHRASE LIST 1
a quadra poliesportiva sports court or grounds
a hidroginástica aquatic exercise, water sports
o taco de goife golf club
a bola dc basquetebol basketball
o campo de futcbol soccer field
a quadra de tênis de saibro clay tennis court
a equipe de natação swimming team
o time de futebol de salão indoor soccer team
a pista de atletismo sports track
a luva de goleiro goalie glove
a piscina aquecida heated pool
praticar esportes to practice sports
jogar vôlei to play volleyball
o segundo tempo balfiime
a locação de quadra de squash court rental
squash
fazer jogging jog
Xesson 38 269
A rua onde ele mora não é segura.
The street where be lives isn’t safe.
The relative pronouns qual (which) and cujo (whose) vary accord
ing to the preposition that follows them . Use o qual, a qual, os
quais, and as quais to refer to people or things after a preposi
tion. Notice that these pronouns can usually be replaced by que,
quem , and on d e in conversation.
Não gostei da peça na qual ela atua. (Não gostei da peça em que ela
atua.)
/ didn ’( like the play she acts in.
O homem com o qual viajei não falava inglês. (O homem com
quem viajei não falava inglês.)
The man I traveled with didn ’t speak English.
As ruas pelas quais passamos eram escuras. (As ruas por onde
passamos erani escuras.)
lhe streets we passed by were dark.
Os livros sobre os quais eu falei estão aqui. (Os livros de que eu
falei estão aqui.)
The books I talked about are here.
PRACTICE 1
Join the pairs o f sentences to form one longer one using the rela
tive pronoun in parentheses, making any changes to the pronoun
if necessary. Translate your answers.
PHRASE LIST 2
o clube de campo country club
o leilão de antigüidades antiques auction
W esson 38 271
o museu de história natural natural history museum
o desenho animado cartoons (animatedfilms)
o programa de rádio radio program
a entrevista coletiva press conference
a dança de salão ballroom dancing
a peça de teatro theater play
a galeria de arte art gallery
comprar um ingresso to buy a ticket
reservar umas entradas to reserve some tickets
o lugar marcado/o lugar marked seat/numbered seat
numerado
proibido para menores de under 18 not allowed
dezoito anos
as palavras cruzadas crossword, puzzles
a revista em quadrinhos comic books
as manchetes do jornal newspaper headlines
in U n i t i o : Sports a n d le isu re
There are also a lot o f irregular past participles. Here’s a list o f
some o f the more com m on ones: abrir-aberto (to open-opened),
cobrir-coberto (to cover-covered), dizer-dito (to say/to tell-said/told),
escrever-escrito (to write-written), fazer-feito (to do/to make-done/
made), ganhar-ganho (to win-won), gastar-gasto (to spend-spent),
pagar-pago (to pay-paid), pôr-posto (to put-put), ver-visto (to
see-seen), vir-vindo (to come-come).
To form the present perfect tense, use the verb ter (to have) as an
auxiliary, along with the past participle. This tense expresses an
action that started in the past and continues into the present,
m uch like the English have been doing (present perfect progressive)
or have done (present perfect). The adverb ultimamente (lately) is
often used with this tense.
The past perfect is formed with the imperfect o f the verb ter (to
have) and the past participle. It expresses an action in the past that
happened before a more recent past action, like the English past
perfect (had done). This tense sometimes goes with the adverb já
(already).
Wesson 38 273
Ele já tinha feito a reserva para o teatro.
He had already made the theater reservation.
Vocês já tinham saído quando eu telefonei.
You had already left when I called.
Onde eles tinham ido quando nós chegamos?
Where had they gone when we arrived?
Note that when you use an object pronoun, it comes between the
verb ter (to have) and the participle.
P R A C T IC E 2
C om plete the following with the participle o f the verb in paren
theses, and translate.
AN SW ERS
PRACTICE 1: 1. Eu recebi o e-mail que ele escreveu. (I got
the e-mail th at he wrote.) 2. A revista que eu com prei é cara.
(The m agazine th at I bought is expensive.) 3. A festa que você
deu foi boa. (The party that you gave was good.) 4. O hotel
onde vocês ficaram é fantástico. (The hotel where you stayed
is fantastic.) 5. O país onde ele nasceu fica na Africa. (The
country where he was born is in Africa.) 6. A loja onde você
com prou a bolsa é francesa. (The store where you bought
your bag is French.) 7. A professora com quem eu estudo é
japonesa. (The teacher who I study w ith is Japanese.) 8. O
hom em com que ela se casou é arquiteto. (The m an who
she got m arried w ith /to is an architect.) 9. O m eu amigo,
cuja m ulher é atriz de teatro,vem aqui hoje. (My friend
whose wife is a theater actress is com ing here today.) 10. Os
m otoristas, cujos carros estavam em lugar proibido, form a
m ultados. (The cars, whose drivers were fined, were parked
illegally.)
PRACTICE 2: 1. com parecido (Pedro hasn’t attended class
lately.) 2. parado (I haven’t stopped all day.) 3. visto (Have you
seen Vera lately?) 4. estado (The children have been very sick.)
5. dado (My car has been giving me trouble lately.) 6. pago (The
boyfriend had already paid when she offered to share the bill.)
7. gasto (W hen the end o f the m onth arrived, they had already
spent the entire salary.) 8. apitado (W hen the striker/forward
passed the ball, the referee had already blown the whistle.)
9. começado (W hen we arrived at the cinema, the film had
already begun.) 10. feito (The police had already asked the
questions when the detective arrived.)
Wesson 38 275
Lesson 3 9 (sentences)
S E N T E N C E LIST 1
Não tem ninguém na defesa. There’s no one on defense.
O time adversário não 'The opposing team didn’t score a single
marcou nenhum gol. goal.
Aquele goleiro não pega That goalie doesn’t catch anything.
nada!
Não adianta tentar; eles vão There’s no use trying; they’regoing to lose.
perder.
O time local está tentando The home team is trying to lie the match.
empatar a partida.
Os meus amigos vivem me My friends are always asking me to use
pedindo para usar a minha my season ticket.
cadeira cativa.
Pelé é o jogador que recebeu Pelé is theplayer who received the title of
o título de Atleta do Século. Athlete of the Century.
Maria Ester Bueno foi a Maria Ester Bueno was the Brazilian
jogadora de tênis brasileira tennis player who won 19 Grand Slams.
que ganhou dezenove Grand
Slam.
O Maracanã é o estádio Maracanã is the stadium where the
onde serão realizados os Pan-American games will be held.
jogos pan-americanos.
Eu e Pedro temos jogado Pedro and I have played squash lately.
squash ultimamente.
Eles já tinham reservado as They had already booked the courts.
quadras.
Eu tenho treinado para a I have trainedfor the marathon day and
maratona dia e noite. night.
Eles competirão contra a They will compete with the best team.
melhor equipe.
Você participará da Willyou participate in the competitionf
competição?
The verbs dizer (to say/tell), fazer (to do/make), and trazer (to
bring) have irregular future stems: eu direi, você dirá, ele/ela
dirá, nós diremos, vocês dirão, eles/elas dirão; eu farei, você
fará, ele/ela fará, nós faremos, vocês farão, eles/elas farão; eu
trarei, você trará, ele/ela trará, nós traremos, vocês trarão,
eles/elas trarão.
jÇesson 39 277
Eles pegarão os ingressos mais tarde.
They willget the tickets later.
Nós ficaremos no hotel até a próxima semana.
We will stay at the hotel until next week.
Quando o avião partirá?
When will the plane leave ?
Quando será a sua festa?
When willyour party be?
P R A C T IC E 1
C om plete the passage with the following verbs in the future:
fazer, ter, assistir, ficar, ser, participar, com er, visitar, ir, durar.
Then translate.
Now change the following sentences from the imm ediate future
tense into the future tense, then translate your answers.
S E N T E N C E LIST 2
Eu preferiria assistir uma I ’d rather watch a comedy.
comédia.
Você poderia tomar conta Couldyou take care of the children ?
das crianças?
Eu não queria viajar, mas I didn’t want to travel, but I have to.
preciso.
Quem seria o nosso guia? Who would be our guide?
Xesson 39 279
_
O teatro onde fomos ontem The theater that we went to was very
é muito chique. elegant.
Não deixe de ver a peça que Don’t miss theplay that’s showing at the
está no Teatro Picadeiro. Picadeiro Theater.
Nós iremos ao estádio, vocês We’llgo to the stadium; wouldyou like to
gostariam de ir juntos? go with us ?
O jogo será transmitido pela Will the game be transmitted on cable TV?
TV a cabo?
Se você não devolver os I f you don’t return the DVDs on the due
DVDs no prazo, terá que date, you '11have to pay afine.
pagar multa.
Por mim, nós alugaríamos I f it were up to me, we’d rent a movie and
um filme e ficaríamos em stay at home.
casa.
Eu me recuso a comprar I refuse to buy ticketsfrom scalpers.
ingressos de cambista.
Você já leu a crítica sobre o Haveyou read the review about that
novo filme daquele diretor French director’s newfilm?
francês?
Ele sempre consulta a He always consults the weatherforecast
previsão do tempo antes de before making plansfor the weekend.
fazer planos para o fim de
semana.
N o tes
These are some com m on expressions for talking about the weather.
com prar (to buy) escrever (to write) abrir (to open)
As with the future tense, the conditional forms o f dizer (to say/to
tell), fazer (to do/to make), and trazer (to bring) aré irregular: eu
Wesson 39 281
diria, você diria, ele/ela diria, nós diríam os, vocês diriam ,
eles/elas diriam ; eu faria, você faria, ele/ela faria, nós faríam os,
vocês fariam , eles/elas fariam ; eu traria, você traria, ele/ela
traria, nós traríam os, vocês trariam , eles/elas trariam .
Here are some m ore examples o f polite requests with the condi
tional.
Also note that the conditional o f the verb p o d e r (to be able to/can)
is translated as could.
P R A C T IC E 2
Com plete the following sentences with the present conditional
o f the verbs in parentheses.
/esson 39 283
ANSWERS
PRACTICE 1: 1. fará; 2. irá; 3. terá; 4. durará; 5. ficarão;
6. participarão; 7 visitarão; 8. assistirão; 9. comerão; 10. Será
(Suzana will take a vacation in Salvador, Bahia. H er boyfriend
will also go, but only after a couple o f days because he will have
an im portant business meeting. The trip will last fifteen days.
Suzana and her boyfriend will stay at a five-star hotel. They will
take part in a tour to the local beaches, and will visit an art
museum. They will watch a play at the theater. They will eat in
regional seafood restaurants. It will be an incredible trip!)
11. fará (Will you have Portuguese lessons until next m onth?)
12. entregará (The letter carrier w on’t deliver letters next
Saturday because it will be a holiday.) 13. pagarei (I’ll pay my
credit card [bill] next week.) 14. traremos (We’ll bring a bottle o f
wine to the party next week.) 15. diremos (W hat will we say at
the m eeting in two hours?) 16. gastarão (Com panies will spend
m ore m oney on energy next year.) 17. estará (I’ll be in the front
row at the movies.) 18. estará (The weather will be cloudy
tomorrow.)
PRACTICE 2: 1. ficaria (I would stay some more days.)
2. seriamos (We w ouldn’t be happy w ithout the children.)
3. estaria (Would you be free tom orrow afternoon?) 4. escreveria
(Mariana would write more to her parents, but she has too
m uch to study.) 5. m andaríam os (Usually they w ouldn’t send
the orders by mail, but they can’t deliver them personally.)
6. ouviriam (I think you’d hear the speech better from that side
o f the room.) 7. teria (Marco would have more friends, but he’s
shy.) 8. teriam (This way the students would have a better
performance.) 9. diria (I w ouldn’t say where I went.)
10. faríamos (We usually d o n ’t make such an effort.) 11. comeria
(W hat would your daughter eat?) 12. compraríamos (Why
would we buy that house?)
C O N V E R S A T IO N 1
Felipe: Você vai ao jogo am anhã?
Pedro: Eu duvido que a gente consiga ingressos assim ,
em cim a da hora.
Felipe: U m am igo m eu disse que, se eu quisesse, ele
arrum aria ingressos com um cam bista.
Pedro: N ão, obrigado. Eu m e recuso a pagar para
cam bista: seria um assalto à m ão arm ada!
Felipe: Você tem razão. M as qual a alternativa? Eu
estou m o rren d o de vontade de ver a final do
cam peonato.
Pedro: Bem, que tal assisti-lo num telão de um bar?
P oderem os ver a partida en q u an to tom am os
um as cervejas, e batem os um papo.
Felipe: N ão é um a m á idéia—convidaríam os m ais
algum as pessoas . . . Talvez a A ndréa vá
tam bém . Tom ara que ela traga a am iga dela, a
Vera, ela vive dizen d o que quer conhecer você.
Pedro: Legal! Parece que o jogo vai acabar sendo um a
boa desculpa para paquerar!
Wesson 40 285
Pedro: It seems that the game will end up being a good excuse
toflirt!
N U TS & BOLTS 1
T h e p r e s e n t s u b ju n c t iv e
You’ve already learned several different verb tenses, as well as the
infinitive, gerund, and past participle. Verbs are also divided into
categories called m oods, and Portuguese verbs have three m oods:
the indicative, the imperative, and the subjunctive. So far, you’ve
studied the indicative, which is the m ood used to express facts
and states that are real and well-defined. You’ve learned several
tenses in the indicative-the simple present, the preterite, the fu
ture, and the perfect tenses. You also know the imperative, which
is used to express com m ands. The subjunctive m ood expresses
actions or states that are uncertain or unreal. It is sometimes
called the m ood o f possibility. As an example, take a look at the
following pair. The first example is in the indicative (é, is), and
the second is in the subjunctive (seja, might/could be).
But before we get into its meaning, let’s look at how to form the
subjunctive. Start with the first person (eu) form o f the indica
tive, and take o ff the -o ending. Then, in its place, add to -ar verbs
-e in the singular, and -em os and -em in the plural. For -er and
-ir verbs, add -a in the singular, and -am os and -am in the plural.
dar (togive): eu dê, você dê, ele/ela dê, nós dem os, vocês dêem ,
eles/elas dêem
estar (to be): eu esteja, você esteja, ele/ela esteja, nós estejam os,
vocês estejam , eles/elas estejam
Xesson 40 287
ir (to go): eu vá, você vá, ele/ela vá, nós vam os, vocês vão,
eles/elas vão
ser (to be): eu seja, você seja, ele/ela seja, nós sejam os, vocês
sejam , eles/elas sejam
Now that we’ve seen how to form the subjunctive, let’s take a
look at how it’s used. The subjunctive is always in a secondary
clause, or mini-sentence, introduced by verbs o f desire or doubt,
or by verbs that express feelings, or by com m ands. Here are sev
eral examples.
P R A C T IC E 1
Com plete the following sentences with the subjunctive form o f
the verbs in parentheses. The English translations are given to
help you.
C O N V E R S A T IO N 2
José C arlos: O que você gostaria de fazer esse fim de
sem ana?
M ariana: Eu gostaria de ir velejar no sábado, m as eu
duvido que faça b o m tem po. Assim m esm o, eu
pedi para a babá ficar com as crianças no
sábado. Ela disse que ficará se derm os folga
para ela no fim de sem ana que vem .
José C arlos: Por m im tu d o bem . M as o que farem os se
chover?
M ariana: Bem, se o tem p o não estiver bom , darem os o
dia de folga para a babá, irem os à locadora, e
passarem os a noite em casa, assistindo vídeos e
co m endo pipocas.
José C arlos: Até que não seria ruim , e durante o dia eu
p oderia fazer alguns concertos pela casa.
M ariana: É verdade, eu pod erei ajudá-lo a arrum ar a
garagem qu an d o as crianças estiverem
b rincando. E depois, se você tiver tem po, você
p o d erá cortar a gram a tam bém .
José C arlos: Ai! Tom ara que faça sol. Ficar em casa
trab alh an d o n o fim de sem ana n ão m e agrada
nem um pouco.
M ariana: A m im tam pouco. Eu vou fazer figa para que
sábado am anheça ensolarado e nós possam os
passar o dia velejando.
£esson.4Q 291
José Carlos: What would you like to do this weekendf
Mariana: I ’d like to go sailing on Saturday, but I doubt the
weather will be nice. In any case, I asked the nanny to
stay with the kids on Saturday. She said she’ll stay i f we
give her next weekend o ff
José Carlos: It’sfine with me. But, what will we do i f it rains ?
Mariana: Well, i f the weather’s not good, we’ll give the nanny the
day o ff we’ll go to the video store, and we’ll all spend
the evening at home, watching T V and eating popcorn.
José Carlos: It w on’t be that bad; I couldfix some things around the
house.
Mariana: That’s true; I could helpyou p ut the garage in order
while the children are playing. A n d then, i f you have
time, you can also mow the lawn.
José Carlos: Oh! I hope it will be sunny. Working at home on the
weekend doesn ’t please me at all.
Mariana: Me neither. I'll keep my fingers crossedfo r a sunny
Saturday so we can spend the day sailing.
NU TS & BOLTS 2
The f u t u r e s u b ju n c t iv e
To form the future subjunctive, start with the third person plural
o f the preterite, for example, eles falaram (they spoke) for both reg
ular and irregular verbs. Take off the -am ending, and add n o th
ing in the singular, and -mos and -em for the plural.
By looking at the examples above you m ight think that the future
subjunctive is form ed by just adding -mos, and -em endings (for
the plural) to the infinitive. But notice, in the examples below
using irregular verbs, that the base is actually the third person
plural o f the preterite. And it’s also w orth noting that although
the verb in the preterite m ight be irregular, it is still form ed regu
larly in the future subjunctive.
Remember that the third person plural preterite o f the verb ser (to
be) is foram , which is the same as the third person preterite o f the
verb ir (togo). So in the future subjunctive, both verbs are: eu for,
você for, ele/ela for, nós form os, vocês forem , eles/elas forem .
Wesson 40 293
soon as), assim que (as soon as), depois que (after), se (if), se não
(unless), com o (as), sem pre que (whenever), à m edida que
(as/while), and conform e (as/while). Notice that the action it ex
presses is a possible future condition, upon which some other ac
tion (usually expressed by the future) hinges.
The future subjunctive is also used after clauses that express com
mands.
P R A C T IC E 2
Com plete the following sentences using the future subjunctive o f
the verbs in parentheses. The translation is provided to help you.
Wesson 40 295
3. Isso não dará certo se v o c ê _____ (ser) impaciente. (This w on’t
work out i f y o u ’re not patient.)
4. O entregador deixará a m ercadoria onde a sen h o ra _____
(querer). (The delivery person will leave the merchandise whereveryou
want.)
5. O que vocês farão depois que o p rogram a_____ (terminar)?
(What willyou do after the program ends?)
6. Telefone para m im sempre q u e _____ (ter) um problem a com
essa m áquina. (Call me wheneveryou have a problem with this
machine.)
7. As crianças ficarão felizes se n ó s _____ (vir) com elas. (The
children will be happy i f we go with them.)
8. Eu não ficarei triste se não o ____ (ver) nunca mais! (I w on’t be
sad i f I never see him again!)
9. Vocês poderão assistir TV assim q u e _____ (acabar) o jantar.
(You can watch T V as soon asyou finish dinner.)
10. Venha me visitar q u a n d o _____ (poder). (Come and visit me when
you can.)
11. Só abram a caixa depois q u e _____ (chegar) em casa. (Open the
box only afteryou arrive home.)
12. Os seus pais irão q u a n d o _____ nós (fazer) as reservas? (Will
your parents go when we make the reservation?)
ANSWERS
PRACTICE 1: 1. venha; 2. aprenda; 3. façamos; 4. chova;
5. recebam; 6. seja; 7. pague; 8. fum am ; 9. esteja; 10. escrevam;
11. tenha; 12. digam
PRACTICE 2: 1. estiverem; 2. forem; 3. for; 4. quiser;
5. term inar; 6. tiver; 7. viermos; 8. vir; 9. acabarem; 10. puder;
11. chegarem; 12. fizermos
A. H O T E L B R O C H U R E
O R esort H o tel Itaparica, em Ilha G rande, Rio de Janeiro,
oferece vários tipos de pacotes com três ou quatro diárias para
o feriado de 7, de setem bro a partir de R$ 1.358 para o casal.
Bangalô: R$1.358,00
Bangalô: R$1.508,00
The Resort Hotel Itaparica, in Ilha Grande, Rio deJaneiro, ojfers couples
3- or 4-day package deals fo r the September 7 holiday beginning at
R $ 1,358.00.
The hotel, located at the preserve o f the Aroeira beach, ojfers several leisure
alternatives fo r its guests: sports courts, tennis courts, swimming pools,
playgroundfor children, indoor activities center, T V and internet rooms,
300 C o m p l e t e B r a z il ia n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e B a s ic s
gym with instructors, kiosks with barbecue grills, restaurants, snack bars,
and a boutique. There are also groups o f monitorsfo r children and adults
who carefully plan activities such as hikes on eco trails, tennis lessons,
kayak rides, and gamesfo r entertainment and integration.
To make the experience a really unforgettable one, The Resort Hotel Ita-
parica also ojfers a spa, situated in the middle o f the natural vegetation
with an incomparable view to Aroeira beach. There, completely integrated
with nature, the Itaparica SPA relies on specialized professionals fo r re
laxing massages, shiatsu, and reflexology, as well asyoga classes.
During the September 7 holiday, the couple will also be able to use the Ita
parica Fitness Center, equipped with the most modern workout machines
and monitored by Physical Education teachers.
Bungalow: R $ 1,358.00
Bungalow: R$1,5008.00
Hi, Julia,
I couldn 't send the document to Sérgio.
Jordano
RESPOSTA
Eu tb m 1 m andei e voltou para m im . Ele tem outro endereço.
Vou testar para ver se funciona.
Julia
REPLY
I did, too, and it bounced back to me. H e’s got another e-mail address.
I'll test that to see i f it works.
Julia
RETORNO
O i,
Pode ser isso, m as você pode enviar novam ente para ele?
Talvez seja o m eu co m p u tad o r . . .
Jo rd an o
REPLY
Hi,
It could be, but canyou resend it to him ? Maybe it’s my computer. ..
Jordano
RE-RETORNO
Eu acho que o problem a é com arquivos grandes. Eles devem
ter u m filtro no sistem a de em ail n a escola.
J u lia ,
302 C o m p l e t e B r a z il ia n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e B a s ic s
R E -R E P L Y
I think the problem is with largefiles. They must have afilter on the
e-mail system at the school.
Julia
C .B U S IN E S S L E T T E R S
Rua Tobias Barreto, 1326
São Paulo, S. P.
5 de julho de 2010
Sr. Júlio Matos
Avenida Rio Branco, 213
Rio de Janeiro, R. J.
Ilmo. Sr:
Anexo remeto-lhe um cheque de R$60.00 para obtenção de
uma assinatura anual da revista Branco e Negro, que é dirigida
por V. SV
Atenciosam ente,
João Carlos Martins
Dear Sir:
Enclosed pleasefind a checkfo r 60 realfor a year’s subscription to your
magazine Branco e Negro.
1V. Sa. stands for Vossa Senhoria, a correspondence term for jyou.
Aos Srs.
G om es, Lim a & Cia.
Rua N ova d’A lfandega, 110
Porto
Prezados Senhores:
Tem os a satisfação de apresentar-lhes o p o rta d o r desta, o Sr.
A lberto Rocha, nosso gerente de vendas, que visitará as
principais cidades dessa região.
N ão é preciso dizer-lhes que ficarem os im ensam ente gratos
pelas atenções que lhe dispensarem .
A proveitam os a o p o rtu n id ad e para agradecer-lhes
antecipadam ente o que fizerem pelo Sr. Rocha, e
subscrevem o-nos m uito atenciosam ente.
D e W .S S .
Atos. e O bos.
Lopes, N unes & Cia.
João Lopes
Presidente
304 C o m p l e t e B r a z i l i a n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e B a s ic s
Lopes, Nunes & Co.
Rua de Madalena, 154
Lisbon, Portugal
M ay 2, 2009
Gentlemen:
We have the pleasure o f introducing toyou the bearer o f this letter, Mr.
Alberto Rocha, our sales manager, who will be visiting the principal
cities o f your region.
Needless to say, we will greatly appreciate any courtesyyou may extend
to him.
Thankingyou in advance, we remain
Very truly yours,
Lopes, Nunes & Cia.
João Lopes
President
D. L E T T E R
2 de fevereiro
M eu caro José,
Foi com grande prazer que recebi a sua últim a carta. Para ir
direto ao assunto, vou contar-lhe a grande notícia.
Finalm ente decidim os fazer a projetada viagem a Lisboa,
on d e pretendem os ficar to d o o m ês dè julho.
N aturalm ente M aria está encantada, m uito ansiosa de visitar
o país dos seus avós e de conhecer você e sua am ável esposa.
Temos m uitas coisas que com entar e espero que você possa
livrar-se de outros com prom issos durante esses dias.
February 2
DearJosé,
1 was very happy to getyour last letter. Withoutfurther delay Fm going
to spring the big news. We’vefinally decided to take the. trip to Lisbon,
where we expect to spend all o f July.
Naturally, M aria’s thrilled, being really anxious to visit her
grandparents’ country and to meetyou and your charming wife. We
have a lot to talk about, and 1 hopeyou'll be able tofree yourself o f other
obligations during that period.
Business is good now, and I hope we’ll continue to have smooth sailing.
I saw Alberto last week, and he asked aboutyou.
Fd appreciate it very much i f you could reserve a roomfo r us in a hotel
near the building whereyou live.
Write and let me know what’s been going on lately and whatyou think
o f the news.
Give my regards to Helena.
Yours,
João
306 C o m p l e t e B r a z il ia n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e B a s ic s
S u p p le m e n ta l v o c a b u la ry lists
1: WEATHER
o clima weather
Está chovendo. It’s raining.
Está nevando. It’s snowing.
Está chovendo granizo. I t’s hailing.
Está ventando. It’s windy.
Está quente. It’s hot.
Está frio. I t’s cold.
Está ensolarado. It’s sunny.
Está nublado. I t’s cloudy.
Está m uito bonito. It’s beautiful.
a tem pestade storm
o vento wind
o sol sun
o trovão thunder
o relâm pago lightning
o furacão hurricane
a tem peratura temperature
o grau degree
a chuva rain
a neve snow
a nuvem , as nuvens cloud
a neblina fog
a nuvem de poluição smog
o guarda-chuva, a umbrella
som brinha
2: F O O D
os alim entos food
o jantar, a janta dinner
4 : AT HOME
em casa, no lar at home
a casa house
o apartam ento apartment
a sala, o aposento room
a sala de estar, o living living room
a sala de jantar dining room
a cozinha kitchen
o quarto bedroom
o banheiro bathroom
o corredor, o hall hall
o arm ário closet
a janela window
a porta door
a m esa table
a cadeira chair
o sofá sofa, couch
a cortina curtain
o carpete carpet
o tapete rug
a televisão, o televisor television
o toca C D CD player
o abajur, a lum inária lamp
o toca D V D D V D player
o aparelho de som , o som sound system
a pintura, a fotografia painting picture
310 C o m p l e t e B r a z il ia n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e B a s ic s
a prateleira shelf
a(s) escada(s) stairs
o teto ceiling
a parede wall
o chão floor
o térreo firstfloor
segundo andar secondfloor
g ran d e /p eq u e n o big/small
novo, n ova/velho, velha new/old
a m ad eira/d e m adeira wood/wooden
o plástico /d e plástico plastic/made o f plastic
312 C o m p l e t e B r a z il ia n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e B a s ic s
o passaporte passport
a tour de ônibus tour bus
com guia guided tour
a câmara camera
o centro de information center
inform ação/inform ações
o mapa map
o guia de mão brochure
o m onum ento monument
fazer um passeio com guia to go sightseeing (with a guide)
tirar fotografia to take a picture
Pode tirar m inha/nossa Can you take my/our picture?
foto?
7: IN THE OFFICE
no escritório in the office
o escritório office
a mesa, o gabinete desk
o computador computer
o telefone telephone
a fax fa x machine
a estante bookshelf
o arquivo file, file cabinet
a pasta file, folder
o chefe boss
o/a colega colleague
o trabalhador, a employee, worker
trabalhadora, o
empregado, a empregada
o estafe, a equipe staff
a companhia, a firma company
o negócio business
a fábrica factory
8: AT SCHOOL
na escola at school
a escola school
a universidade university
a sala de aula classroom
o curso course
o professor, a professora teacher
o professor, a professora professor
o/a estudante student
o tema, o assunto, o tópico subject
o caderno notebook
o livro de texto textbook
a matemática math
a história history
a química chemistry
a biologia biology
a literatura literature
a língua language
a arte art
a música music
a ginástica, a educação gym
física
314 C o m p l e t e B r a z il ia n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e B asics
o intervalo, o recreio recess
a prova test
a nota grade
o boletim report card
o diploma diploma
o grau degree, grade
difícil/fácil difficult/easy
estudar to study
aprender to learn
passar to pass
repetir tofa il
IO: NATURE
a natureza nature
a árvore tree
a flor flower
a floresta forest
a montanha mountain
o campo, a campina field
o rio river
o lago lake
o oceano ocean
o mar sea
a praia beach
o deserto desert
a pedra rock
a areia sand
o céu sky
o sol sun
a lua moon
a estrela star
a água water
a terra land
a planta plant
a subida, a colina hill
o lago pond
316 C o m p l et e B r a z il ia n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e Ba sics
11: CO MP U T E R S AND THE INTERNET
os com putadores e a internet computers and the h
o com putador computer
o teclado keyboard
o m onitor, a tela monitor, screen
a im pressora printer
o m ou se mouse
o m od em modem
a m em ória memory
o cd-rom CD -RO M
o drive de cd-rom C D -RO M drive
o arquivo file
o d o cu m en to document
o cabo de internet rápida cable (DSL)
a internet internet
o site website
a página da internet webpage
o b logu e, o blog weblog
o correio eletrô n ico , o e-mail e-mail
a sala de bate-papo chatroom
a m essagem instantânea instant message
o anexo attachment
enviar correio eletrôn ico/e-m ail to send an e-mail
enviar um arquivo to send afide
reenviar toforward
responder to reply
deletar to delete
salvar um d ocu m en to to save a document
abrir um arquivo to open afile
fechar um arquivo to close aJile
anexar um arquivo to attach aJile
318 C o m p l et e B r a z il ia n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e Ba s ic s
divorciar-se to get a divorce
herdar to inherit
13: O N T H E J O B
a ocupação, o trabalho job
o/a p olícia policeman, policewoman
o advogado, a advogada lawyer
o doutor, a doutora doctor
o en gen h eiro, a engineer
engenheira
o /a h o m em /m u lh er de businessman, businesswoman
n eg ó cio s
o vendedor, a vendedora salesman, saleswoman
o professor, a professora teacher, professor
o banqueiro, a banqueira banker
o arquiteto, a arquiteta architect
o veterinário, a veterinária veterinarian
o/a dentista dentist
o carpinteiro, a carpinteira carpenter
o pedreiro, a pedreira construction worker, mason
o/a taxista taxi driver
o/a artista artist
o escritor, a escritora writer
o encanador, a encanadora plumber
o/a eletricista electrician
o/a jornalista journalist
o ator, a atriz actor, actress
o m ú sico, a m úsica musician
o fazen deiro, a fazendeira farmer
o secretário, a secretária/ secretary/assistant
o/a assistente
o desem pregado,
a desem pregada
14: C L O T H I N G
as vestim entas, as roupas clothing
a camisa shirt.
as calças pants
os jeans jeans
a cam iseta T-shirt
os sapatos shoes
as m eias socks
o cin to, a cinta belt
o tênis sneakers, tennis shoes
o vestid o dress
a saia skirt
a blusa blouse
o terno suit
o chapéu hat
as luvas gloves
o cachecol scarf
o paletó, a jaqueta jacket
a capa coat
o brinco earring
o bracelete bracelet
o colar necklace
os ó cu los eyeglasses
os ó cu lo s d e sol sunglasses
320 C o m p l e t e B r a z il ia n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e Ba s ic s
o relógio de p u lso watch
o anel ring
a cueca, a roupa de baixo underpants
a cam iseta, a roupa de undershirt
baixo
o m aiô bathing suit
o calção, a sunga bathing trunks
o pijama pajamas
o algodão cotton
o couro leather
a seda silk
o tam anho size
usar to wear
15: I N T H E K I T C H E N
na cozin h a in the kitchen
o refrigerador, a geladeira refrigerator
a pia sink
o balcão counter
o fogão stove
o forno oven
o m icroondas microwave
a cristaleira cupboard
a gaveta drawer
o prato plate
a xícara cup
a tigela bowl
o co p o (vidro) glass
a co lh er spoon
a faca knife
a lata can
a caixa box
16: IN T H E B A T H R O O M
n o banheiro in the bathroom
a privada, o vaso sanitário toilet
a pia sink (washbasin)
a banheira bathtub
o chuveiro, a ducha shower
o esp elh o mirror
o arm arinho do banheiro medicine cabinet
a toalha towel
o papel h ig iên ico toilet paper
o cham pu shampoo
o sabão, sab onete soap
322 C o m p l e t e B r a z il ia n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e B a sic s
o gel de b anho bath gel
o crem e de barbear shaving cream
a lâm ina, a navalha razor
lavar-se to wash oneself
tom ar banho to take a shower/bath
barbear-se to shave
a colôn ia cologne
o perfum e perfume
o desodorante deodorant
a bandagem bandage
o pó powder
17: A R O U N D T OWN
pela cidade, a cidade around town
a cidade town, city
a vila village
o carro car
o ônibus bus
o trem train
o táxi taxi
o m etrô subway, metro
a estação do m etrô subway station
o tráfego traffic
o ed ifício building
o co n d o m ín io , o prédio apartment building
de apartam ento
a biblioteca library
o restaurante restaurant
a loja store
a rua street
o parque park
a estação de trem train station
324 C o m p l e t e B r a z il ia n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e B asics
18: ENTERTAI NMENT
a diversão, o divertim ento entertainment
o cinem a, o film e movie, film
ir ao cinem a to go to the movies
assistir um film e to see a movie
o teatro theater
assistir a uma peça to see a play
a ópera opera
o concerto concert
o clube club
o circo circus
o ingresso ticket
o m useu museum
a galeria gallery
a pintura painting
a escultura sculpture
o programa de televisão television program
assistir televisão to watch television
o docum entário documentary
o drama drama
o livro book
a revista magazine
ler um livro to read a book
ler um a revista to read a magazine
ouvir m úsica to listen to music
a m úsica, a canção song
o grupo m usical, a banda band
o noticiário the news
o sh ow de entrevista talk show
m udar/procurar o canal toflip channels
divertir-se to havefu n
ficar chateado to be bored
326 C o m p l e t e B r a z il ia n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e Ba s ic s
In te rn e t resources
328 C o m p l e t e B r a z il ia n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e B a sics
S u m m a ry o f P o rtu g u e se g ra m m a r
1. THE ALPHABET
LETTER NAM E LETTER NAM E LETTER NAM E
a a (a) j jota s ésse
b bê k cá/capa t te
c cê 1 ele u u
d dê m eme V vê
e e/é n ene w dábliu
f efe o ó X xis
g gê P pê y ípsilon
h agá q quê z zê
i i r erre
2. PRONUNCI AT I ON
S im p l e Vow els
Like i in machine.
\x
Approximates u in rule.
Vo w el C o m b in a t io n s
ai ai as in aisle
au ou as in out
ei ey as in they
éi similar to open e
eu ey o f they plus u o f lute
éu similar but with open e
ia y a as in yard
ié ye as in yes
ie similar but with closed e
io yo as injyoke
iu e plus u o f lute
oi oy as in boy
ói similar but with open o
ou ou as in soul
ua wah, like ua in quadrangle
330 C o m p l e t e B r a z il ia n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e B asics
ué we as in wet
ui we (if m ain stress is on u, however, like u o f lute
plus e)
uo wo as in woe, or as u6
C onso na n ts
C o m p l e t e B r a z il ia n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e B a sics
Stress
Words ending in -a, -e, or -o (or in one o f these vowels and -s, -m,
or -ns) are stressed on the next-to-last syllable.
casa house
estudante student
jovem young
papel paper
manbã morning
descansei I rested
café coffee
América America
Itália Italy
difícil difficult
órfão orphan
3. P UNCTUATI ON
In general, Portuguese punctuation is similar to English. This sec
tion only includes im portant differences.
4 . S OME O R T H O G R A P H I C S I GNS
The tilde (til) (~) over a vowel indicates a nasal sound.
posição position
334 C o m p l e t e B r a z il ia n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e B asics
W ritten accent marks are used to indicate the stressed syllable in
words n o t following the regular rules (see Section 2 o f the gram
m ar summary). They also help distinguish between words that are
spelled alike but have different meanings and between different
forms o f the same verb.
The acute accent (') is used over stressed i and u when they are
not com bined with the preceding vowel.
5. SYLLABLE DIVISION
A single consonant goes with the following vowel.
a-fi-nal finally
in-ter-rom-per to interrupt
336 C o m p l e t e B r a z il ia n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e B a sic s
Two vowels that are pronounced separately are split.
vi-ú-va widow
ca-ir to fall
vo-ar to fly
It is used with the names o f m ost countries1 and with other geo
graphical names. O n the other hand, names o f m ost cities do not
require the use o f articles.2
o Brasil Brazil
a Itália Italy
a Africa Africa
o Carlos Carlos
It is also used with parts o f the body and articles o f clothing, in-1
stead o f the possessive form.
‘Main exceptions that do not need an article: Portugal, Moçambique, Angola, Cuba, Israel,
Porto Rico.
zMain exceptions that need an article: o Rio d.eJaneiro, o Porto.
338 C o m p l e t e B r a z il ia n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e Ba s ic s
0 menino lavou as mãos. The boy washed his hands.
Ela perdeu as luvas. She lost her gloves.
um homem a man
uma mulher a woman
uns homens some (a few) men
umas mulheres some (a few) women
8. C O N T R A C T I O N S
C ontractions o f de with the definite article (o/a and its other
forms):
340 C o m p l e t e B r a z il ia n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e Ba s ic s
daquela of that one
naquele in that one
9. D A Y S O F T H E W E E K
The days o f the week are n o t capitalized. Sábado (Saturday) and
domingo (Sunday) are masculine; the other days are feminine. The
article is generally used, except after ser.
na segunda-feira on Monday
nas segundas-feiras on Mondays
IO. MO N T H S
The names o f the m onths are m asculine and usually are not cap
italized in Brazil (but they are in Portugal: Janeiro, etc.). They are
usually used w ithout the definite article.
11. S E A S O N S
a primavera (a Primavera) spring
o verão (o Verão) summer
o outono (o Outono) autumn
o inverno (o lnverno) winter
12. G E N D E R
N ouns referring to males are masculine; nouns referring to fe
males are feminine.
3 42 C o m p l e t e B r a z il ia n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e B asics
The masculine plural o f certain nouns can include b oth genders.
M a s c u l in e N ouns
Fem in in e N ouns
N ouns ending in -a, -ie, -em, -ade, -ede, and -ice are usually femi
nine.
a Europa Europe
a Sicilia Sicily
a América America
3 44 C o m p l et e B r a z il ia n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e Ba s ic s
um ato one act dois atos4 two acts
a maçã the apple as maçãs the apples
a lei the law as leis the laws
However, there are a few exceptions to the above rule, and these
words should be learned individually. Some change -ão to -ães in
the plural.
Words that end in -m change the m into n before adding -s. This
change has no effect on the pronunciation.
Words ending in -I drop the / and add -is. Note that the e
-éis and -6is bear a written accent.
Hut a few words ending in unstressed -il or -vel have irregular plu
rals that end in -eis.
346 C o m p l e t e B r a z il ia n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e B asics
fácil fáceis easy (adj.)
14. THE P OS S ES S I VE
Possession is shown with the preposition de (of).
The fem inine is formed with the ending -a instead o f the -o o f the
m asculine form.
M asculine Feminine
antigo old, ancient antiga
rico rich rica
baixo short, low baixa
If the masculine form ends in -u, the fem inine form ends in -a.
Masculine Feminine
nu nude, bare nua
mau bad má
Masculine Feminine
contente happy, content contente
C om m on exceptions:
348 C o m p l e t e B r a z il ia n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e B a s ic s
The fem inine ending -ã is substituted for the -ão o f the masculine
form.
Masculine Feminine
alemão German alemã
cristão Christian cristã
Masculine Feminine
capaz capable capaz
comum com m on comum
formidável formidable formidável
simples simple simples
16. P O S IT IO N O F A D J E C T I V E S
Descriptive adjectives (which tend to distinguish people or things
from others o f the same type or class) and adjectives o f national
ity usually come after the noun they modify.
17. COMPARISON
Regular com parison is form ed with mais (more) or menos (less).
The definite article produces the superlative (most or least).
fácil easy
maisfácil easier
menosfácil less easy
o maisfácil the easiest
o menos fát the least easy
Este livro é bom mas o outro é melhor. This book is good, but the
other is better.
Este teatro não tem tantas This theater does not have as j
entradas quanto aquele. many entrances as that one.
Eles têm mais de duzentas vacas. They have more than two
hundred cows.
18. P R O N O U N S
Pronouns have varying forms depending on w hether they are the
subject o f a verb, used after a preposition, the object o f a verb,
used as indirect objects, used with reflexive verbs, or used to join
parts o f a sentence (relative pronouns).
S u b je c t P r o n o u n s
Singular
eu I
(tu) (you) (familiar) (used in Portugal)
ele he
ela she
o senhor you (masc., polite)
a senhora you (fem., polite)
você you (friendly)
Plural
nós we
(vós) (you) (rarely used)
eles they (masc.)
There are special forms for “with m e,” comigo, “with us,” conosco,
“with you” (familiar), contigo, and “with you,” “with him ,” “with
her,” etc., consigo, although the last form is not used as frequently
•is com o senhor, com ele, etc.
me me
te you (familiar) (Portugal)
me to me
te to you (familiar) (Portugal)
lhe to him, to her, to you (polite)
nos to us
(vos) (to you) (rarely used)
lhes to them (masc. m á fem.), to you
(polite)
N ote that the subject pronouns nós and vós and the forms used
after prepositions have the accent mark, b ut the corresponding
direct and indirect object pronouns do n o t have the accent mark
and are pronounced differently.
Since lhe and lhes can have several meanings, a prepositional form
can be used for clarity.
me myself
te yourself (familiar) (Portugal)
se himself, herself, yourself (polite)
nos ourselves
(vos) yourselves (rarely used)
se themselves, yourselves (polite)
R e l a t iv e P ro n o u n s
Ela disse que viria mais tarde. She said (that) she would come later.
Ele não é o homem quefalou He is not the man who spoke to me
comigo ontem. yesterday.
Isto épara quem eugosto. This is for (the person) whom I like.
19. P O S IT IO N O F P R O N O U N S
The position o f object pronouns is n ot fixed, and variations wi
be noted in different areas. The following rules are given as a gen
eral guide.
3 56 C o m p l e t e B r a z il ia n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e B a s ic s
Prometa-me isso. Promise me that,
oferecendo-nos mais offering us more
Abracei-o. I embraced him.
O bject pronouns may come before or after the verb if the sen
tence begins with a pronoun or noun subject and with infinitives.
In Portugal, if two object pronouns, one direct and the other indi
rect, are used as objects o f the same verb, the indirect comes befor
the direct object. This would cause the following contractions
These contractions are rarely used in Brazil.
358 C o m p l e t e B r a z il ia n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e B a s ic s
Elefê-lo. He did it. (The verb isfez from
fazer.)
Ela vai comprá-los. She is going to buy them. (The verb is
comprar, and the pronoun is os.)
2 0 . C O N JU N C T IO N S
Some com m on conjunctions are e (and), mas (but), ou (or), and
porque (because).
21. Q U E S T IO N W O RDS
W hat?
Why?
Porquê? Why?
Por que ela não chegou antes Why didn’t she arrive before nine?
das nove?
Como? How?
Como se diz em português ? How do you say (it) in
Portuguese?
W hich?/W hat?
W ho?
Quem? Who?
Quem veio com ela ? Who came with her?
Where?
Onde? Where?
Onde estão os livros ? Where are the books?
When?
Quando? When?
Quando aconteceu? When did it happen?
exclusivamente exclusively
If there are two or m ore adverbs with this same ending, -mente is
given only with the last one.
só—somente only
fácil—facilmente easily
último—ultimamente lately
Adverbs are generally com pared like adjectives, with mais (more
or menos (less).
362 C o m p l e t e B r a z il ia n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e B a s ic s
depois afterward(s) depois de after (something)
antes formerly antes de before (something)
A dverbs o f T im e
hoje today
ontem yesterday
amanhã tomorrow
cedo early
tarde late
muitas vezes, freqüentemente often
(frequentemente)
sempre always
nunca never
depois afterward
antes before, formerly
depressa quickly
devagar slowly
imediatamente immediately
raramente seldom, rarely
agora now
A dverbs o f P lace
aqui here
cá here (motion)
aí there
ah there (farther away)
A dverbs o f Q u a n t it y o r In t e n s it y
A dverbs E x p r e s s in g A f f ir m a t io n
sim yes
também also
verdadeiramente truly
certamente truly, certainly
claro certainly, of course
Poisnão! Certainly!/Of course!
364 C o m p l e t e B r a z il ia n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e B a s ic s
A dverbs E x p r e s s in g N e g a t io n
23 . D IM IN U T IV E S AND A U G M E N T A T IV E S
Certain endings, such as -inho, -ote, -ete, and -ilho, imply smallness,
daintiness, or even affection.
um pouco a little
um pouquinho a little bit
gato cat
gatinha kitten (fem.)
sabão soap
sabonete a bar of soap
velho old man
velhinho little old man
avô grandfather
avozinho (dear) grandfather
avó grandmother
avozinha (dear) grandmother
cedo soon
cedinho quite soon
O ther endings, such as -ão, -arrão, and -aço, indicate large size, but
they can also be uncom plim entary, indicating clumsiness, etc.
24 . D E M O N S T R A T IV E S
D e m o n s t r a t iv e A d je c t iv e s
Masculine Feminine
este esta this
esse essa that
aquele aquela that (farther removed)
estes estas these
esses essas those
aqueles aquelas those (farther removed)
366 C o m p l e t e B r a z il ia n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e B a s ic s
Portuguese demonstrative adjectives usually precede the nouns
they modify and agree with them in gender and number.
Esse and aquele both m ean “that.” Esse refers to som ething near or
related to the person spoken to; aquele refers to som ething more
remote.
Não gosto desse livro. I don’t like that book (near you or
mentioned by you).
É aquele senhor que chegou ontem. He’s that gentleman who arrived
yesterday.
D e m o n s t r a t iv e P r o n o u n s
Não quero este sem aquele. I don’t want this one without that
one.
Este and aquele also m ean “the latter” and “the former.”
Isto é melhor que (or do que) aquilo. This is better than that.
368 C o m p l e t e B r a z il ia n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e B a s ic s
mais more
menos less
qualquer any, whatever, whoever
os demais the rest
26. N E G A T IO N
N ão (not) comes before the verb.
27. W ORD O R D ER
The usual order tends to be subject-verb-adverb-object.
É tardei Is it late?
É bomf Is it good?
A lição éfácili Is the lesson easy?
2 8 . VERB TENSES
Portuguese verbs are organized in three classes or conjugations
according to their infinitival endings:
370 C o m p l e t e B r a z il ia n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e B a s ic s
(tu) (-as) (-es) (-es)
ele, ela, você, o -a -e -e
senhor, a senhora
nós -amos -emos -imos
(vós) (-ais) (-eis) (-is)
vocês, os senhores, -am -em -em
as senhoras
Eu dormia quando você telefonou. I was sleeping when you called me.
Eu dormia enquanto elefalava ao I was sleeping while he was
telefone. talking on the phone.
Eu queriaficar aqui, mas ela I’d like to stay here, but she said
disse que ia embora. she’d go.
Eu podia ir com ele. I’d be able to go with him.
There are four verbs in Portuguese that are irregular in the imper*
feet.
punha púnhamos
(punhas) (púnheis)
punha punham
372 C o m p l e t e B r a z il ia n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e B a s ic s
ser (to be)
era eramos
(eras) (éreis)
era eram
tinha tínhamos
(tinhas) (tínheis)
tinha tinham
vinha vínhamos
(vinhas) (vínheis)
vinha vinham
direi diremos
(dirás) (direis)
dirá dirão
farei faremos
(farás) (fareis)
fará farão
trarei traremos
(trarás) (trareis)
trará trarão
The future generally expresses a future action, but it may also ex
press conjecture or probability in the present.
374 C o m p l e t e B r a z il ia n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e B asics
-amos (-ámos) -emos -imos
(-astes) (-estes) (-istes)
-aram -eram -iram
Note that the first person plural o f regular verbs has the same
form in the present and in the preterite. In Portugal, there is an
accent in the preterite (-ámos) to differentiate it from the present
tense. Brazilians do n ot make this distinction.
For phonetic reasons, there are a few spelling changes in the first
person singular o f some verbs. Verbs ending in -car change the c.
to qu before the ending -ei.
The perfect tenses are formed with the simple tenses o f ter (to
have), or haver in literary style, and the past participle o f the mai
verb. M ost perfect tenses in English correspond to the perfect
tenses in Portuguese; however, there are some differences.
The future perfect is form ed with the future o f ter (rarely haver)
and the past participle o f the m ain verb. It is used to express a fu
ture action that will take place before another future action.
Sometimes it indicates probability.
29. T H E S U B J U N C T IV E
The tenses given in the preceding section are called tenses o f the
indicative m ood. There is another set o f tenses for the subjunc
tive m ood. The subjunctive m ood expresses, am ong other things,
hypothetical states or actions, feelings, comm ands, suggestions,
or wishes. The subjunctive is used in a dependent clause intro
duced by a conjunction, m ost frequently que (except in sentences
with talvez and in indirect commands). In Portuguese, there are
present, imperfect, and future forms o f the subjunctive, as well as
com pound forms.
There are seven verbs that have irregular forms and do n ot follow
the above rule.
378 C o m p l e t e B r a z il ia n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e B asics
Eu quero que ele venha cedo. I want him to come early (lit., I want
that he comes early).
N ós esperamos que elesfaçam. isto. We hope that they do this.
0 que você quer que eu diga? W hat do you want me to say?
Aconselho que você vá lá. I advise you to go there.
Sinto muito que ela não possa vir. I am very sorry that she can’t come.
Estou contente que ela venha. I am happy that she is coming.
Estou com medo que ela não venha. I’m afraid she won’t come.
Lamento que ela não venha. I regret that she can’t come.
É pouco provável que ele ofaça. It’s hardly probable that he will do it.
É importante que tragamos It’s important that we bring money.
dinheiro.
É melhor que ela nãofume. It’s better that she not smoke.
É necessário que você me ajude. It’s necessary that you help me.
É preferível, que ele nãofume. It’s preferable that he not smoke.
The subjunctive is also used when the antecedent o f the word que
is n o t known. Words such as alguém, ninguém, nenhum, um, etc.
380 C o m p l e t e B r a z il ia n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e B a s ic s
imply indefinite things, and because there is doubt, the subjunc
tive is needed.
Não conheço nenhum hotel que I don’t know any hotel that is
seja mais barato. cheaper.
H á alguém aqui que possa me Is there anyone here who could help
ajudar? me?
Quero um livro que me explique I want a book that will explain this to
isto. me.
embora. .. although . . .
se bem que . . . although, even i f . . .
ainda que .. . although, even i f . . „
nem que . . . even i f . . .
mesmo que. .. even i f . . .
antes que . .. before . . .
até que. .. u n til . . .
sem que. . . w ithout. . .
a menos que .. . unless . . .
para que . . . in order to
a fim de que .. . in order to . . .
de maneira que. . . so th a t.. .
Embora não tenha dinheiro, irei. Although I don’t have any money, •
I’ll go.
In the future subjunctive, there is just one set o f endings for all
the conjugations. The form is also derived by rem oving the let
ters -ram from the third person plural o f the preterite and by
adding the endings -r, (-res), -r, -rmos, (-rdes), -rem.
eufalar nósfalarmos
(tuf alares) (vosfalardes)
você ele, elafalar vocês eles, elasfalarem
384 C o m p l e t e B r a z il ia n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e B a sics
Eufaço isto se tiver tempo. I do this if I have time.
Eu dou o livro para ele quando I will give the book to him when I
puder. can.
Vocêpode vir comigo se tiver You can come with me if you have
tempo. time.
Compro se quiser. I’ll buy (it) if I want to.
Venha quando puder. Come when you can.
After quando (when), assim que/logo que (as soon as), and depois que
(after), the past subjunctive is used only if the verb in the m ain
clause is the conditional tense. Rem ember that the statem ent
m ust imply a hypothesis in order for the subjunctive to be used.
Eu lhe compraria (comprar-lhe-ia) I’d buy you the car if I had the
o carro quando tivesse dinheiro. money. (I didn’t buy it.)
Ele nãoficaria aqui depois que He would not stay here after your
você chegasse. arrival, (hypothesis)
However, if the verb in the m ain clause is the simple past, those
words m ust be followed by a tense in the indicative m ood be
cause the clause expresses an accepted fact and no longer a hy
pothesis.
-50. S E Q U E N C E O F T E N S E S
II the m ain verb is in the present or future, the subjunctive, if re
quired, will be in the present if its time is present or future.
31. T H E IN F IN IT IV E
Portuguese has two types o f infinitives: impersonal and personal
The impersonal infinitive is used in m ost cases calling for an in
finitive. Practically all infinitives end in -ar (first conjugation)
falar (to speak), -er (second conjugation): comer (to eat), or -ir
(third conjugation): partir (to leave). There is just one verb that
ends in -or: pôr (to put), and it is n o t considered to be one conju
gation by itself but instead belongs to the second conjugation
(-er). The same is true o f com pound verbs form ed from it: compôr
(to compose), supôr (to suppose), impôr (to impose), opôr (to op
pose), etc.
eufalar nósfalarmos
(tufalares) (vósfalardes)
386 C o m p l e te B r a z i l i a n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e B a s ic s
vocêfalar vocêsfalarem
ele/elafalar eles/elasfalarem
Ela pede para que nósfiquemos She is asking us to stay a little longer.
mais um pouco.
É necessário que nós digamos i It’s necessary that we say and do this.
façamos isto.
É necessário nós dizermos e It’s necessary for us to say and do
fazermos isto. that.
Era preciso que vocêsfossem It was necessary that you go and do
lá e comprassem, isto. this.
Era preciso vocês irem lá e She needs you to go there and buy
comprarem isto. this.
N ote that with regular verbs, the future subjunctive and persona
infinitive have the same forms.
Depois que nósfalarmos com ele, After we talk to him, we will leave.
vamos sair.
Depois de nósfalarmos com ele, After we talk to him, we will leave.
vamos sair.
388 C o m p l e t e B r a z il ia n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e Ba sics
É preciso que nós estudemos. It’s necessary for us to study.
É preciso nós estudarmos. It’s necessary for us to study.
Eu fu i lá sem que ela soubesse. I went there without her knowing it.
Eu fu i lá sem ela saber. I went there without her knowing it.
Vouficar aqui até que eles I’m going to stay here until they
cheguem. arrive.
Vouficar aqui até eles chegarem. I’m going to stay here until they
arrive.
3 2 . THE CONDITIONAL
The present conditional is formed by adding the endings -ia, -ias,
-ia, -tamos, -ieis, and -iam to the infinitives o f all three conjuga
tions.
The verbs dizer, fazer, and trazer add these endings to a shortened
stem: diria,faria, traria, etc.
The conditional is used to express the future from a past point,
usually translated as “w ould” plus the m eaning o f the verb.
Seriam oito horas, quando ele It was probably eight o’clock when he
chegou. arrived.
Que horas seriam quando ele What time could it have been (I
chegou? wonder what time it was) when he
arrived?
33. C O N D IT IO N A L SENTENC ES
C onditional sentences have two parts, the conditional, or “if’
clause, and the conclusion. A simple condition can be expressed
with both verbs in the indicative. Sometimes the “if” clause is
equivalent to “w hen” or “whenever.”
390 C o m p l e t e B r a z il ia n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e B a sics
W hen the “if” clause expresses a simple condition (not a doubt
ful one) in the future, the future subjunctive is used in the “if”
clause and the future indicative (or the present indicative) is used
in the conclusion.
The following verbs have irregular com m and forms. Note that
querer (to want) is used to soften the imperative, meaning
“please.”
3 9 2 C o m p l e t e B r a z il ia n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e Ba s ic s
Verbs ending in -çar change the ç to c before the ending -e.
But in the negative, the pronoun comes before the verb. Also in Brazil, the verb querer (or poder) followed by an infinitive
is often used as an alternative to soften a request. Poder is more
Não o traga ao meu lar. Don’t bring him to my home. <om m only used in Portugal than querer.
Não o tragam. Don’t bring it.
Não lhes mostre. Don’t show them. Vocêpode virar à esquerda, por Turn to the left, please?
favor?
Here are some other examples o f comm ands. Oner me dar um café, porfavor? Give me a (cup of) coffee, please?
Vocêpode esperar láfora, por Wait outside, please?
Escreva-o. Write it. favor?
Escute! Listen! Você quer repetir mais uma vez, Repeat (it) once more, please?
Termine tudo. Finish everything. porfavor?
Não venha antes das cinco. Don’t come before five.
Não lhe diga isto. Don’t tell him/her this. II may be helpful to understand another com m on expression: vê
Dê-lhe o troco. Give her/him the change. se você. In inform al conversation, for stronger emphasis, these
Traga-nos um café. Bring us a (cup of) coffee. words denote m ore the sense o f a com m and than that o f a re-
quest. The tone o f voice in which the words are said will reveal
Peça-lheparaficar. Ask him to stay.
t h a n as a com m and w ithout sounding like an order.
Deite-se cedo. Go to bed early.
\ r .vcvocê chega cedo. (for Make sure you get there early.
In informal, conversational style, the third person singular o f the ( hegue. . . )
present indicative is used as the imperative. In this way, the “for*
í Vsc vocês nãofazem barulho. Don’t make noise.
mal” com m and is more grammatically correct, whereas the ill
(t<n Nãofaçam. . . )
dicative used as an imperative is preferred in Brazil as a kind o{
1Vse não gasta muito. Don’t spend too much.
“soft” com m and. O ne will hear this form am ong Brazilians in alj
m ost all inform al situations. ((■>r Não gaste. . . )
\ c sc me deixa em paz. (for Leave me alone.
Fala com ele. (for Fale. . . ) Talk to him. l kixe-me. . . )
Vai lá. (for V á . ..) Go there.
Dá um café, porfavor, (for Give (us, me) a coffee, please. S5. PARTICIPLES
D ê...) fhc present participle is form ed by adding -ndo to the infinitive
Fica quieto, (for Fique. . . ) Be quiet. minus the final -r.
falando-nos speaking to us
escrevendo-lbe writing to him
vendo-o seeing him
Vou estar (te) ligando mais tarde. I am going to be calling you later.
Vamos estar conversando amanhã. We are going to be talking tomorrov
.196 C o m p l e t e B r a z il ia n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e B a s ic s
-ar -er -ir
falar to speak aprender to learn partir to leave
falado spoken aprendido learned partido left
Although b oth forms are used, there is a tendency for the regular
form to be favored as the past participle o f the perfect tenses
(with haver) and for the shortened form to be favored as an adjec
tive.
36 . PROGRESSIVE TENSES
The Portuguese progressive tenses are form ed with the present
participle and the tenses o f estar (although other verbs, such as ir,
may also be used as the auxiliary verb).
The passive voice is used the same way as in English. Very often,
however, Portuguese uses se to express the passive.
3 8 . TO BE
Ser and estar both m ean “to be” in Portuguese. In general, ser in
dicates a characteristic or perm anent state, and estar indicates a
tem porary condition or state. However, one should note the dif
ferent uses o f these verbs.
398 C o m p l e t e B r a z il ia n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e Ba s ic s
ser estar
eu sou eu estou I am
(tu és) (tu estás) you are (familiar)
o senhor é o senhor está you are (masc.)
a senhora é a senhora está you are (fem.)
você é você está you are
ele é ele está he is
ela é ela está she is
nós somos nós estamos we are
(vós sois) (vós estais) (you are)
os senhores são os senhores estão you are
as senhoras são as senhoras estão you are
vocês são vocês estão you are
eles são eles estão they are
elas são elas estão they are
It indicates possession.
É tarde. It is late.
É cedo. It is early.
Épossível. It is possible.
É pena. It’s a pity.
Não éverdade? Isn’t it so?
400 C o m p l e t e B r a z il ia n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e Ba s ic s
listar expresses position or location.
P e r s o n a l I n f in it iv e
falar aprender partir
(falares) (aprenderes) (partires)
falar aprender partir
falarmos aprendermos partirmos
(falardes) (aprenderdes) (partirdes)
falarem aprenderem partirem
Pa s t I n f in it iv e
terfalado ter aprendido terpartido
to have spoken to have learned to have left
P r e s e n t Pa r t ic ip l e
falando aprendendo partindo
speaking learning leaving
Pa s t Pa r t ic ip l e
falado spoken aprendido learned partido left
P resent I n d ic a t iv e
falo aprendo parto
(falas) (aprendes) (partes)
402 C o m p le te B r a z i l i a n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e B a s ic s
fala aprende parte
falamos aprendemos partimos
(falais) (aprendeis) (partis)
lidam aprendem partem
Im perfect I n d ic a t iv e
falava aprendia partia
(falavas) (aprendias) (partias)
falava aprendia partia
falávamos aprendíamos partíamos
(faláveis) (aprendíeis) (partíeis)
falavam aprendiam partiam
P r e t e r it e ( S im ple Pa st)
falei aprendi parti
(falaste) (aprendeste) (partiste)
Jalou aprendeu partiu
falamos (falámos) aprendemos partimos
(fàlastes) (aprendestes) (partistes)
falaram aprenderam partiram
Fu tu re
falarei aprenderei partirei
(falarás) (aprenderás) (partirás)
falará aprenderá partirá
falaremos aprenderemos partiremos
(falareis) (aprendereis) (partireis)
falarão aprenderão partirão
fa la r ia a p re n d e ria p a r tir ia
fa la r ia a p re n d eria p a r tir ia
fa la r ía m o s a p re n d ería m o s p a r tir ía m o s
fa la r ia m a p re n d e ria m p a r tir ia m
P resent P erfect
ten h o + fa la d o a p re n d id o p a r tid o
(te n s) + fa la d o a p re n d id o p a r tid o
tem + fa la d o a p re n d id o p a r tid o
tem o s + fa la d o a p re n d id o p a r tid o
(ten d es) + fa la d o a p re n d id o p a r tid o
têm + fa la d o a p re n d id o p a r tid o
P lu perfect (C o m po un d )
tin h a + fa la d o a p re n d id o p a r tid o
(tin h a s) + fa la d o a p re n d id o p a r tid o
tin h a + fa la d o a p re n d id o p a r tid o
tín h a m o s + fa la d o a p re n d id o p a r tid o
(tín h e is) + fa la d o a p re n d id o p a r tid o
tin h a m + fa la d o a p re n d id o p a r tid o
P l u p e r f e c t (S im ple)
404 C o m p l e t e B r a z il ia n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e B a s ic s
Note that the simple pluperfect has the same m eaning as the
com pound pluperfect, but it is m ore a literary tense and is rarely
used in conversation.
Fu tu re P erfect
terei + fillcldi) aprendido partido
(terás) + falado aprendido partido
terá + falado aprendido partido
teremos + falado aprendido partido
(tereis) + falado aprendido partido
terão + falado aprendido partido
C o n d it io n a l P erfect
teria + falado aprendido partido
(terias) + falado aprendido partido
teria + falado aprendido partido
teríamos + falado aprendido partido
(teríeis) + falado aprendido partido
teriam + falado aprendido partido
P r e s e n t S u b ju n c t iv e
fale aprenda parta
(fales) (aprendas) (partas)
fale aprenda parta
falemos aprendamos partamos
(faleis) (aprendais) (partais)
falem aprendam partam
Im perfect S u b ju n c t iv e
falasse aprendesse partisse
(falasses) (aprendesses) (partisses)
falasse aprendesse partisse
F u t u r e S u b ju n c t iv e
falar aprender partir
(falares) (aprenderes) (partires)
falar aprender partir
falarmos aprendermos partirmos
(falardes) (aprenderdes) (partirdes)
falarem aprenderem partirem
P resent P e r f e c t S u b ju n c t iv e
tenha + falado aprendido partido
(tenhas) + falado aprendido partido
tenha + falado aprendido partido
tenhamos + falado aprendido partido
(tenhais) + falado aprendido partido
tenham + falado aprendido partido
P l u p e r f e c t S u b ju n c t iv e
tivesse + falado aprendido partido
(tivesses) + falado aprendido partido
tivesse + falado aprendido partido
tivéssemos + falado aprendido partido
(tivésseis) + falado aprendido partido
tivessem + falado aprendido partido
R a d ic a l - C h a n g in g Verbs
The sounds o f vowels vary in Portuguese, with open and closed
qualities for the same vowel, as well as other variations. Certain
406 C o m p l e t e B r a z il ia n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e B a s ic s
verbs in Portuguese have variations in the stem (or radical). O nly
some o f these changes, with a few sample verbs, are given here.
Unless otherwise indicated, the change given pertains to those
forms o f the verb in which the stress falls on the last vowel o f the
stem: all three singular forms, and the third person plural, o f the
present indicative and o f the present subjunctive. For conve
nience, we’ll call these the eu, tu, você, and vocês forms.
-ar verbs
(open e)
levar to take away
secar to dry
(open o)
cortar to cut
escovar to brush
jogar to play (a game)
morar to dwell, to live
notar to note
voltar to return
(e changes to ei)
cear to eat supper
estrear to use, to wear for the first time
passear to take a walk or ride
recear to fear
(i changes to ei)
odiar to hate
remediar to remedy
-ir verbs
40 8 C o m plete B r a z il ia n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e Ba s ic s
mentir to lie
sentir to feel, to be sorry
S p e l l in g C h a n g e s in V erbs
abastecer to supply
acontecer to happen
412 C o m p l e t e B r a z il ia n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e B asics
Here are some o f the other verbs in -ger.
Verbs ending in -gir have the same changes as verbs ending in -ger.
Here are some o f these verbs.
crguer to raise
conseguir to obtain
cxtinguir (x = sh) to extinguish
I'crseguir to pursue
seguir to follow
4 0 . IRREGULAR VERBS
Some o f the irregular verbs in Portuguese are shown below. Only
tenses that have irregular forms are given. Verbs with only radical
changes or orthographic changes are n o t given. Imperative form ■,
are not listed. Irregular participles are indicated.
414 C o m plete B r a z il ia n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e Ba s ic s
Fut. Subj.: couber, couberes, couber, coubermos,
couberdes, couberem
4 16 C o m p l e t e B r a z il ia n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e B a s ic s
Eleger (to elect)
Ir (to go)
418 C o m p l e t e B r a z il ia n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e Ba s ic s
Ler (to read)
Note: Compor and other verbs formed from pôr have the same ir
regularities as pôr.
420 C o m p l e t e B r a z il ia n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e B a sics
Pres. Subj.: queira, queiras, queira, queiramos,
queirais, queiram
Pret. Ind.: quis, quiseste, quis, quisemos,
quisestes, quiseram
Past Perf. Ind.: quisera, quiseras, quisera, quiséramos,
quiséreis, quiseram
Impf. Subj.: quisesse, quísesses, quisesse, quiséssemos,
quisésseis, quisessem
Fut. Subj.: quiser, quiseres, quiser, quisermos,
quiserdes, quiserem
422 C o m p l e t e B r a z il ia n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e Ba sics
Note: Conter and other verbs formed from ter have the same irreg
ularities as ter.
4 24 C o m p l e t e B r a z il ia n P o r t u g u e s e : T h e B a s ic s
LEARN BRAZILIAN PORTUGUESE IN
4 SIMPLE STEPS.
W o rd s , p h ra s e s , s e n te n c e s , c o n v e r s a tio n s : s p e a k B ra z ilia n P o rtu g u e s e
w it h c o n f id e n c e r ig h t f r o m t h e s t a r t w ith o u r s im p le f o u r - s t e p b u ild
in g b lo c k a p p r o a c h . If y o u 'r e c o n f id e n t in y o u r p r o n u n c ia tio n , th e n
t h is c o u r s e b o o k in c lu d e s e v e r y th in g y o u n e e d —v o c a b u la ry , g ra m m a r,
f o u r h o u rs o f r e c o r d in g s in c lu d e d in th e L iv in g L a n g u a g e ® C o m p le te
B r a z ilia n P o r tu g u e s e : T h e B a s ic s c o m p a c t d is c p a c k a g e , w h ic h in
c lu d e s a h a n d y le a r n e r ’s d ic tio n a r y .
T h is c o m p r e h e n s iv e c o u r s e b o o k in c lu d e s :
4 0 s te p -b y -s te p le s s o n s
P r a c tic a l v o c a b u la r y a n d a u t h e n tic
e v e ry d a y usa g e
S im p le e x p la n a t io n s a n d p le n ty o f e x a m p le s
S u p p le m e n ta l v o c a b u la r y a n d in te r n e t
r e s o u rc e s
A n e x te n s iv e g r a m m a r r e fe r e n c e s e c tio n
A
D esign by S o p h ie Ye C h in