The design of an isolated rigid

footing

Name: Lazaroiu Anamaria

Student Number: 15
Year: 3RD
Group: 2

1
 Table of Contents

A. WRITTEN PARTS:

Introduction ................................................................................ page 3

I. Input data………………………………................................. page 4
II. Pre-dimensioning …………………………………………... page 6
II.1 Minimum and maximum pressures…………………. ……. page 7
II.2. Pre-dimensioning checks …………………………………. page 9
III. Check at Serviceability limit state ………………………… page 15
III.1. Check of the plastic pressure ……………………………. page 15
III.2. Check of the effective settlement………………………… page 17
IV. Check at Ultimate limit state (ULS …………………………page 21
IV.1 Bearing capacity in undrained conditions………………… page 22
IV.2Bearing capacity in drained conditions……………………. page 23
IV.2.1Bearing capacity in drained conditions………………… page 26
V. Dimensioning of components the foundation………………. page 29
VI. Reinforcing the bearing of the foundation…………………. page 32

B. DRAWN PARTS

1. Sketch for the settlement computations (1:50)

2. Horizontal and vertical cross-sections (1:20)
3. Reinforcement details (1:20)

The assignment will contain:

A. Written parts
determination of soil characteristic values by statistical analysis to NP 122:2010
preliminary design of foundation based on prescriptive design method described in NP
122:2013
SLS check -settlement computation
ULS check -bearing capacity
reinforcement design
B. Drawn parts
sketch for settlement computation (1:50)
design drawings: horizontal and vertical cross + sections+ reinforcement details (1:20)

2
4.

Introduction
The purpose of our assignment is to design an isolated footing for a reinforced
concrete column of an industrial building.
General information
Isolated footings are commonly used for shallow foundations in order to carry and
spread concentrated loads, caused for example by columns or pillars. Isolated
footings can consist either of reinforced or non-reinforced material. For the non-
reinforced footing however, the height of the footing has to be bigger in order to
provide the necessary spreading of load.
In simple isolated footing, base of uniform depth is provided. In sloped footing,
base of uniformly sloping downward pattern is provided. In stepped footing, base is
constructed in steps to distribute the load uniformly to the foundation soil.
The below figure shows the isolated footing.

3
4
 I. Input data
The input data for each student will vary according to his/her student number, group
number and last digit of the year.
The students with an odd student number will have a rigid foundation while the ones
with an even student number will have an elastic foundation.

N s  15
Gr  2
Ua  9

Characteristic combination
 
Pd.1  400  15 Ua  4 Gr  20 Ns kN

Pd.1  843 kN


Hd.1  5  0.5 Gr  0.5 Ns kN 
Hd.1  13.5 kN

 
Ed.1  30  5 Gr  2 N s kN m

Ed.1  70 kN m

Fundamental Combination

 
Pd.f  550  20 Ua  5 Gr  25 N s kN
3
Pd.f  1.115  10 kN


Hd.f  4  2 Gr  0.5 Ns kN 
Hd.f  15.5 kN

 
Ed.f  40  5 Gr  5 Ns kN m

Ed.f  125 kN m

5
 Seismic Combination

 
Pd.s  400  10 Ua  5 Gr  20 N s kN

Pd.s  800 kN

 
Hd.s  70  1 Gr  5 N s kN

Hd.s  147 kN

 
Ed.s  300  10 Ua  10 Gr  25 N s kN m

Ed.s  785 kN m

The soil description is given in the borehole log number ((Ns/5)+1), the integer value will be
taken.
15
Bnum  1 4
5
N s  15
My student number is 15 hence I will design a rigid foundation with one or two steps.

Where Pd,i is the vertical force

Hd, i is the horizontal force
Ed, i is the bending moment

6
7
 II. Pre-dimensioning

A. Establish the foundation depth based on the following criteria

Df HF is the freezing depth

≥ HF +0.2 m
HGFL - depth of the good foundation layer
HGFL +0.3...0.5 m
GWT -groundwater table
GWT

HF  0.9m
GWT  6m

HF.1  HF  0.2m  1.1 m

HGFL  1m

HGFL.1  HGFL  0.5m  1.5 m

Df >= max (HF.1, HGFL)

Df  1.5m
The groundwater table located below our foundation will not be reached and no
special measures in order to protect the footing from this point of view will be
provided.
B. Preliminary design of the foundation dimensions

The starting point of the preliminary design is based on the following ratio L/B=1,1....1,5

I choose L  4m

B  3.5m
L
 1.143
B
2
The area A  LB  14m
2
BL
The strength modulus W 
6
3
W  9.333m

8
II.1Computations of max and min pressure at the base of the foundation

kN
 av  20 3
m
Wf   av LBDf  420 kN

Characteristic Combination

Pd.1  843 kN

3
Vd.1  Pd.1  Wf  1.263  10 kN

Md.1  Ed.1  Hd.1 Df  90.25 kN m

Fundamental Combination
3
Pd.f  1.115  10 kN

Vd.f  Pd.f  Wf
3
Vd.f  1.535  10 kN

Md.f  Ed.f  Hd.f Df  148.25 kN m

Seismic Combination

Pd.s  800 kN

3
Vd.s  Pd.s  Wf  1.22  10 kN
3
Md.s  Ed.s  Hd.s Df  1.006  10 kN m

Characteristic combination

Vd.1 Md.1
pmax  
A W
kN
pmax  99.884 
2
m

9
 Vd.1 Md.1
pmin  
A W
kN
pmin  80.545 
2
m

Fundamental combination

Vd.f Md.f
pmax.f  
A W
kN
pmax.f  125.527 
2
m
Vd.f Md.f
pmin.f  
A W
kN
pmin.f  93.759 
2
m

Seismic combination

Vd.s Md.s
pmax.s  
A W
kN
pmax.s  194.875 
2
m
Vd.s Md.s
pmin.s  
A W
kN
pmin.s  20.589 
2
m

10
II.2 Checks. Checking if the conditions for pre-dimensioning are fulfilled
2
Ac  A  14 m h1  1m h2  0.5m

Df  1.5 m
kN kN
 1  17.5 3
 2  17.6 3
m m
where γ 1 is the unit weight of the infill layer
γ 2 is the unit weight of the silty clay layer
h1 is the height of the infill layer
h2 is the height of the silty clay layer
The value for pconvprime is found out through interpolation as represented in the table below:

kN
pconvprime  303.5
2
m
For B<= 5m

k  0.05 for cohesive soils

( B  1m)
CB  pconvprimek 
m
kN
CB  37.938 
2
m

h1  1  h2  2 kN
 unit   17.533 
 h1  h2  m
3

D  2m

11
 CD  pconvprime
 Df  2m
4m
kN
CD  37.938 
2
m
kN
pconv  pconvprime  CB  CD  303.5 
2
m
where pconv is the conventional pressure

Pre-dimensioning condition

Fundamental combination
1.Minimum pressure
kN
pmin.f  93.759 
2
m
pmin.f  0 Checked
2. Maximum pressure
kN
pmax.f  125.527 
2
m
kN
pconv.f  1.2 pconv  364.2 
2
m
pmax.f  pconv.f
Checked
3. Economical condition
pmax.f
   0.345
1.2 pconv

  90% Which is not checked

I will dimension again the foundation and I will take the following values:
L  2.4m 2
BL 3
W   3.36 m
B  1.9m 6
2 L
A  LB  4.56m  1.263
B

12
 ( B  1m)
CB  pconvprimek 
1m
kN
CB  13.657 
2
m
kN
CD  37.938 
2
m
kN
pconv  pconvprime  CB  CD  279.22 
2
m
1. Minimum pressure check

W1   av BLDf  136.8 kN

3
Vd.f  Pd.f  W1  1.252  10 kN
Vd.f Md.f kN
pmin    230.396 
A W 2
m
2. Maximum pressure check

Vd.f Md.f kN
pmax.f    318.64 
A W 2
m
kN
pconv.f  pconv 1.2  335.064 
2
m

pmax.f  pconv.f Checked

3. Economical Condition
pmax.f
   0.951
pconv.f

Checked
90%    100%
4. Eccentricity check

Md.f
eL   0.118 m
Vd.f

13
 2
 eL 
   2.435  10 3
L

2
 eL  1 1
   ;  0.111 eL is the eccentricity in the longitudinal direction
L 9 9
This check is an additional check because if the first check is fulfilled then the eccentricity
will be automatically checked since pmin =0 means that no tension stresses are developed at
the base of the foundation.

Seismic combination
1. The maximum pressure
2 L  2.4m B  1.9m
A  4.56m
5 3
W1  1.368  10 N W  3.36m
3
Md.s  Ed.s  Hd.s Df  1.006  10 kN m

Vd.s  Pd.s  W1  936.8 kN

Md.s
eL   1.073 m
Vd.s

 
Ac  1.5 L  2eL B  0.722 m
2

Vd.s Md.s 3 kN
pmax.s    1.597  10 
Ac W 2
m
kN
pconv.s  1.4 pconv  390.908 
2
m
pmax.s  pconv.s Not checked

Since this condition is not meet, I will dimension again the base of the foundation
L  3.7m

B  3.3m
2
A  LB  12.21m

2
BL 3
W   7.529 m
6 14
 L
 1.121
B
( B  1m) kN
CB  pconvprimek   34.903 
1m 2
m

CD  pconvprime

Df  2m 
 37.938 
kN
4m 2
m
kN
pconv  pconvprime  CB  CD  300.465 
2
m
3
Md.s  1.006  10 kN m

W1   av BLDf  366.3 kN

3
Vd.s  Pd.s  W1  1.166  10 kN
Md.s
eL   0.862 m
Vd.s

 
Ac  1.5  L  2eL B  9.78 m
2

Vd.s Md.s kN
pmax.s    252.796 
Ac W 2
m
kN
pconv.s  1.4 pconv  420.651 
2
m
pmax.s  pconv.s
2. The minimum pressure

Vd.s Md.s kN
pmin.s    14.287 
Ac W 2
m
3. The economic condition
pmax.s
   0.601
pconv.s

90%    100% Not Checked

15
This condition is fulfilled only in fundamental combination where the loads applied are smaller
than in the seismic combination. We cannot have an economic foundation when the loads
applied require a surface larger than the one provided by the economic condition.

4. Eccentricity check
2
 eL 
   0.054
L
2
 eL  1 1
   ;  0.111
L 9 9
Where eL is the eccentricity along the length of the foundation

5. The compressed area check

 
Ac  1.5  L  2 eL B  9.78 m
2

2
0.75A  9.157m

Ac  0.75 A Checked

Where Ac is the compressed area

6. The reduced area check

 
Aprime  L  2 eL B  6.52 m
2

2
0.5A  6.105m

Aprime  0.5 A Checked

16
 III. Check at Serviceability limit state
The computations at the serviceability limit state will be done with the characteristic
combination and the partial coefficient of resistance for the soils, γ M, will be equal to 1.
During this step 2 checks will be performed and the following conditions should be
satisfied:
the average pressure developed on the base of the foundation should be less or equal with
the plastic pressure;
the displacement of the structure should be less or equal with the allowable displacement.

III.1. Check of the plastic pressure

pef.av  ppl

Pd.1  843 kN

kN
 av  20 3
m
3
V  BLDf  18.315 m

Wf   av V  366.3 kN

Vd.1  Pd.1  Wf
3
Vd.1  1.209  10 kN
2
A  12.21m
Vd.1 kN
pef.av   99.042 
A 2
m
For the structures without basement, as in our case, the plastic pressure is computed with
the following relationship:
ppl = m1*(γ unit*B*N1 +q*N2+c*N3) kPa
where m1 is a coefficient which is taking into account work conditions;
γ unit.pond is the weighted average of the weight of the soils layers which are below
the foundation at a depth of B/4 from the flange of the foundation ,(kN/m3);
B is the width of the flange, (m);
q is the surcharge at the level of the flange, placed lateral with respect to the
foundation, (kN/m2);
c is the cohesion corresponding to the soil layer below the foundation, (kPa);
N1, N2, N3 are non-dimensional taken in function of friction angle of the soil below
the foundation.

17
In my case
m1  1.4
B
 0.825 m
4
Below my foundation there is only one soil layer, silty clay.
kN
 unit.pond  17.6 3
m
B  3.3m
kN
 infill 17.5 3
h1  1 m
m
kN
 current.layer  17.6 3
m
kN
 
q   infillh1   current.layer Df  h1  26.3 
2
m
Shear parameters corresponding to the soil layer below the foundation
Soil layer: Silty Clay
  12°
c  2kPa

From the table 3.3 it results that

For   12°
N 1  0.23
N 2  1.94
N 3  4.42

ppl  m1   unit.pondBN 1  q N 2  c N 3 
kN
ppl  102.509 
2
m
kN
pef.av  99.042 
2
m
pef.av  ppl Checked

18
 III.2. Check of the effective settlement

 eff   allw ;  allw  20mm

In order to compute the compaction of the foundation it is necessary to know the elastic
modulus, Es, of each layer of soil which is inside of the active zone. These values will be
taken based on the oedometric elastic modulus, Eoed, as follows:
Es = Eoed * M0
where M0 is a correction factor used for passing from the oedometric elastic modulus to the
elastic modulus, it is taken based on the Table 3.4;
Eoed is the design value of the oedometric elastic modulus for a certain layer, which
can be
determined in the interval of pressures contained between the geological stress
developped at the level of the sample (σ gz) and the average pressure which appear
in the compressed layer due to loading of the foundation (σ gz + σ zav), in kPa.
In our case we will not use the oedometric curve. We will assume that the oedometric
elastic modulus is constant. In order for this assumption to be valid we will have to impose
and consider that the layer of soil analyzed corresponds to only one type of soil and to plot
the variation of the stress.
The method used is based on the strip method, elementary strips.

M0  1.2

19
 Computations of the net pressure
Based on the characteristic combination
3
Vd.1  1.209  10 kN
2
A  12.21m
Vd.1 kN pav.eff is the effective average pressure at the base of
pav.eff   99.042 
A 2 the foundation due the loadings coming from
m
kN characteristic combination
q  26.3 
2
m
kN
pnet  pav.eff  q  72.742 
2
m
L
 1.121
B
The layer below the base of the footing is divided in multiple elementary strips which will
have the height equal with 0.4B. The stress corresponding to each strip will decrease with α
0, where α 0 is the distribution coefficient of the vertical stresses, in the center of the
foundation. The distribution coefficient is taken with respect to the ratio’s z/B and L/B, its
values are computed through linear interpolation.

B  3.3m
0.4B  1.32m represents the maximum width of a strip
I choose to divide the soil below the foundation base in multiple strips with a width of 0.5
m which satisfy the conditions, hi<=0.4B and a strip belongs to only one type of soil .The
soil will be divided until the lower limit of the active zone is reached, which means that the
following condition is fulfilled σ z0 <0.2*σ g(z0).The average pressure for each strip is
represented by the arithmetic mean between the upper limit pressure and lower limit
pressure.
Formulae used in order to compute the settlement
σ z=α 0*pnet
where σ z is the vertical stress caused by the net pressure transferred by the base of the
foundation;
α 0 is the distribution coefficient of the vertical stresses, in the center of the
foundation,
for uniformly distributed pressures on the base of the foundation;

20
 The absolute settlement
(1). Δ eff = β *Σ ni=1(σ z,iav * hi)/Es,i
where β is a correction coeffiecient, β =0.8;
σ z,iav is the average pressure in a strip i, (kPa) ;
(2) .σ z,iav = ( σ z,iupp +σ z,ilow)/2
σ z,iupp is the vertical stress at the upper limit, (kPa);
σ z,ilow is the vertical stress at the lower limit, (kPa);
hi is the width of a elementary strip i, (m);
Es,i is the elastic modulus corresponding to an elementary strip i,
(kPa);
n is the number of elementary strips contained in the active zone.

The active zone is delimited by the following condition:

(3). σ z0 <0.2*σ g(z0)

where σ z0 is the vertical stress produced by pnet at the depth z0 in
kPa;
σ g(z0) is the geological stress of the soil at the depth z0 in
kPa.
The computations for the interpolation are represented in the tables attached here.
Based on the first computations it results that the effective settlement is larger than
the allowable settlement.

I will dimension the foundation, taking the following values:

L  4.7m
L
B  3.4m  1.382
B
Pd.1  843 kN
kN
 av  20  3
m
2
A  LB  15.98m
3
V  LBDf  23.97 m

Wf   av V  479.4 kN
3
Vd.1  Pd.1  Wf  1.322  10 kN

21
22
 Vd.1 kN
peff.av   82.753 
A 2
m
kN
q  26.3 
2
m
kN
pnet  peff.av  q  56.453 
2
m
After dimensioning the foundation, we will perform the computations for the effective
settlement. After the computations are performed it results that the condition from above is
fulfilled.

 allw  20mm

 eff  19.38mm

 eff   allw

23
IV. Check at Ultimate limit state (ULS)
Bearing Capacity

The check for the ultimate limit state is performed taking into account the loads coming
from fundamental and seismic combination and the partial factors, γ M, will depend on the
approach used.
In our case the check will be performed only for the seismic combination and the
approach used is Ap1, Combination 2.
The check of the bearing capacity implies the following condition:

Vd  Rd
where Vd is the design value of the total vertical load applied at the base of the
foundation;
Rd is the design value of the bearing capacity.
For cohesive soils the bearing capacity will be checked in 2 situations:
drained;
undrained.
Total vertical force

Dimensions
L  4.7m

B  3.4m
L
Pd.s  800 kN  1.382
B
2
A  LB  15.98m
2
BL 3
W   12.518 m
6
kN
 av  20  3
m
3
V  BDf L  23.97 m

Wf  V  av  479.4 kN

24
 3
Vd.s  Pd.s  Wf  1.279  10 kN
3
Vd  Vd.s  1.279  10 kN

IV.1 Bearing capacity in undrained conditions

3
Md.s  1.006  10 kN m
Md.s
eL   0.786 m
Vd.s

eB  0m

L1  L  2 eL  3.128 m

B1  B  2 eB  3.4 m
2
Aprime  L1 B1  10.636 m Aprime is the effective area
cu is the cohesion in undrained conditions
cu  15kPa

The base(flange) of the foundation is horizontal hence:

bc  1   0 bc non-dimensional factor which takes into account the

bc  1  2  (   2)  1 inclination of the foundation

Shape of the foundation: rectangular

 B1 
sc  1  0.2    1.217
L
 1
Hd.s  147 kN

Aprimecu  159.537 kN

Hd.s  Aprimecu

1   Hd.s 
ic  1    0.98 ic is the non-dimensional factor which takes
2  A c
 prime u  into account the inclination of the vertical
force, Vd.s , produced by the lateral force
Hd.s

25
 kN
q1   av Df  30  q is the surcharge applied at the base of the
2 foundation
m
Rd.c.u  Aprime(   2) cubc sc ic  q1
 
3
Rd.c.u  1.298  10 kN

V  Rd.c.u Condition checked

IV.2Bearing capacity in drained conditions

kN
c  2
2 c is the cohesion in drained conditions
m
ϕ is the internal friction angle
  12°
2 t
Nq  e
  tan (  )    
 tan  45°     2.974
  2 

 
Nc  Nq  1 cot (  )  9.285


   6 °
2
 
N  2  Nq  1 tan (  )  0.415
Nq, NC, Nγ are non-dimensional coefficients corresponding to the bearing capacity

  0°
2
bq  ( 1   tan (  ) )

bq  1

b  1

bc  bq 
1  bq 1

Nc tan (  )

bq, bγ, bc are non-dimensional coefficients which depend on the inclination of the foundation

Shape of the foundation: rectangular

 B1 
sq  1    sin(  )  1.226
L
 1

26
  B1 
s  1  0.3    0.674
L
 1
sq Nq  1
sc   1.34
Nq  1
sq, sγ, sc are shape coefficients

The lateral force is acting in the direction of L1

  L1 
2   
mL 
  B1 
  L1  m  mL  1.521
1   
  B1 
m
 Hd.s 
iq  1    0.843
  d.s
V  Aprime  c  cot (  ) 
m 1
 Hd.s 
i  1    0.753
  Vd.s  Aprime  c  cot (  )


ic  iq 
 1  iq  0.763
Nc tan (  )

ic, iq, iγ are non-dimensional coefficients which take into account the inclination of the
vertical force produced by the lateral force

q  26.3kPa

kN 2
 prime  17.6 3
A1  Aprime  10.636 m
B1  3.4 m
m
p1   1 B1  59.5 kPa

27
 
Rd.c.u  A1  c Nc sc bc ic  q Nq bq sq iq  0.5 N b s i p1 
3
Rd.c.u  1.128  10 kN
3
Vd  1.279  10 kN
It results that this check is not fulfilled

I will dimension again the base of the foundation

L  4.9m B  3.5m

L
 1.4
B

28