INTRODUCTION

1.0 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Lecturers and administrators in most developing countries have had to come up with ways
to ensure a healthy participation from students, and make sure that the student-lecturer
interactive relationship is kept intact. This in some cases have come in simple forms like
roll calls, while in more interesting cases, can be formats like surprise quizzes, extra credit
in class, etc. These strategies are however time consuming, stressful and laborious because
the valuable lecture time that could otherwise been used for lectures is dedicated to student
attendance taking and sometimes not accurate Longe O.O.(2009).

Verification System or System Verification is a set of actions used to check

the correctness of any element, such as a system element, a system, a document, a service,
a task, a requirement, etc. These types of actions are planned and carried out throughout
the life cycle of the system. Verification is a generic term that needs to be instantiated
within the context it occurs. As a process, verification is a transverse activity to every life
cycle stage of the system (sebokwiki 2018).

RFID (radio frequency identification) is a technology that incorporates the use of

electromagnetic or electrostatic coupling in the radio frequency (RF) portion of the
electromagnetic spectrum to uniquely identify an object, animal, or person. An RFID
system consists of three components: an antenna and transceiver (often combined into one
reader) and a transponder (the tag). The antenna uses radio frequency waves to transmit a
signal that activates the transponder. When activated, the tag transmits data back to the
antenna. RFID technology differs from bar codes. RFID can read the tag using RF, meaning
that the RFID reader can be read from a distance, right through your clothes, wallet or
purse. Besides the RFID tag consist of unique ID for each tag. The technology used in
RFID has been around since the early 1920s. RFID is not actually a new technology; it only
quickly gained more attention recently because of its current low cost and advances in other
computing fields that open up more application areas. RFID combines radio frequency and
microchip technologies to create a smart system that can be used to identify, monitor,
secure and do object inventory. At their simplest, RFID systems use tiny chips called tags
that contain and transmit some piece of identifying information to an RFID reader, a device
that in turn can interface with computers Dawes A.T. (2004).

//I don’t think this is necessary Ma, is it?// In our country, this technology is less frequent
and the mostly use technology is the biometric systems using finger print. Our government
less applies this technology by using RFID as I.C (identification card). In some places of
our country, people prefer to use Barcode which is cheaper than RFID. Technology spread
very fast and in few years, the possibility that RFID replaces the barcode system will just
be a reality.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

(GENERAL VIEW OF TECHNOLOGY AND THEIR WEEKNESS)In Federal

Polytechnic Ilaro, attendance taking, student identity verification at school gate and during
examination actually takes a tedious process and it is usually time consuming which has in
certain cases caused student to appear in classes, examination hall later than usual. In some
cases, student have to file in queue to get accredited into an examination hall which might
cause stress build up and fear.

1.3 FOCUS OF THE STUDY

Judging by the cumbersome and strenuous methods of identifying students and tedious and
time consuming attendance taking session, this study will have it focus on minimizing time
resource which are wasted during this aforementioned process by

 Creating a system that use RFID to store user information in a card

 Collecting student’s data and store them in a database (Mysql server).
 Integrating a real-time clocking system that logs user identity alongside current time
(logging in and out of classes)
 Retrieving information stored in the database and
 Displaying current card status on a LED
2.1 RELATED WORKS

2.1.1 BARCODE TECHNOLOGY

The barcode system is a common type of time and attendance system through which the
efficiency of measuring and tracking students’ time could be increased to a great degree.
With the automation through barcode technology, the errors previously made in the manual
payroll or attendances are eliminated. Thus, the system provides high levels of accuracy
and reliability in tracking of student’s attendance. In addition, the costs associated with the
installation of the system are not too much relative to the cost of payroll or attendance
errors.

The implementation of the barcode system is easy. Every student is issued a badge/card in
which there is a barcode. To check into or out of the campus, the badge/card is swapped
on the time clock, and the data is captured by the clock. This data from the clock can be
downloaded by the manager or the administrator and then used for updating and
maintaining time and attendance records.

The Universal Product Code (UPC) is a unique 12-digit number assigned to retail
merchandise that identifies a product and the vendor. The Universal Product Code (UPC)
on a product typically appears adjacent to its barcode, the machine-readable representation
of the Universal Product Code (UPC). The UPC for a product is always the same. The first
six digits is the vendor unique identification number. All the products that the vendor sells
will have the same first six digits in their UPCs. The next five digits identify the product.
The last digit is called the check digit. This is used to verify that the UPC for that specific
product is correct.

Each time that UPC is read, typically by a scanner reading the barcode, a calculation is
done. And, if the check digit is different compared from the one that is calculated, then the
computer knows that there is something wrong with the UPC.
2.1.2 BIOMETRIC ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

This is the study of measurable biological characteristics. In computer security, biometrics

refers to authentication techniques that rely on measurable physical characteristics that can
be automatically checked. There are several types of biometric identification schemes
which include: retina, hand geometry, vein, voice etc. The computer uses any of these
biometric identification schemes to determine who you are, and based your identity
authorized your different level of access. Under this system, there is time and attendance
software that is paired with a time clock for employees which uses biometric technology
for authentication purposes. When these systems are in use, the employees can use their
finger prints for clocking in and clocking out. This method has the great benefit that the
entire process is easy as well as quick. Other advantages include elimination of the cost
previously incurred in getting the students cards. In the other system that uses card
(magnetic stripe and barcode systems), there is an ongoing expense associated with the
damage, misplacement and stealing of cards and the continuous need for their restoration
and maintenance.

2.2 COMPARING BARCODE WITH RFID

S/N BARCODE RFID

1 Rely on the user to make contact to the Do not require contact with reader,
reader, hence cannot be read from a hence can be read from a distance.
distance
2 In Barcode, only one card read at a time Multiple read at a time is permitted
is allowed.
3 Embedded information cannot be Embedded information can be
updated, updated; this allows the repeated
Hence the restriction of the repeated over-writing if embedded electronic
overwriting if the embedded election information for each card
information for each card
4 It does not allow for the increase RFID has increased technologies like
technologies like surveillance cameras to surveillance cameras to be activated
be activated with an employee being in in conjunction with an employee
the vicinity. being in their vicinity.
5 It is slower and requires time of sight to It is slower and requires time of sight
function. to function.
6 It has lower data storage transponder. It has lower data storage transponder.
7 This transponder is bogus, and cannot be This transponder is bogus, and
incorporated in small items. cannot be incorporated in small
items.
3.0 METHODOLOGY

3.1 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Student Attendance Using RFID System is the automatic record of student attendance
develops especially for universities and polytechnics. This system consists of two modules
which are RFID operation module and GUI Control module. Both modules will be
combined for this system fully functioning. Each module carries own function and special
features which will be discussed in detail in this chapter.

3.2 STUDY OF SYSTEM COMPONENTS

3.2.1 RFID Tags

RFID Tag The tag, also known as the transponder, holds the data that is transmitted to the
reader when the tag is interrogated by the reader. The most common tags today consist of
an Integrated Circuit with memory, essentially a microprocessor chip. Other tags are chip
less and have no onboard Integrated circuit. Chip less tags are more effective in
applications where simpler range of functions is all that is required; although they can help
achieve more accuracy and better detection range, at potentially lower cost than their
Integrated Circuit-based counterparts. From here on out, we will use the term tag to mean
Integrated Circuit-based tag. We will refer to chip less tags explicitly, when needed.

3.2.2 LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

A Light Emitting Diode (LED) is a P-N junction diode which emits visible light when
energized An LED allows the flow of electric current only in one direction and more to
that produces monochromatic radiations or inconsistent polychromatic radiations because
of the conversion of electrical energy when current passes through it.

3.2.3 LCD DISPLAY

LCD is an acronym which means Liquid Crystal Display. This is a device that receives
digital information from the microcontroller and displays on its screen. It helps as an output
interface (that is peripheral) for the microcontroller.

3.2.4 MICROCONTROLLER

A microcontroller is a single chip microcomputer which consists of at least a

microprocessor, program memory, data memory and input/output devices. A
microcontroller is characterized by its integration, a lower electric consumption (that is
some milliwatt when ON and some nanowatt when OFF).