Chapter 1 Transmission Line Theory PDF

MICROWAVE ENGINEERING
Chapter 1
Transmission Line Theory
Huynh Phu Minh Cuong

hpmcuong@hcmut.edu.vn
Department of Telecommunications
Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Ho Chi Minh city University of Technology 1
12/15/2014 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.∴Telecommunications Engineering Department∴HCMUT 1
Chapter 1: Transmission Line Theory
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Lumped-Element Circuit Model for Transmission Lines
3. Transmission Line Equations and Solutions
4. Characteristic Impedance of Transmission Line
5. Propagation constant and velocity
6. Lossless and Lossy Transmission Lines
7. Reflection Coefficient
8. Transmission Line Impedance and Admittance
9. Power Transmission on Transmission Lines
10. Standing Wave and Standing Wave Ratio
11. Practical Transmission Lines
Problems

1. Introduction
 Transmission line theory bridges the gap between field analysis
and basic circuit theory and therefore is of significant importance in
the analysis of microwave circuits and devices.
 The key difference between circuit theory and transmission line
theory is electrical size.
 At low frequencies, an electrical circuit is completely
characterized by the electrical parameters like resistance, inductance
etc. and the physical size of the electrical components plays no role
in the circuit analysis.
 As the frequency increases however, the size of the components
becomes important. The voltage and currents exist in the form of
waves. Even a change in the length of a simple connecting wire may
alter the behavior of the circuit.
1. Introduction
 The circuit approach then has to be re-investigated with inclusion
of the space into the analysis. This approach is then called the
transmission line approach.
 Although the primary objective of a transmission line is to carry
electromagnetic energy efficiently from one location to other, they
find wide applications in high frequency circuit design.
 Also at high frequencies, the transit time of the signals can not be
ignored. In the era of high speed computers, where data rates are
approaching to few Gb/sec, the phenomena related to the
electromagnetic waves, like the bit distortion, signal reflection,
impedance matching play a vital role in high speed communication
networks.

1. Introduction
General problems of the chapter
Characteristic Impedance Zo
At a given location along the line, find:

 Current, voltage and power
 Reflection coefficient, impedance, VSWR
 Design real TLs, such as micro-strip lines, CPW lines
5
 A transmission line is basically a two-conductor line for

guiding the signal power from one point to another.
 A transmission line is a distributed parameter network, where
voltages and currents can vary in magnitude and phase over its
length.
 While ordinary circuit analysis deals with lumped elements,
where voltage and current do not vary appreciably over the
physical dimension of the elements.
 TLs are analyzed using transmission-line theory or
Distributed-circuit theory not traditional lumped-circuit theory.

Source Load
x x + ∆x
R, L, G, and C are per-unit-length quantities defined as follows:
 R = series resistance per unit length, for both conductors, in Ω/m.
 L = series inductance per unit length, for both conductors, in H/m.
 G = shunt conductance per unit length, in S/m.
 C = shunt capacitance per unit length, in F/m.
 Series inductance L represents the total self-inductance of the two
conductors,
 Shunt capacitance C is due to the close proximity of the two
conductors.
 Series resistance R represents the resistance due to the finite
conductivity of the individual conductors
 Shunt conductance G is due to dielectric loss in the material between
the conductors.
 R and G, therefore, represent loss.

Applying Kirchoff for voltage:

∂i ( x, t )
v ( x, =
t ) v( x + ∆x, t ) + R.∆x.i ( x, t ) + L.∆x.
∂t
Applying Kirchoff for currrent:
∂v( x + ∆x, t )
i ( x, t=) i ( x + ∆x, t ) + G.∆x.v( x + ∆x, t ) + C.∆x.
∂t

In time domain:
 ∂i ( x, t )
 v ( x , =
t ) v ( x + ∆x , t ) + R.∆x.i ( x , t ) + L.∆x.
∂t

i ( x, t=) i ( x + ∆x, t ) + G.∆x.v( x + ∆x, t ) + C.∆x. ∂v( x + ∆x, t )
 ∂t
In frequency domain:
V ( x, ω =) V ( x + ∆x, ω ) + ( R + jω L).∆x. I ( x, ω )

 I ( x, ω=) I ( x + ∆x, ω ) + (G + jωC ).∆x.V ( x + ∆x, ω )
Lead to
V ( x + ∆x, ω ) − V ( x, ω )
 =− ( R + jω L).I ( x, ω )
∆x

 I ( x + ∆x, ω ) − I ( x, ω ) =− (G + jωC ).V ( x + ∆x, ω )
 ∆x
V ( x + ∆x, ω ) − V ( x, ω )
 =− ( R + jω L).I ( x, ω )
∆x

 I ( x + ∆x, ω ) − I ( x, ω ) =− (G + jωC ).V ( x + ∆x, ω )
 ∆x
When ∆x → 0  ∂V ( x, ω )
 ∂x =− ( R + jω L).I ( x, ω )

 ∂I ( x, ω ) =
− (G + jωC ).V ( x, ω )
 ∂x
 ∂ 2V ( x, ω )
 =( R + jω L)(G + jωC ).V ( x, ω )
∂x 2
 2
 ∂ I ( x, ω ) =
( R + jω L)(G + jωC ). I ( x, ω )
 ∂x 2

 ∂ 2V ( x, ω )
 =( R + jω L)(G + jωC ).V ( x, ω )
∂x 2
 2
 ∂ I ( x, ω ) =
( R + jω L)(G + jωC ). I ( x, ω )
 ∂x 2
Where γ (ω ) =( R + jω L)(G + jωC ) is propagation constant
∂ 2V ( x, ω ) 2
= γ (ω ).V ( x, ω )
∂x 2
∂ 2 I ( x, ω ) 2
= γ (ω ). I ( x, ω )
∂x 2
Differential equations of
f '' + a1. f ' + a2 . f = 0 , a1 = 0
Wave equation: ∂ 2
V ( x, ω ) 2
= γ (ω ).V ( x, ω )
∂x 2
Traveling wave solutions can be found as :

− γ (ω ). x γ (ω ). x
V ( x, ω ) V+ . e
= + V− . e
=
V ( x) V+ .e −γ . x
+ V− .e γ .x , where γ= α + jβ
−α . x − jβ .x α .x jβ .x
V ( x) V+ .e .e + V− .e .e
Incident voltage Reflected voltage
V+ and V− are constant with a given source, load and TL.

How to calculate V+ and V- ?
Source Reflected wave Incident wave Load
−α . x − jβ .x α .x jβ .x
=V ( x) V+ .e .e + V− .e .e
Incident voltage: −α . x − jβ .x
V+ .e .e
α .x jβ .x
Reflected voltage: V− .e .e
X=L
Incident voltage: V+ .e −α . x .e − j β . x
α .x jβ .x
Reflected voltage: V− .e .e
Chapter 1: Transmission Lines
Current Solutions: ∂ 2
I ( x, ω ) 2
= γ (ω ). I ( x, ω )
∂x 2
−γ . x γ .x
=
I ( x) I + .e + I − .e
V+ V− V+ V−
Where: I+ = , I− =
− , Z0 = =
−
Z0 Z0 I+ I−
V+ −γ . x V− γ . x
⇒ I ( x)= e − e
Z0 Z0
R + jω L R + jω L
Where
= Z0 = is Characteristic Impedance
γ G + jωC

Chapter 1: Transmission Lines
R + jω L R + jω L Z0 =
V+
= −
V−
=Z0 =
γ G + jωC I+ I−
What is the physical meaning of Zo ?
 What are V+ and I+ at t = 0 with an infinity long TL ?

 Can an infinity long TL be replaced by a Z0?
 What is the input impedance of a TL terminated by a Z0?
 What is the input impedance of a infinitesimal TL, ∆x length,
18
terminated by a Z0?
Set Z=R + jω L , Y =

G + jωC ⇒ Z 0 = Z ∆x + 
1 
/ / Z0 
 Y ∆x 
Z R + jω L
When: ∆x → 0 ⇒ Z 0 = =
Y G + jωC
L
Loss Less TL: =Z 0 = R0 , [ Ω ]
C
 In practice, Z0 is always real.
 In communication systems: Z0 = 50 Ω
 Telecommunication: Z0 = 75 Ω - Why 50Ω or 75Ω ?
5. Propagation Constant and Velocity
γ (ω ) =
α (ω ) + j β (ω ) =( R + jω L)(G + jωC )
α : Attenuation constant - unit: [Np/m] or [dB/m]
β : Phase constant - unit: [rad/s]
2π
 Phase constant and wavelength are related as: β=
ω c λ
 Velocity: V=
ϕ λ
= f=
β ε r ,eff
α[ Np / m ]
α[ dB / m ] =
20.log10 e (20 log10 e).α[ Np / m ]
= 8, 68.α[ Np / m ]
A TL having the attenuation constant of 1 Np/m means that when
waves travel on 1 meter of TL, the magnitudes are attenuated by
8.68 dB (2.7 times).
6. Lossless and Low-loss Transmission Lines
 In practice, transmission lines have losses due to finite
conductivity and/or lossy dielectric, but these losses are usually
small.
 In most practical microwave:
 Loss may be neglected  Lossless T.L.
 Loss may be assumed to be very small  Low-loss T.L.
 Lossless Transmission Line:

=R 0,=G 0
⇒ γ (ω ) = ( R + jω L)(G + jωC ) = jω LC
⇒ α (ω ) =
0
β (ω ) = ω LC
 Low-loss Transmission Line:
 When the loss is small, some approximations can be made to
simplify the expressions for the general transmission line parameters
of γ = α + jβ and Z0.
22
 Low-loss Transmission Line:
For a low-loss line both conductor and dielectric loss will be small,
and we can assume that R << ωL and G >>ωC. Then, RG << ω2LC
Using the Taylor series expansion for
So:
23
V ( x) V+ .e −γ . x + V− .eγ . x
=
 Voltage reflection coefficient is defined as
reflected voltage V− eγ x V− 2γ x
Γv ( x) = V (x)
⇒ Γ= = −γ x
e
incident voltage V+ e V+

−γ . x γ .x V+ −γ . x V− γ . x
I ( x ) = I + .e + I − .e = e − e
Z0 Z0
 Current reflection coefficient is defined as
V−
−
I − eγ x I − 2γ x Z 0 2γ x
Γ I ( x) = −γ x
= e = e = −ΓV ( x)
I+e I+ V+
Z0
 It is enough to consider voltage coefficient only:
Γ = ΓV
V− 2γ l
 At Load: Γl = e
V+
7. Reflection Coefficient – At Load - Γ l
V (l ) V+ e −γ l + V− eγ l
V =
ZL = Z0
 At Load: Γ = − e2γ l I (l ) V+ e −γ l − V− eγ l
l
V+ V− eγ l
1+ −γ l
V e 1 + Γ( l )
V (l ) V+ .e −γ .l
= + V− .e γ . l=Z L Z=
0
+
Ve γl Z0
1 − Γ( l )
1 − − −γ l
V+ −γ .l V− γ .l V+ e
=
I (l ) e − e
Z0 Z0 Z L − Z0
ΓL = 26
Z L + Z0
7. Reflection Coefficient – At any location x - Γ x
At load V− 2γ l
Γl = e
V+
V− 2γ x V− 2γ ( l −d ) V− 2γ l −2γ d
At location x x= (l − d ) =
: Γx =
e e = e .e
V+ V+ V+
−2 γ d
Γ x =Γ l .e
7. Reflection Coefficient – Some special cases
 TL is terminated by Z0
Z L − Z0
Γ=
(l ) = 0
Z L + Z0
⇒ Γ( x) =Γ(l ).e −2γ d =0 , ∀x
There is no reflected wave

 TL is shorted
Z L − Z0
Γl = =−1
Z L + Z0
V− eγ l
Γ l = −γ l ⇒ V− eγ l =−V+ e −γ l
V+ e
Incident and reflected voltages are out of phase V (l ) = 0


 TL is opened
Z L − Z0
Γl = =1 ⇒ Γ I (l ) =−1
Z L + Z0
⇒ I − eγ l =
− I + e −γ l ⇒ I (l ) =
0
Incident and reflected currents are out of phase  I (l ) = 0

 TL is terminayed by reactance
jX L − R0
Γ(l ) = ⇒ Γ(l ) =1
jX L + R0
Complete reflection at load

7. Reflection Coefficient – Presentation on a complex plane
Ref. wave Inc. wave Load
, whereγ= α + j β
Source
Γ x =Γ l .e −2γ d
Γ x =Γ l .e −2α d .e − j 2 β d
Towards Load
Γ Locus d =λ /2
with α = 0
2π
Γ Locus 2β d = 2 d
with α > 0 λ
2π λ
= 2= 2π
λ 2
Towards source

Source Load
V (x)
Z (x) =
I (x)
V ( x ) V+ .e −γ . x + V− .eγ . x
=
V+ −γ . x V− γ . x V− 2γ x
I ( x) e − e Γx = e
Z0 Z0 V+
V ( x) V+ .e −γ . x + V− .eγ . x d= (l − x )
Z=
( x) = Z0
I ( x) V+ .e −γ . x − V− .eγ . x Γ x =Γ l .e −2γ d
1 + Γ( x ) Z L − Z0
⇒ Z ( x) =
Z0 Γ( l ) =
1 − Γ( x ) Z L + Z0
1 + Γ( x ) Using:
Z ( x) = Z0
1 − Γ( x ) eu + e − u
ch(u) =
( Z L + Z 0 ) eγ d + ( Z L − Z 0 ) e − γ d 2
Z ( x) = Z0
( Z L + Z 0 ) eγ d − ( Z L − Z 0 ) e − γ d eu − e − u
sh(u) =
Z L ( eγ d + e − γ d ) + Z 0 ( eγ d − e − γ d ) 2
Z ( x) = Z0 sh(u) eu − e− u
Z L ( eγ d − e − γ d ) + Z 0 ( eγ d + e − γ d ) th(u) = u
=
ch(u) e + e− u
Z L .ch(γ d ) + Z 0 .sh(γ d )
Z ( x) = Z0
Z L .sh(γ d ) + Z 0 .ch(γ d )
Z L + Z 0 .th(γ d )
Z ( x) = Z0
Z 0 + Z L .th(γ d )
Z L − Z0 1 + Γ( x )
Or: Γ( l ) = → Γ( x ) = Γ(l ).e −2γ d → Z ( x ) = Z 0
Z L + Z0 1 − Γ( x )34
 Lossless TL γ = j β

 Z 0 = R0 , Soá thöïc
So: e jβ d − e− jβ d
th(γ d ) th=
= ( jβ d )
e jβ d + e− jβ d
Using:
e
= cos(u) + j sin(u)
ju
2 j sin( β d )
⇒ th( j β d=
) = j.tg( β d )
2 cos( β d )
Z L + j.R0 .tg ( β d )
⇒ Z ( x) =
R0
R0 + j.Z L .tg ( β d )
Z L + j.Z 0 .tg ( β d )
⊗ Z L =Z 0 ⇒ Z ( x ) =Z 0 =Z 0 , ∀d or x
Z 0 + j.Z L .tg ( β d )
⊗ ZL =
j. X L
jX L + j.R0 .tg ( β d )
⇒ Z ( x) =
R0 , Imagnary part
R0 − X L .tg ( β d )
⊗ ZL =
0
Z L + j.R 0 .tg(β d)
⇒ Z(x) = R 0 = j.R 0 .tg(βd)
R 0 + j.Z L .tg(βd)
⇒ Z(x) =
j.X(d) : pure react an ce
ZL =0 ⇒ Z ( x) = j. X ( d ) , pure reactance
j.R0 .tg ( β d ) =
Open
Shorted
Inductance
At load
Capacitance
⇒ Shorted-circuit transmission lines can be used to realize inductors or

capacitors at specific frequencies  Distributed components
⊗ ZL =
∞
Z L + j.R0 .tg ( β d ) R0
⇒ Z ( x) R0 =
R0 + j.Z L .tg ( β d ) j.tg ( β d )
= − j.R0 .cotg(β d )
j. X ( d ) , pure reactance
⇒ Z ( x) =
⇒ Opened-circuit transmission lines can be used to realize inductors or

capacitors at specific frequencies  Distributed components

Z L = ∞ ⇒ Z ( x ) = − j.R0 .cotg(β d ) = j. X ( d ) , pure reactance
Noái taét
Shorted
Hôû
OpenMaïch
Inductance
At load
Capacitance

 Quarter-wavelength TL
R0 ZL
Z in
λ
l=
4
Z L + j. Z0 .tg ( β l ) Z 02
Z in = Z0 Z in =
Z 0 + j.Z L .tg ( β l ) ZL
Z 02 ⇒ Z0 =Z L .Z in
⇒ Z in =
ZL Application for
impedance
If Z L → ∞ ⇒ Z in =0 transformation
If Z=
L 0 ⇒ Z in → ∞
 Half-wavelength TL
Z0 ZL
Z in
λ
l=
2
Z in = Z L

 Reflection coefficient and line impedance
V− .eγ . x
−γ . x γ .x
1+
V+ .e + V− .e V+ .e −γ . x
Z ( x) Z= −γ . x γ .x
Z0 γ .x
V+ .e − V− .e
0
V− .e
1−
V+ .e −γ . x
1 + Γ( x)
⇒ Z ( x) =
Z0
1 − Γ( x)
Z ( x) − Z 0
⇒ Γ( x) =
Z ( x) + Z 0
1
( x ) = G( x ) + jB( x )
Y=
Z (x)
Z L + Z 0 .th(γ d )
From : Z ( x ) = Z 0
Z 0 + Z L .th(γ d )
1 Z 0 + Z L .th(γ d )
⇒ Y ( x) = .
Z 0 Z L + Z 0 .th(γ d )
1/ Y0 + 1/ YL .th(γ d )
⇒ Y ( x) =
Y0 .
1/ YL + 1/ Y0 .th(γ d )
YL + Y0 .th(γ d )
⇒ Y ( x) =
Y0 .
Y0 + YL .th(γ d )
Steps to find V+ and V− V ( x ) V+ .e −γ . x + V− .eγ . x
=
Zl − Z0 V+ −γ . x V− γ . x
1. Γ l = =
I ( x) e − e
Zl + Z0 Z0 Z0
−2 γ . L
2. Γ in =Γ l .e
1 + Γ in
3. Z in = Z 0 Show that if Zs = Z0,
1 − Γ in then V+ = Es/2 ?
Z in
4. Vin = Vs
Z in + Zs
= V+ + V=
5. Vin − V+ (1 + Γ in )
Vin
6. V+ = → V− = Γ in .V+
1 + Γ in
⇒ Voltage and Current Calculation
1
Pt =
2
. Re {Vx . I x* } =
1
2Z0
{ }
. Re V+ .e −γ . x + V− .eγ . x  . V+*.e −α . x .e jβ . x − V_∗.eα . x .e − jβ . x 
 2 
1 −2 α . x ∗ −2 j β . x ∗ 2 jβ . x 2α . x 
− V+ .V− .e + V+ .V− .e − V− .e 
2
. Re  V+ .e
2Z0       
 Re Im Re 
 
 2α . x 
( )
2
1 1 V .e
. V+ .e −2α . x − V− .e 2= α.x
. V+ .e −2α . x .  1 − − 2 −2α . x 
2 2 2
2Z0 2Z0  V+ .e 
  
 Γx 
1
2Z0
. V+ .e −2α . x . 1 − Γ x
2 2
( Source
) Ref Load
 
Pinc inc
( )
= Pinc . 1 − Γ x = Pinc − Pinc . Γ x
2 2
Pinc − Pref
2

−γ . x γ .x −γ . x
=
V ( x ) V+ e + V=
−e V+ e (1 + Γ x )
−α . x
=
V ( x) V+ e 1 + Γx
 Standing wave

tt ==
t=T/8
0T/4
3T/8
T/2
Incident,
reflected wave x
VMax
Total wave
x
λ λ VMin
2 4
.eγ . x V+ .e−γ x (1 + Γ x ) 

Vx V+ .e−γ x + V− = α =0
Vx V+ .e− jβ x (1 + Γ x ) →=
→= Vx V+ . 1 + Γ x
V+ .e−γ x + V− .eγ . x V+ −γ x V+ − jβ x V+
Ix = .e (1 − Γ x ) 
α =0
→
= Ix .e (1 − Γ x ) →=
Ix . 1− Γx
Z0 Z0 Z0 Z0
Vx = Vmax = V+ . (1 + Γ l ) khiΓ x = Γ l Re ( + )
Vx = Vmin = V+ . (1 − Γ l ) khiΓ x = − Γ l Re ( − )
Vmax 1 + Γl
=
VSWR =
Vmin 1 − Γl
Ex. 3.13 p86

V ( x)
I ( x)
Ex. 3.13 p86

V ( x)
I ( x)
Ex. 3.13 p86

 Prior to 1965 nearly all communication microwave equipment
utilized microwave tubes connected with coaxial lines or
waveguides.
 In recent years - with the advance of microwave solid-state
electronics and the introduction of microwave integrated circuits
(MIC) & monolithic RF/microwave integrated circuits
(RFIC/MMIC) - microstrip lines (), strip line, and coplanar-
waveguide (CPW) lines have been used extensively, on which solid-
state devices can be placed.

Wave Guide
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
Problems
61

Chapter 1 Transmission Line Theory PDF

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Chapter 1 Transmission Line Theory PDF

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

MICROWAVE ENGINEERING

Huynh Phu Minh Cuong

12/15/2014 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.∴Telecommunications Engineering Department∴HCMUT 2

12/15/2014 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.∴Telecommunications Engineering Department∴HCMUT 4

At a given location along the line, find:

 A transmission line is basically a two-conductor line for

12/15/2014 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.∴Telecommunications Engineering Department∴HCMUT 6

12/15/2014 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.∴Telecommunications Engineering Department∴HCMUT 9

Applying Kirchoff for voltage:

12/15/2014 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.∴Telecommunications Engineering Department∴HCMUT 10

12/15/2014 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.∴Telecommunications Engineering Department∴HCMUT 12

Traveling wave solutions can be found as :

V+ and V− are constant with a given source, load and TL.

12/15/2014 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.∴Telecommunications Engineering Department∴HCMUT 17

What is the physical meaning of Zo ?

 What are V+ and I+ at t = 0 with an infinity long TL ?

 Lossless Transmission Line:

Using the Taylor series expansion for

12/15/2014 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.∴Telecommunications Engineering Department∴HCMUT 24

12/15/2014 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.∴Telecommunications Engineering Department∴HCMUT 28

12/15/2014 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.∴Telecommunications Engineering Department∴HCMUT 29

Incident and reflected currents are out of phase  I (l ) = 0

12/15/2014 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.∴Telecommunications Engineering Department∴HCMUT 30

Complete reflection at load

12/15/2014 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.∴Telecommunications Engineering Department∴HCMUT 31

12/15/2014 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.∴Telecommunications Engineering Department∴HCMUT 32

⇒ Shorted-circuit transmission lines can be used to realize inductors or

⇒ Opened-circuit transmission lines can be used to realize inductors or

12/15/2014 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.∴Telecommunications Engineering Department∴HCMUT 38

12/15/2014 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.∴Telecommunications Engineering Department∴HCMUT 39

12/15/2014 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.∴Telecommunications Engineering Department∴HCMUT 41

12/15/2014 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.∴Telecommunications Engineering Department∴HCMUT 46

12/15/2014 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.∴Telecommunications Engineering Department∴HCMUT 47

.eγ . x V+ .e−γ x (1 + Γ x ) 

Ex. 3.13 p86

Ex. 3.13 p86

Ex. 3.13 p86

12/15/2014 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.∴Telecommunications Engineering Department∴HCMUT 52

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen