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í∫´®Ωo®˝ Ω™¸q, ¢Ájv≤ƒß˝’©’
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Ççí∫x v°æ¶µº’ûªyç 1833 î√®Ωd®˝ îªôdç ü∆y®√ ¶„çí¬™¸ í∫´-®Ωo®˝ ï†-®Ω™¸ °æü¿-NE ¶µ«®Ω-ûª-ü˨¡ í∫´-®Ωo®˝ ï†-®Ω-™¸í¬ ´÷JaçC.-

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Ñ îªôdç ü∆y®√ Åçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ¶„çí¬™¸ í∫´-®Ωo®˝ ï†-®Ω-™¸í¬ Ö†o NLߪ’ç ¶„çöÀçé˛ ¶µ«®Ω-ûª-ü˨¡ ûÌL í∫´-®Ωo®˝ ï†-®Ω™¸ Åߪ÷uúø’.-
°œLîË¢√®Ω’.-
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1833™ NLߪ’ç ¶„çöÀçé˛ †’ç* 1858™ ™«®˝f é¬Eçí˚ ´®Ωèπ◊ °æE-îË-Æœ† Ççí∫x §ƒ©-èπ◊-©†’ ¶µ«®Ω-ûª-ü˨¡ í∫´-®Ωo®˝ ï†-®Ω-™ ¸í¬

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1833 †’ç* 1835 ´’üµ¿u NLߪ’ç ¶„çöÀçé˛ ¶µ«®Ω-ûª-ü˨¡ í∫´-®Ωo®˝ ï†-®Ω-™ ¸í¬ ´u´£æ«Jçî√úø’. ÅûªúÕ ûª®√yûª 1835 − -36

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´’üµ¿u Ææ®˝ îµ√È®xÆˇ ¢Á’ö¸-鬰∂ˇ °æE-îË-¨»úø’.- Éûªúø’ ¶µ«®Ω-ûª-üË-¨¡ç™ °ævA-éπ-©Â°j Ö†o Eߪ’ç-vûª-ù-©†’ áAh-¢ËÆœ, -'°ævAé¬ ≤ƒyûªçvûªu
°œû√´’£æ›úÕ—-í¬ Ê°®Ìç-ü∆úø’.- 1836 − -42 ´’üµ¿u ™«®˝f Çé˛-™«çú˛ ¶µ«®Ω-ûª-ü˨¡ í∫´-®Ωo®˝ ï†-®Ω-™¸í¬ °æE-îË-¨»úø’.- ÉûªúÕ é¬©ç-™ØË
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¢Á·ü¿öÀ Ç°∂æ`Ø˛ ߪ·ü¿l¥ç (1838 − -42) ïJ-TçC.- Ñ ßª·ü¿l¥ç™ ÇçÍíx-ߪ·©’ üÓÆˇh ´’£æ«t-ü˛†’ ûÌ©-Tç* ≥ƒ≠æfl-ñ«†’ Ç°∂æ`Ø˛
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§ƒ©èπ◊úÕí¬ Eߪ’-N’ç-î√®Ω’.- DçûÓ éÓ°æTç*† Ç°∂æ`†’x Å™„-í¬bç-úø®˝ •®ΩoÆˇ ÅØË Ççí∫x ®√ߪ’-¶«-JûÓ §ƒô’ 1650 ´’çC ÇçÍíx-ߪ·©†’
´Cµç-î√®Ω’.- Ñ ßª·ü¿l¥ç 鬮Ω-ùç-í¬ØË ™«®˝f Çé˛-™«çú˛ ûª† °æü¿-NE éÓ™p-ߪ÷úø’.- 1842 − -44 ´’üµ¿u ™«®˝f áL-Ø˛-•®Ó ¶µ«®Ω-ûª-ü˨¡

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í∫´®Ωo®˝ ï†-®Ω-™¸í¬ °æE-îË-¨»úø’.- Éûªúø’ 1842™ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ Ç°∂æ`Ø˛ ߪ·ü∆l¥Eo ´·Tç* üÓÆˇh ´’£æ«t-ü˛†’ AJT Ç°∂æ`Ø˛ §ƒ©-èπ◊-úÕí¬
Eߪ’N’ç-î√úø’.- î√È®xÆˇ ØË°œ-ߪ’®˝ ÅØË ÇçÍíx-ߪ·-úÕE °æç°œç* Æœçüµ¿’ v§ƒçû√Eo ™«®˝f áL-Ø˛-•®Ó Çvéπ-N’ç-î√úø’.- ¶µ«®Ω-ûª-üË-¨¡ç™

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¶«EÆæû√yEo EÊ≠-Cµç-*† í∫´-®Ωo®˝ ï†-®Ω-™¸í¬ Éûªúø’ Ê°®Ìç-ü∆úø’.- 1844 − -48 ´’üµ¿u ™«®˝f ¢Á·ü¿öÀ £æ…Jfçñ¸ ¶µ«®Ω-ûª-ü˨¡ í∫´-®Ωo®˝
ï†-®Ω-™¸í¬ °æE-îË-¨»úø’.- ÉûªúÕ é¬©ç-™ØË ¢Á·ü¿öÀ Æœèπ◊\ ߪ·ü¿l¥ç (1845 − 46™) ïJTçC. Ñ ßª·ü¿l¥ç ûª®√yûª ™«®˝f ¢Á·ü¿öÀ

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£æ…Jfçñ¸ Æœèπ◊\©ûÓ ¢Á·ü¿ô ™«£æ«Ù®˝ ÆæçCµ ņçûª®Ωç 1846™ ¶„j®Ó-´™¸ ÆæçCµE îËÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’.- ¶„j®Ó-´™¸ ÆæçCµ ü∆y®√ ®Ωç>û˝Æœçí˚
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èπ◊´÷-®Ω’úø’ CM-°ˇ-Æœç-í˚†’ ®√Ví¬ Eߪ’-N’ç-î√úø’.- ¢Á·ü¿öÀ £æ…Jfçñ¸ íÓçúø’ ûÁí∫™x ÖçúË †®Ω-•L Çî√-®√Eo ÅJ-éπ-ö«dúø’.- Éûªúø’

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Ççí∫x ¶µ«≠æ ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊†o ¶µ«®Ω-B-ߪ·-©èπ◊ 1844 †’ç* ÖüÓu-í¬©’ éπLpçî√úø’.

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®√ïu NÆæh-®Ωù Nüµ∆-Ø√©’:- úø™˜|Æ‘ 鬩ç™ 1848 − -49™ È®çúÓ Æœèπ◊\ ߪ·ü¿l¥ç, 1850™ ÆœéÀ\ç ߪ·ü¿l¥ç ïJ-í¬®·.- ¢Á·ü¿öÀ Æœèπ◊\
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ߪ·ü¿l¥ç™ Æœèπ◊\-©†’ ãúÕç* 1849, ´÷Ja 29† ÆæçCµ îËÆæ’-èπ◊E Æœèπ◊\ ®√ñ«uEo Ççí∫x ≤ƒv´÷-ïuç™ NM†ç î˨»úø’.- CM-°ˇ-Æœçí˚èπ◊
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¶µº®Ωùç ´’çW®Ω’ îËÆœ, ©çúø-Ø˛èπ◊ °æç°œçî√úø’. ߪ·ü¿l¥ç ü∆y®√ Ççí∫x ≤ƒv´÷-ïuç™ NM-†-¢Á’i† *´J ¶µ«®Ω-Bߪ’ Ææyûªçvûª ®√ïuç

1850™ ÆœéÀ\熒 Ççí∫x ≤ƒv´÷-ïuç™ NM†ç î˨»úø’.-

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Æœèπ◊\ ®√ïu¢Ë’.- Æœèπ◊\ ®√ïu Çvéπ-´’ù ûª®√yûª ñ«Ø˛ ™«È®-Ø˛q†’ °æçñ«-¶¸èπ◊ °æç°œ, ÅØËé𠧃©Ø√ ÆæçÆæ \-®Ω-ù©†’ Å´’©’ î˨»úø’.-

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1848™ úø™˜|Æ‘ ®√ïu Ææçvéπ-´’ù Æœü∆l¥çûªç/- ü¿ûªhûª ®Ωü¿’l °æü¿l¥-AE v°æ¢Ë-¨¡-°öÀd, Ææû√®√, ñ„jû˝-°æ‹®˝, Ææç•™¸°æ‹®˝, ¶µºí∫û˝,
Öü¿ß˝’°æ‹®˝, Ø√í˚-°æ‹®˝, ®Ωó«Fq ¢Á·ü¿-™„j† ®√ñ«u-©†’ Ççí∫x ≤ƒv´÷-ïuç™ éπL§ƒúø’. Ææçû√-†ç-™‰E ¶µ«®Ω-Bߪ’ ®√V©’ á´-JF ü¿ûªhûª

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BÆæ’-éÓ-®√-ü¿E, ¢√J ûª®√yûª Ç ®√ïuç Ççí∫x ≤ƒv´÷-ïuç™ éπL-Æœ-§Ú-ûª’ç-ü¿ØËüË '®√ïu Ææçvéπ-´’ù Æœü∆l¥çûªç—.- DE 鬮Ω-ùç-í¬ØË ®Ωó«Fq
©éÃ~ t-¶µ«®· 1857 Æœ§ƒ-®·© A®Ω’-í∫’-¶«-ô’™ §ƒ™Ô_çC.- 1856™ ü¿’≠æp-J-§ƒ-©† ØÁ°æçûÓ ÅßÁ÷üµ¿u†’ (Å´üµ˛) Çvéπ-N’ç-î√úø’.- ñ‰¢˛’q

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åvö«¢˛’, Æ‘x¢Á’Ø˛ ÅØË ÇçÍíx-ߪ·-©†’ Å´-üµ˛èπ◊ °æç°œ, §ƒ©Ø√ ÆæçÆæ \-®Ω-ù©†’ Å´’©’ î˨»úø’.- ¢Á·ü¿öÀ †’ç< ÇçÍíx-ߪ·-©èπ◊
N’vûª®√ïuçí¬ Ö†o ÅßÁ÷-üµ¿u†’ úø™˜|Æ‘ ü¿’≠æp-J-§ƒ-©† ØÁ°æçûÓ Çvéπ-N’ç-îªúøç Bv´ N´’-®Ωz© §ƒ™„jçC.- Ñ é¬®Ω-ùç-í¬ØË 1857

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A®Ω’í∫’¶«-ô’™ ´·Æœxç©’ ÅCµéπ Ææçêu™ §ƒ™Ô_-Ø√o®Ω’.- °‘≥ƒy È®çúÓ ¶«@-®√´¤ ü¿ûªh °æ¤vûª’-úÁj† Ø√Ø√-≤ƒ-£«-¶¸èπ◊ 8 ©éπ~© ¶µº®Ω-ù«Eo,

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éπ®√g-ôéπ †¢√•’ G®Ω’-ü¿’†’ ®Ωü¿’l î˨»úø’.-
™«®˝f J°æpØ˛ (1880 – -84)

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-'-'≤ƒnEéπ Ææy°æ-J-§ƒ-©Ø√ °œû√-´’-£æ›úø’——-, ¶µ«®Ω-B-ߪ·© Çûªt-•ç-üµ¿’-´¤í¬ Ê°®Ìç-C† ¢Ájv≤ƒß˝’ ™«®˝f J°æpØ˛.- Éûªúø’ 1880™
v§ƒçBߪ’ ¶µ«≥ƒ °ævA-éπ© îªö«dEo ®Ωü¿’l î˨»úø’.- 1881™ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ §∂ƒuéπdK îªôdç v°æ¢Ë-¨¡-°öÀd é¬Jt-èπ◊-©èπ◊ ≤˘éπ-®√u©’ éπLpç-î√úø’.-
1881, 1882 Ææç´-ûªq-®√-™ x ≤ƒnEéπ Ææy°æ-J-§ƒ-©Ø√ îªö«d-©†’ v°æ¢Ë-¨¡-°öÀd, ÅØËé𠧃©Ø√ ÆæçÆæ \-®Ω-ù©†’ Å´’©’ î˨»úø’.- °æ¤®Ω-§ƒ-©éπ
Ææç°∂æ÷©’, û√©÷é¬, >™«x ¶®Ω’f-©†’ à®√pô’ î˨»úø’.- Nü∆u-®Ωçí∫ ÆæçÆæ \-®Ω-ù© éÓÆæç 20 ´’çC Æ涵º’u-©ûÓ 1882™ £æ«çô®˝
éπN’≠æØ˛†’ Eߪ’-N’ç-î√úø’.- ÆœN™¸ ÆæKyÆˇ °æKéπ~©’ ®√ÊÆ ¶µ«®Ω-Bߪ·© Å®Ω|ûª ´ßª’-Ææ’†’ 19 †’ç* 21 Ææç´-ûªq-®√-©èπ◊ °çî√úø’.-
Ö°æ¤p °æ†’o ûªT_ç-î√úø’.-

R-27-9-18
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v°æ¶µº’ûªy Çü∆-ߪ÷Eo Íéçvü¿, ®√≠æ,Z Ö´’túÕ °æü¿’l© éÀçü¿ N¶µº->ç-î√úø’.- ¢Á®·u ¢Á’i∞¡x §Òúø-¢Áj† 鬩’-´©†’ ûªNyç*, éÌûªhí¬
°æC- ©éπ~© áéπ-®√© ¶µº÷N’E ≤ƒí∫’-™-éÀ ûÁî√aúø’.- Ø√öÀ éπ©-éπû√h £j«éÓ®˝d v°æüµ∆† Ø√uߪ’-´‚Jh J˝f í∫®˝h ≤ƒn†ç™ ¶µ«®Ω-B-ߪ·-úÁj†
Ç®˝.Æœ. N’ûªh-®˝†’ û√û√\-Léπ v°æüµ∆† Ø√uߪ’-´‚-Jhí¬ Eߪ’-N’ç-î√úø’.- Ç é¬©ç™ ¶µ«®Ω-Bߪ’ Ø√uߪ’-≤ƒn-Ø√™x ¶µ«®Ω-Bߪ’
Ø√uߪ’´‚®Ω’h©’ áü¿’®Ì\çô’†o N´éπ~-ûªÂ°j É©s®˝d éπN’-öÃE Eߪ’-N’ç-î√úø’.- Ç éπN’öà Ɯ§∂ƒ-®Ω’q© v°æ鬮Ωç É©s®˝d G©’x†’
®Ω÷§ÒçCç*, ¶µ«®Ω-Bߪ’ Ø√uߪ’-´‚-®Ω’h©’ èπÿú≈ â®Ó§ƒ ØË®Ω-Ææ’n-©†’ Nî√-Jç-îª-´-îªaE ÇüË-Pç-î√úø’.- é¬F, â®Ó-§ƒ-¢√J Öü¿u´’ç ´©x
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É©s®˝d G©’x†’ ®Ωü¿’l îËߪ÷Lq ´*açC.- Ñ Ææç°∂æ’-ô† ¶µ«®Ω-B-ߪ·™x ñ«B-ߪ’-û√-¶µ«´ç °®Ω-í∫-ú≈-EéÀ üÓ£æ«-ü¿-°æ-úÕçC.- È®çúÓ Ç°∂æ`Ø˛

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ߪ·ü∆l¥Eo ´·Tç*, Å•’l™¸ È®£æ«-´÷-Ø˛†’ Ç°∂æ`Ø˛ §ƒ©-èπ◊-úÕí¬ Eߪ’-N’ç-î√úø’.- ü¿’≠æp-J-§ƒ-©† ØÁ°æçûÓ NLߪ’ç ¶„çöÀçé˛ Çvéπ-N’ç-*†

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¢Á’iÆæ÷®˝ ®√ñ«uEo AJT ´úø-ߪ÷®˝ ®√ï-´ç-Q-èπ◊-©èπ◊ ÉîËa¨»úø’.
™«®˝f é¬Eçí˚ (1856 –- 62)
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úø™˜|Æ‘ ûª®√yûª 1856™ ™«®˝f- é¬-Eçí˚ ¶µ«®Ω-ûª-ü˨¡ í∫´-®Ωo®˝ ï†-®Ω-™¸í¬ Eߪ’-N’ûª’úøߪ÷uúø’.- é¬F 1858 ¶µ«®Ωûª v°æ¶µº’ûªy
îªôdç- ü∆y®√ ûÌL ¶µ«®Ω-ûª-ü˨¡ ¢Ájv≤ƒß˝’í¬ (®√ï-v°æ-A-ECµ) ´÷J, 1862 ´®Ωèπ◊ Ç °æ-ü¿-N™ é̆-≤ƒ-í¬úø’.- 1856™ Éûªúø’ ≤ƒ´÷†u

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ÊÆ¢√ Eߪ·éπh îªö«dEo v°æ¢Ë-¨¡-°öÀd, Æœ§ƒ-®·-©Â°j Ççéπ~©’ NCµç-î√úø’.- §ƒûª v¶˜Ø˛-¶„Æˇ ûª’§ƒèπ◊-© ≤ƒn†ç™ áØ˛-°∂‘™¸f ûª’§ƒ-èπ◊©- †’
v°æ¢Ë¨¡Â°-ö«dúø’.- ÉûªúÕ é¬©ç-™ØË 1857 Æœ§ƒ-®·© A®Ω’-í∫’-¶«ô’ ïJ-TçC.- 1858, †´ç-•®Ω’ 1† Å©-£æ…-¶«ü˛ ü¿®√s-®Ω’™ NéÓd-Jߪ÷

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´’£æ…-®√ùÀ v°æéπ-ô-††’ îªC-¢√úø’.- ü∆E v°æé¬-®Ω¢Ë’ 1858 ¶µ«®Ωûª v°æ¶µº’ûªy îªö«dEo v°æ¢Ë-¨¡-°-ö«d®Ω’.- Ñ îªôdç v°æ鬮Ωç ¶µ«®Ω-ûª-ü˨¡ í∫´®Ωo®˝
ï†-®Ω™¸ °æü¿-NE ®Ωü¿’l îËÆœ ¢Ájv≤ƒß˝’/- ®√ï-v°æ-A-ECµ °æü¿NE à®√pô’ î˨»®Ω’.- 1857™ ´’vü∆Æˇ, ¶Ô綫®·, éπ©-éπû√h
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N¨¡yNü∆u©ßª÷©†’ ≤ƒn°œçî√®Ω’.- 1861 îªôdç ü∆y®√ ¶µ«®Ω-ûª-üË-¨¡ç™ §Ú®˝d-§∂ÚLßÁ÷ °æü¿l¥AE v°æ¢Ë-¨¡-°-ö«d®Ω’.
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.e e ™«®˝f úø™˜|Æ‘ (1848 – -56)
'v§ƒîªu ü˨¡°æ¤ Åv•-£æ«ç LçéπØ˛—-í¬ Ê°®Ω’ §ÒçC† í∫´-®Ωo®˝ ï†-®Ω™¸ ™«®˝f úø™˜|Æ‘.- ÅA *†o ´ßª’-Ææ’™ (36) í∫´-®Ωo®˝

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Ω™¸ °æü¿NE îË°æ-ö«dúø’.- úø™˜|Æ‘ ¶µ«®Ω-ûª-ü˨¡ Çvéπ-´’-ùèπ◊ Ø√©’í∫’ v°æüµ∆† Nüµ∆-Ø√-©†’ ņ’-Ææ-Jç-î√úø’.-
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ÅN:- 1) ߪ·ü∆l¥©’ îËߪ’úøç
2) ®√ïu Ææçvéπ-´’ù Æœü∆l¥ç-û√Eo v°æ¢Ë-¨¡-°öÀd Å´’©’ îËߪ’úøç
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3) ü¿’≠æp-J-§ƒ-©† ØÁ°æçûÓ ®√ñ«u© Çvéπ-´’ù

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4) G®Ω’-ü¿’©’, ¶µº®Ω-ù«©†’ ®Ωü¿’l-îË-ߪ’úøç.

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a t -®Ω-·-ûª: ¶Ôûªq Ø√í∫®√V

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