Lecture # 09:: Logarithmic Decrement & Concept of Time Constant

Dr.
Hassen OUAKAD 3/5/2017

ME553
Lecture # 09:
LOGARITHMIC DECREMENT &
CONCEPT OF TIME CONSTANT
Dr. Hassen M. Ouakad
Department of Mechanical Engineering
ME553, Advanced Vibrations / Term 162
Chapter’s Objectives
After you have finished this lecture you will be able to do the
following:
 Compute the undamped natural frequency ωn, the damped frequency ωd,
and the damping ratio ζ to describe and assess system response of a 2nd order
system.
 Compute the logarithmic decrement.
 Use time domain response data to estimate coefficient values in dynamic
models.
 Obtain harmonic response of systems having a single degree of freedom.
Dr. Hassen OUAKAD ME 553 / 115
Title goes here 1

Dr. Hassen OUAKAD 3/5/2017
ME553
Lecture’s Outline
 Logarithmic Decrement
 Damping Ratio Measurements
 Important Time Constants
Lecture’s Outline
Title goes here 2

ME553
Experimental Determination of damping ratio

(The Logarithmic Decrement)
It is sometimes necessary to
determine the damping ratios
and damped natural
frequencies of recorders and
other instruments.
To determine the damping ratio

and damped natural frequency
of a system experimentally, a
record of decaying or damped
oscillations, such as that shown
in the Figure is needed.
The Logarithmic Decrement

δ
x(t )  Ce nt cos(d t   ) , Td  2 / d
Title goes here 3

ME553

δ

δ
Title goes here 4

ME553
Logarithmic decrement δ
for Various Types of Structures
Table#01: Logarithmic decrement and damping ratio of a Tennis Racquet
Table#02: Logarithmic decrement range of values for some Types of Structures
Example # 01
Estimating Damping and Stiffness
Measurement of the free response of a certain system weighing 1000 kg shows
that after 5 cycles, the amplitude of the displacement is 10% of the first
amplitude. Also, the time for these 5 cycles to occur was measured to be 20 sec.
Estimate the system’s damping c and stiffness k.
Title goes here 5

ME553
Example # 02
Underdamped Shock Absorber
An underdamped shock absorber is to be designed for a motorcycle of mass 200
kg (shown in Fig.(a)). When the shock absorber is subjected to an initial vertical
velocity due to a road bump, the resulting displacement-time curve is to be as
indicated in Fig.(b).
1- Find the necessary stiffness and damping constants of the shock absorber if the damped
period of vibration is to be 2 s and the amplitude x1 is to be reduced to one-fourth in one half
cycle (i.e., x1.5 = x1/4).
2- Find the minimum initial velocity that leads to a maximum displacement of 250 mm.
Example # 02
(continued)
We use the equation for the logarithmic decrement in terms of the damping ratio, equation for the
damped period of vibration, time corresponding to maximum displacement for an underdamped
system, and envelope passing through the maximum points of an underdamped system.
Title goes here 6

ME553
Example # 02
(continued)
Example # 03
Title goes here 7

ME553
Example # 03
(continued)
Example # 03
(continued)
Title goes here 8

ME553
Example # 03
(continued)
Example # 03
(continued)
Title goes here 9

ME553
Example # 04
Calculating Number of Cycles for a Specific Decay
Derive an expression for the number of cycles n corresponding to a

structural amplitude decay of 70 %.
Example # 04
(continued)
Title goes here 10

ME553
Example # 04
(continued)
Lecture’s Outline
Title goes here 11

ME553
Practical Issues in
Vibration Measurements
 When the difference between successive amplitudes are small  measuring these
differences accurately from oscillograph records or storage oscilloscopes is very
difficult.
 One method of increasing accuracy in using such data is to plot a number of
amplitudes from an experimental record on semilog paper as a function of the cycle
number n.  Such a procedure provides a means of averaging the data, and has the
effect of minimizing the errors made in reading the amplitudes.
 Such a plot (semilog plot) will be a straight line for viscously damped systems.
 Let’s prove this:
Consider two amplitudes periods apart instead
of two consecutives amplitudes.
Practical Issues in
Title goes here 12

ME553
Practical Issues in
Example # 05
Title goes here 13

ME553
Example # 05
(continued)
(c)
Example # 05
(continued)
Title goes here 14

ME553
Example # 05
(continued)
Lecture’s Outline
Title goes here 15

ME553
Second Order System

Time Constants
 The characteristic time constant is a concept that appears in many physical
sciences and is representative of time scales that have intrinsic physical meanings for
a structure, fluid or system.
 For a second order dynamic system, a characteristic time is the period
 In a similar way, when the damping coefficient is divided by the mass, we obtain
known as the relaxation time since the product ζ ωn characterizes the decay rate of the
amplitude of the free vibrating damped system.
 In some notations/cases, the factor 2 in the denominator is omitted.

better known as the
time constant
RECALL
Underdamped System
c=0
x  t   Be rt sin( qt   )
1
B (qx0 ) 2  (v0  rx0 ) 2
m = 2 kg, k = 30 N/m q
qx0
  tan 1
v0  rx0
c = 2.9 N·s/m c = 0.9 N·s/m
Title goes here 16

ME553
RECALL
Responses’ Comparison
underdamped Next
response SLIDE
critically damped
Undamped Response response
overdamped
response
x  Be rt sin(qt   ) Underdamped CASE

c  c 2  4mk
s
2m  Roots : s = r  iq = 1/  iq (Discussion)
 Stable : mass eventually retunes to equilibrium because amplitude decays to 0
 Amplitude decays exponentially
 Envelope is proportional to ert and have a time constant  = -1/r (NEXT SLIDE)
 Amplitude of the next oscillation occurring after t = -1/r will be less than 37%
of the peak amplitude
 Response has disappeared (less than 2% of peak) after t  -4/r
Underdamped case, Real part : r < 0, Underdamped case, Real part : r > 0,
Be rt x  Be rt sin(qt   )
37%
2%
Envelope
 Bert  r < 0 : Stable (decays with time)
 r = 0 : Neutrally stable (constant amplitude)
 r > 0 : Unstable (increases with time)
Title goes here 17

ME553
Dominant-Root Approximation:
Time constant
 Time constant : A measure of the decay rate of an exponential et /
 Time constant corresponds to real part of the characteristic root : r  1/ 
s  r  iq  1/   iq
 If a differential equation has several roots, all with negative real parts,
then every root will have a time constant
 Root having the largest time constant is the root whose exponential term
dominates the response  Dominant root, Dominant time constant ( d )
 Example : roots r = 2, 20
x  A1e2t  A2 e 20t   1  1 / 2,  2  1 / 20
 2nd exponential term will disappear after t = 4/20, 10 times faster than 1st term
 Dominant time constant :  d   1  1/ 2
 Cannot perform exact predictions based on the dominant root because initial condition
which determine the values of A1, A2, may be such that A2 >> A1
 Dominant root concept is only an approximation

 It cannot be used to make exact predictions about system response
 But very useful, free response is essentially zero after t = 4d
Dominant-Root Approximation:
Time Constant of SDOF-ODE
x  10 x  8 x  0
 Free response of the model : 2 
for three cases (a) x(0)  2, x (0)  5; (b) x(0)  2, x (0)  5; (c) x(0)  2, x (0)  0
 With m = 2, c = 10, k = 8, roots : s  1,  4, i.e. r1  1, r2  4 2 real distinct 

Overdamped Case
Free response : x(t )  A1e  t  A2 e 4t
(a) x(0)  2, x (0)  5 : A1  13 / 3, A2  7 / 3  Dominant time constant :
(b) x(0)  2, x (0)  5 : A1  1, A2  1 s  1,  d   1  1
(c) x(0)  2, x (0)  0 : A1  8 / 3, A2  2 / 3
 Largest time constant (dominant time constant)

determines how long it takes for the response
to disappear
Different response due to different initial conditions

but decay rate is same
Title goes here 18

ME553
End of
Lecture # 09
http://www.sciences.univ-nantes.fr/physique/perso/gtulloue/equadiff/equadiff.html
Title goes here 19

Lecture # 09:: Logarithmic Decrement & Concept of Time Constant

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Lecture # 09:: Logarithmic Decrement & Concept of Time Constant

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Dr.

Hassen OUAKAD 3/5/2017

ME553, Advanced Vibrations / Term 162

Dr. Hassen OUAKAD ME 553 / 115

Title goes here 1

 Damping Ratio Measurements

 Important Time Constants

Dr. Hassen OUAKAD ME 553 / 116

 Damping Ratio Measurements

 Important Time Constants

Dr. Hassen OUAKAD ME 553 / 117

Title goes here 2

Experimental Determination of damping ratio

To determine the damping ratio

Dr. Hassen OUAKAD ME 553 / 118

The Logarithmic Decrement

x(t )  Ce nt cos(d t   ) , Td  2 / d

Dr. Hassen OUAKAD ME 553 / 119

Title goes here 3

The Logarithmic Decrement

Dr. Hassen OUAKAD ME 553 / 120

The Logarithmic Decrement

Dr. Hassen OUAKAD ME 553 / 121

Title goes here 4

Table#02: Logarithmic decrement range of values for some Types of Structures

Dr. Hassen OUAKAD ME 553 / 122

Dr. Hassen OUAKAD ME 553 / 123

Title goes here 5

Dr. Hassen OUAKAD ME 553 / 124

Dr. Hassen OUAKAD ME 553 / 125

Title goes here 6

Dr. Hassen OUAKAD ME 553 / 126

Dr. Hassen OUAKAD ME 553 / 127

Title goes here 7

Dr. Hassen OUAKAD ME 553 / 128

Dr. Hassen OUAKAD ME 553 / 129

Title goes here 8

Dr. Hassen OUAKAD ME 553 / 130

Dr. Hassen OUAKAD ME 553 / 131

Title goes here 9

Derive an expression for the number of cycles n corresponding to a

Dr. Hassen OUAKAD ME 553 / 132

Dr. Hassen OUAKAD ME 553 / 133

Title goes here 10

Dr. Hassen OUAKAD ME 553 / 134

 Damping Ratio Measurements

 Important Time Constants

Dr. Hassen OUAKAD ME 553 / 135

Title goes here 11

Dr. Hassen OUAKAD ME 553 / 136

Dr. Hassen OUAKAD ME 553 / 137

Title goes here 12

Dr. Hassen OUAKAD ME 553 / 138

Dr. Hassen OUAKAD ME 553 / 139

Title goes here 13

Dr. Hassen OUAKAD ME 553 / 141

Title goes here 14

Dr. Hassen OUAKAD ME 553 / 142

 Damping Ratio Measurements

 Important Time Constants

Dr. Hassen OUAKAD ME 553 / 143

Title goes here 15

Second Order System