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Table of Contents
S/L Focal/ Mooting Points Page No
No
1. Acknowledgement 02

2. Abstract 03
3. Introduction 04
4. Air Pollution 05

5. Emission in processes
 Summary of the wastes generated during textiles 06
manufacturing

6. Pollution Control
07

7. 08
General control measures

8. Conclusion 09

9. References: 10
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Acknowledgement

Thanks to Almighty Allah for giving us the strength to complete the assignment within the
given time. I would like to express heartiest appreciation to our honorable course teacher Prof.
Dr. S. M. Mahbub-ul-Haque Majumder for his brilliant instruction. Though the topic was new
to us I have tried our best to point out all important information about Air pollution in Textile
industry. I have faced some problems while taking the information from the web.
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Abstract
The textile industry is major contributor in many nations in terms of economies and
employment. The small and large scale operations in this textile sector though contribute much
to the economy also cause hazardous effect to environment. The textile manufacturing
processes involve large consumption of water, energy and various chemicals which will
generate waste at the end or as a by-product. Air pollution caused by the textile industry is also
a major cause of concern. Environmental pollution risk analysis and risk management in
textile industry is vital in order to prevent chemical disaster which may lead to terrible results.
It is also important to maintain production level at the same time. This assignment aims to
identify and analyze the pollution due to air in a textile industry and steps to reduce the risk
which arises due to pollution.
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Introduction
There are three basic needs that a man possesses food, clothing, and shelter. The global textile
and clothing industry is bound to be huge, as it fulfills the second basic requirement of man. It
is worth $480 billion at present and is expected to reach $700 billion, shortly. This is because
people are getting increasingly conscious of the way they dress. It has become a means to
create an impression and represent their personality. Everybody wants to strike an impression
with different and fashionable clothes. Air pollution caused by the textile industry is also a
major cause of concern. Boilers, thermo pack, and diesel generators produce pollutants that
are released into the air. The pollutants generated include Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM),
sulphur di oxide gas, oxide of nitrogen gas, etc. The nearby areas with human population get
affected adversely owing to the release of toxic gas into the atmosphere.
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Air pollution

Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate, or biological material that cause
harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or damages the natural environment
into the atmosphere

Categories of Air Pollution

Air pollution is categorized by the emissions

1. Carbon di oxide
2. Aerosol fumes and gases
3. Toxic gases
4. Smoke and
5. Dust
Carbon di oxide emission results in the generation of the greenhouse gases such as water
vapour, methane, nitrous oxide, chlorofluro carbon and ozone.
Toxic gases spreading in the air will result in poisoning of the species up to death.
Smoke results in the visibility loss.

Emissions from Textile Processing

Oil mist and organic emissions produced when textile materials containing lubricating oils,
platicizers, and other materials that can volatilize or be thermically degraded into volatile
substances, are subjected to heat.
Processes that can be sources of oil mist include tentering, calendaring, heat setting,
drying, and curing.
Acid mist produced during the carbonization of wool and during some types of spray dyeing.
Solvent vapors released during and after solvent processing operations such as dry
cleaning and volatile organic compounds from mineral spirit solvents in print pastes or inks.
Exhaust gases emanating from polycondensation of melt spinning fiber lines
Dust and lint produced by the processing of natural fibres and synthetic staple prior to and
during spinning, as well as by napping and carpet shearing.
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Emission in processes
Easy care finishing
 Formaldehyde – carcinogenic agent
Flame retardant finish
 Hydrogen cyanide, halogen compounds or oxides of nitrogen,
 highly conc. Carbon monoxide
Drying, curing
 HCl and cyanide produced when drying of incompletely removed excess antistatic,
flame retardant or softening compounds occurs

Summary of the wastes generated during textiles manufacturing

Process Source Pollutants
Energy Emissions from boiler Particulates, nitrous oxides
Production (Nox) sulphur dioxide (SO2)
Coating, drying Emission from high temperature ovens Volatile organic components
and curing (VOCs)
Cotton handling Emissions from preparation, carding, Particulates
activities combing, and fabrics manufacturing
Sizing Emission from using sizing compound Nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxide,
(gums, PVA) carbon monoxide.
Bleaching Emission from using chlorine compound Chlorine, chlorine dioxide
Dyeing Disperse dyeing using carriers Sulphur Carriers
dyeing
H2S
Aniline dyeing
Aniline vapors
Printing Emission Hydrocarbons, ammonia
Chemical storage Emissions from storage tanks for Volatile organic components
commodity and chemicals (VOCs)
Waste water Emissions from treatment tanks and vessels Volatile organic components, toxic
treatment emissions
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Effect of Dust
 Formation of dust film on every surface
 Particles fall into moving parts of machinery
 Dirty appearance of product

Effect of Dust - Health Hazards

 Cotton dust – biossinosis (lung disease)
 Asbestos dust – lung cancer
 Wool dust – allergic, sneezing attacks, asthma and related diseases
Pollutants Effects On Human Being Sources
Sulpher di oxide Irritates respiratory system and Boiler flue gas, rayon plant etc.
causes bronchitis
aldehydes Irritates all parts of respiratory Polyester plant
system
chlorine Causes lung irritation and also Processing house
irritation in eyes
Carbon di oxide Deprives body cells of oxygen Boiler house
and cause unconsciousness by
CO combining with hemoglobin

Pollution Control:
Spinning mill
 maintaining m/c parts
 Maintaining hardness of rubber cots
 Maintaining RH%
 Using overhead pneumatic cleaners
 Cyclone filters, Cloth filters

Wet processing unit

Electrostatic precipitator; Scrubber; Oxidizer
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General control measures:

1. Height of chimneys: Chimneys height should not be less than 30 meters and release the
pollutants not in the vicinity of living organism
2. Gravitational & inertial separator: These are working on gravitational and inertial
concepts of collecting, filtering etc. of the particulate matter. E.g. settling chambers, dynamic
separator and wet cyclones & multiple cyclones.
3. Filters: Woven or sintered metal beds of fibers, metal turning, fibrous mats & aggregate
bed filter, paper filters and fabric filters are used for the filtration of particulate matter like
dust, lint and fumes.
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Conclusion:
In order to protect the environment every organization should regularly check and file the
documents related to regulations concerning work place safety. The management must ensure
that the organization has protocol to implement all the rules regarding the environmental and
workers safety. Majority of the organization certainly will have the code of conduct like
corporate social responsibility and environmental responsibility. The workers of the textile
industry should ensure that the production area is distant from the place where they take food
in order to avoid the consumption of chemicals through air. Thus the assignment assess the
hazardous substances that pollute water and air substantially, their sources and the steps to
assess and control the risk in the textile industry is seen.
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References

Keith Slater, "Environmental impact of textiles: production, processes and

protection", Textile Institute (Manchester, England), Published by Woodhead
Publishing, 2003, ISBN 1855735415, 9781855735415
www.e-textile.org
http://www.fibre2fashion.com/industry-
article/pdfdownload.asp?filename=2195&article=2195&status=new
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