Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
IO Center – NTNU
Introduction
The Center for Integrated Operations in the Petroleum Industry (IO Center) at NTNU
includes several research programs. Program 2, named "Reservoir management and
production optimization" works with development of methods, technology and work
processes for real‐time reservoir management and real‐time production optimization.
One of the program's objectives includes establishment of a benchmark data base for
research and trial activities. The IO Center states: "The data base should use a real field
and in particular promote comparative studies of alternative methods for history
matching and ultimately closed loop reservoir management. Statoil's Norne Field in the
Norwegian Sea has been in production for approximately 11 years and will be used as
the pilot study for the IO Center. The field has high quality 4D seismic data and
production data.
Statoil is positive towards cooperation with the IO Center on the development of such a
real field case. At the moment, there exists no benchmark case consisting of real data.
The most realistic case present today is the Brugge Field (synthetic), presented early
2008.
Geological Description
The Norne field is located in the blocks 6608/10 and 6508/10 on a horst block in the
southern part of the Nordland II in the Norwegian Sea. The horst block is approximately
9 km x 3 km. It was discovered in December 1991. Development drilling began in August
1996 and oil production started in November 1996. It consists of two separate oil
compartments, the Norne main structure (C, D and E segment) and the Northeast
segment (G segment). 98 % of oil in place is situated at the Norne main structure. The
total hydrocarbon column (based on well 6608/10‐2) is 135 m which contains 110 m oil
and 25 m gas in the rocks of Lower and Middle Jurassic age of the Fangst and Båt Group.
Approximately 80% of oil is located in the Ile and Tofte formation and gas in the Garn
formation.
The original high‐resolution model is developed based on Geo model 2004 and consists
of 113344 grid cells which 44927 of them are active. The reservoir model is subdivided
into four different formations from top to base: Garn, Ile, Tofte and Tilje. Hydrocarbons
in this reservoir are located in the Lower‐ to Middle‐Jurassic sandstones. The reservoir
sandstones are dominated by fine‐grained and well to very well stored sub‐arkosic
arenites. The sandstones are buried at a depth of 2500‐2700 m and are affected by
diagenetic processes. Mechanical compaction is the most important process which
reduces reservoir quality. Still, most of the sandstones are good reservoir rocks. The
field porosity ranges from 25 to 30 % while permeability varies from 20 to 2500 mD.
The source rocks are believed to be the Spekk Formation from Late Jurassic and the coal
bedded Åre Formation from Early Jurassic. A source rock is a rock of high organic
content, which under the right circumstances, temperature and pressure, will form oil
and gas.
The cap rock which seals the reservoir and keeps the oil and gas in place is the Melke
Formation. The Not Formation behaves as a cap rock, preventing communication
between the Garn and Ile Formations. Figure 1 illustrates the structural setting of the
Norne field.
The present geological model consists of 17 reservoir zones. Today’s reservoir‐zonation
is slightly altered from earlier subdivisions. An illustration of the zonation from 2001 can
be seen in Figure 2.
Figure 3 shows the geological zonations from 2002 and 2006 and Table 2 illustrates the
current reservoir zonation which is used in the simulation model in the ECLIPSE
software.
Figure 1: The structural setting of the Norne Field (Statoil, 1994)
Figure 2: Stratigraphical sub‐division of the Norne reservoir (Statoil, 2001)
Table 1: Reservoir zonation from the Eclipse model
Faults, especially major faults, can be discovered by studying the seismic data. Figure 4
illustrates cross sections through the Norne field with fluid contacts and faults. Each
sub‐area of the fault planes has been assigned transmissibility multipliers. The fault
planes are divided into sections which follow the reservoir zonation, see Figure 3. These
are functions of fault rock permeability, fault zone width, the matrix permeability and
the dimensions of grid blocks in the simulation model.
Figure 3: Old and new zonation [Fawke, 2008]
Figure 4: Structural cross sections through the Norne Field with fluid contacts (Statoil, 2001)
For the current case E‐segment is focused on and located as depicted on figures below.
Figure 5: The Norne field with all the segments
Reservoir simulation model
The whole Norne reservoir simulation model is in the form of ECLIPSE 100 which is a
three phase three dimensional black oil model. The reservoir is discretized by
46×112×22 grids with 44431 active cells. The model is physically divided into two
sections by a shale layer which is called NOT formations. The upper and lower sections
are consists of 3 and 18 layers respectively.
The Norne E‐segment is separated from the rest of the field by keeping the E‐segment
part as original grid and coarsening the rest. The E‐segment is defined in the model as
following table and figure:
Table 2: E‐segment definition by grid cell
positions.
I1 I2 J1 J2 K1 K2
6 6 45 88 1 22
7 7 45 90 1 22
8 8 47 91 1 22
9 9 49 92 1 22
10 10 54 94 1 22
11 11 55 94 1 22
12 12 57 96 1 22
13 13 60 97 1 22
14 14 62 99 1 22
15 15 65 100 1 22 Figure 6: E‐segment model which is separated
16 16 70 100 1 22 by coarsening from the rest of the field
E‐segment contains 8733 active cells. Size of the blocks is between 80 m to 100 m in the
horizontal direction. In total it 8 wells have been drilled in the E‐segment part. These
comprise of one observation, 2 injector and 5 producers. Some properties of the oil and
gas in the Norne Field are:
Initial pressure: 273 bar at 2639 m TVD Oil formation volume factor: 1.32
Reservoir temperature: 98 ۫C Gas formation volume factor: 0.0047
Oil density: 859.5 Kg/m3 API= 32.7 ۫ Rock wettability: mixed
Gas density: 0.854 Kg/m3 Pore Compressibility: 4.84×10‐5 1/bar at
Water density: 1033 Kg/m3 277 bar
Figure 7 and 8 represent some of the PVT properties, relative permeabilities and
capillary pressures related to E‐Segment. Connate water saturation is varies from 0.05
to 0.38 among different relative permeability curves.
Figure 7: PVT properties for the E‐segment in Norne Filed
Figure 8: Relative permeabilities (top) and capillary pressures (Bottom) for the E‐segment in Norne Filed
4D‐Seismic data
On the Norne Field, a total of 5 seismic surveys have been carried out, starting with the
first conventional base survey in 1992. The next four surveys have been rendered with a
Q‐marine vessel in 2001, 2003, 2004 and 2006. [Statoil, 2006a].
WesternGeco acquired a 320 km2 dual source Q‐marine 3D survey for Statoil in the
Norne area in 2001. This survey was named ST0103, and was intended for reservoir
characterization. Immediately after this, a second km2 single source survey, named
ST0113, was acquired over the Norne field itself. This was intended as a time‐lapse
survey, and compared with a dataset from 1992.
A 2nd Q‐marine survey, of some 85 km2, and named ST0305, was acquired in June 2003
as identically as possible to ST0113.
In July 2004, ST0409 was shot, as the 3rd Q‐marine survey over Norne. This was
acquired as identically as possible to the 2001 and 2003 surveys, but covered a larger
area (146 km2). This allowed time‐lapse changes in the reservoir between 2001, 2003
and 2004 to be identified.
In July/August 2006, ST0603 was shot, as the 4th Q‐marine survey over Norne. This was
acquired as identically as possible to the 2004 survey. This allowed time‐lapse changes
in the reservoir between 2001, 2003, 2004 and 2006 to be identified. The survey area is
shown in figure 9.
Repeatability of the acquired seismic data is good and the survey data is of high quality.
The only place with less quality data is around and beneath the Norne production
vessel. Undershoot was performed in the monitor surveys in order to generate coverage
beneath the vessel. This gives a fairly acceptable repeatability in this area. [Ouair et al.,
2005].
In all years, several undershoot lines were acquired to generate coverage beneath the
Norne production vessel. The same undershoot vessel and source were used in 2001
and 2003, but a different one in 2004 and 2006.
Figure 9: Map of the seismic survey area for Norne Field
3D seismic data for fulfilled model is from line 970 to line 1290 and trace 1300 – 2300,
however; only lines 970 ‐1070 and traces 1700 – 2100 are related to E‐segment.
Figure 10: Map of the seismic survey in the E‐segment area
The acquisition parameters for ST0113, ST0305, ST0409 and ST0603 are given in Table 3
(Statoil, 2006b).
Table 3: The acquisition parameters for the ST0113, ST0305, ST0409 & ST0604 surveys
Company WesternGeco Vessel Geco Topaz
Survey date August/Sept. 2001, Survey type 3D
June 2003, July 2004
Instruments Triacq 5 Tape format SEG‐D
Filter settings High cut 200 Hz Slope 477 dB/oct
Low cut 3 Hz Slope 18 dB/oct
Record length 6144 ms Sample rate 2 ms
Timing delay 64 ms Filter delay 0 ms
Source array 1 x 5085 cu.in. airgun array, operating at 2000 psi
Source depth 6 m Shotpoint interval 25 m
Receiver array 6 x 3200 m streamer, 240 groups per streamer
Cable depth 8 m Group interval 12.5 m (DGF)
Inline offset 122 m
Source separation n/a Cable separation 50 m
Configuration 254 trace, 64 fold, 6 lines per boat pass, 25 m line spacing
Polarity convention Positive pressure at hydrophone recorded as a negative number
Development Plan
The reservoir has been produced since November 1997 and as of October 2008 there are
25 wells remaining active which consist of 17 producer wells and 8 injector wells. Some
wells are planned to be closed and there is no plan to drill new additional wells.
Approximately 80 million Sm3 of oil has been produced to October 2008, which is nearly
86% of recoverable reserves. It was estimated in December 2007 that the recoverable
reserves to be 93 million Sm3 of oil and 11.6 billion Sm3 of gas. Remaining reserves are
estimated to be 13 million Sm3 of oil and 5.3 billion Sm3 of gas.
Provided data
Basically the data supplied includes production data and seismic data. Participants are
asked to utilize the provided data; the following are details on the data.
1) Reservoir simulation model of E segment in Eclipse format, history matched until
December 2003, which are included reservoir geometries, PVT fluid properties
and relative permebilities and capillary pressures.
2) All wells including well logs.
3) The reservoir has been producing since 1997, oil rate, water rate, gas rate are
available for each well and pressure data like bottom hole pressures and tubing
head pressures are also recorded for some wells, the model is history matched
until 2003.
4) Production data for each well to 2004 are given for history matching purpose.
5) 4D seismic data in 2001 as base case and two monitors in 2003 and 2004 ‐ (full
stack 4D seismic data) for E – Segment only.
6) 4D cubes from the years 2003‐2001 and 2004‐2001.
7) Interpreted top reservoir horizon.
8) Interpreted faults.
9) Well paths for all wells.
10) Interpreted oil‐water contacts from 2001, 2003 and 2004.
11) Two velocity cube for conversions, both time and depth.
References
Ouair, Y.E.I. and Springer, M. 2005. Integrated reservoir management approach: From
time‐lapse acquisition to reservoir model update at the Norne field. IPTC 10894,
International Petroleum Technology Conference, Doha, Qatar, 21‐23 November
2005. doi: 10.2523/10894‐MS.
Statoil, 2001. PL128‐Norne Field Reservoir Management Plan.
Statoil, 1994. Plan for Development and Operations, Reservoir Geology Support
Documentation.
Statoil, 2006a. Annual reservoir development plan Norne Field.
Statoil, 2006b. Data processing report.
Verlo, S. B. and Hetland, M. 2008. Development of a field case with real production and
4D data from the Norne Field as a benchmark case for future reservoir simulation
models testing. Masters Thesis, NTNU, Norway.
WesternGeco, 2007. Data Processing Report for Statoil Block 6608/10 (Norne) ST0113,
ST0103, ST0305, ST0409, ST0603 2006 4D processing.