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Note: the below are not sample answers to the questions, and do not
always give guidance or comments on every part of each question. These
are notes for your information only.
They are designed to help you to check that you have understood the
concepts being examined and what is required by the questions.
You should always formulate your own full and clear answers to
examination questions, paying attention to what the question asks you to
do and using your own examples.
Chapter 1
1. My Drugs plc and Their Drugs plc
A good way to address this question is to apply the value chain
framework and indicate what costs and performance variables are
relevant to each part of the value chain in each firm. A diagrammatic
answer is suggested. An example of such an answer is below.
This table indicates the main management accounting variables that
should be measured in the two firms, according to the value chain
framework. This framework refers to management accounting; those
variables that are not management accounting are highlighted in italics.
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Chapter 2
1. Using traditional methods of cost allocation
a. In situations where indirect costs account for a small proportion of all
costs, the arbitrary allocation of costs caused by the traditional methods
is less significant, hence they can be more safely used.
When the aim of the cost analysis is to compare the overall efficiency of
different organisations, the traditional methods can provide meaningful
results.
Some companies have routine processes and a small number of different
products (but high volume) and are mostly priced competitively using
market price. These companies are likely to use a contribution approach
and make decisions based on changes in contribution. They allocate
fixed costs which relate to a specific product line to that line, but not
to individual products. This provides better information for decision
making, planning and control.
b. The production of white paper lends itself to the use of process costing,
so that the cost of materials, labour and overheads are allocated through
the process rather than on a product-by-product basis.
The production of ordinary posters lends itself to the use of batch
costing, whereby all costs that refer to each batch are clustered together
and allocated to the products of that batch.
The production of very large posters lends itself to the use of job costing,
because it is possible to identify the materials and labour that have been
employed for a specific poster.
2. Consulting Ltd
a. One-stage traditional method
i. The only direct costs are production team salaries, because there is
no indication as to how to trace the other costs to each production.
The average cost of direct labour in production per hour is:
$1,200,000 / 3,780 hours in the year = $317.46
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b.
Income statement £ £
Sales as above 229,185
Less: Expenses (actual costs)
Paper 22,000
Consumables 2,250
Wages 120,000
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Chapter 3
1. Smooth Running Ltd
Parts (a)–(c) are answered in the tables below.
Costs £ £
Opening WIP 68,160 51,600
Cost for period 1,433,500 1,050,180
Total 1,501,660 1,101,780
Cost per equivalent unit
Weighted average 1,501,660 / 13,975 1,101,780 / 13,255
£190.575 =£107.453 =£83.122
FIFO
Completion of opening stock 0 360
Started and completed in month (11575 – 600) 10,975 10,975
Closing WIP 2,400 1,680
Total 13,375 13,015
Cost per equivalent unit 1,433,500 / 13,375 1,050,180 / 13,015
FIFO £187.867 = £107.177 = £80.690
Job costing Arises where there is a customised, one-off commission (for example,
in industries such as printing, shipping, construction, film, hospitals,
accountancy). Requires tracing specific resources required for the product;
may involve research, negotiation and estimation of costs to be included.
Total cost of complete job calculated, usually including allocations for fixed
costs and usually a profit mark-up.
Batch costing Used for batches of products which are standardised within the batch,
such as clothing, motor cars and components. The products are designed
by the company and may be made for stock or customer order. May use
variable or full absorption methods of tracing costs to products. Unit cost
is calculated by dividing total cost by number produced in batch.
Process Suitable for continuous flow production (e.g. oil, paper, sugar, plastic)
costing where there is a standardised product which may go through a series of
processes. Usually absorption costing is used, i.e. a fair share of overhead
is included in the cost. Unit costs are calculated as in parts (a) and (b) of
this question.
Chapter 4
1. Alpha plc
a. Traditional approach
The overhead could be recovered based on consulting hours for
web- and telephone-based advice, as follows:
Overhead recovery rate £300,000 / (800 × 1 hour) + (1590 × 2
hours) = £75.38
Client profitability
b. ABC approach
Cost driver for processing orders: £150,000 / (300 x 0.5) + (60 x 1) = £714
per hour of order
Cost driver for marketing: £90,000 / 3 = £30,000 per client
Cost driver for invoicing: £60,000 / 300 + 60 = £167 per invoice
Client profitability
Chapter 5
1. HumanityHelp
a.
i. Direct costs
• Volunteer insurances
• Travel costs to and from missions
ii. Overhead costs that can be allocated using ABC
• Responding to enquiries and arranging interviews
• Carrying out interviews
• Post-mission support
• Rescue operations (but this could be considered a direct
cost, too)
iii. Overhead costs that cannot be allocated for lack of information
• Maintenance of the webpage
• Conferences and events
• Flyers
b. and c. Cost drivers to be used and calculation of cost driver rate:
• Responding to enquiries: allocation based on number of
enquiries multiplied by average time of each enquiry.
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Chapter 6
1. Direct labour
Unless direct labour employees are paid by the hour or for piece work
(in other words, paid for a certain amount of work done) their cost to
the firm cannot change in proportion to the volume of production, so
this cost would appear to be fixed.
However, under the condition of full capacity of direct labour, if the
firm chooses to increase the volume of production of one product,
the volume of production of another product must be curbed. To this
extent, the cost of direct labour allocated to a department can be
considered proportional to the department’s volume of production.
For example, a company has two departments: A and B. The direct
labour employees are interchangeable (i.e. they can work in both
departments according to where they are needed). If the volume
of production in department A decreases by 10 per cent, the direct
labour consumption will also decrease by 10 per cent. The full capacity
assumption implies that employees will use their freed up time to
work for department B. From the departments’ point of view the cost
increases in proportion to the volume of production (i.e. it is a variable
cost).
Another example is where the direct labour is not interchangeable –
for example, where direct labour employees of department A can only
work for department A, and the same is true for department B. If the
volume of production is reduced by 10 per cent, the employees’ freed
up time will become idle, which means that direct labour will be a
capacity cost, which is to say that it is a fixed cost.
2. Direct and indirect costs
Direct costs measure the use of resources that are consumed directly
in the production of goods or services. The test is: for each specific
product or service, what resources are ‘embedded’ in the goods or
services and as such are consumed in proportion to the volume of
production? Such resources can be materials, direct labour, direct
machine time, or, to use the example of a hospital: drugs prescribed,
surgeons’ time, nurses’ time. These can be ‘variable’ costs such as
raw material or prescription drugs. They can also be fixed if direct
employees are paid a salary whether there is work for them or not, or
variable (as mentioned above) if hourly rates or piece work methods
are used. The hospital case would depend on whether the surgeon is a
member of staff (fixed) or paid as a visiting consultant (variable).
Indirect costs measure the use of resources that enable the
production of goods or services. These resources may be required in
quantities that are proportional to the volume of production, such as
the electricity that powers a machine that produces goods in fixed
quantities per unit of time. In this case the electricity used and the
number of goods produced are constantly in proportion. However,
the electricity that powers a machine that can produce one or more
goods at the same time will be considered a fixed cost, because its
consumption is not proportional to the volume of production. There
may also be variable costs which are treated as indirect because they
are too insignificant to be traced to products, like glue and small nails.
They will be variable but the costs will be captured under indirect
costs.
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AC3097 Management accounting: Notes on the end-of-chapter questions
Note: These sorts of costs are a reason why, in order to plan and make
decisions, the elements of mixed costs must be determined using
statistical methods, which we covered in Chapter 6 of the subject
guide.
Chapter 7
1. Freddy and Flora
a. Based on the information given, the most appropriate unit would
be packages consisting of: initial contact plus two hours of
consulting and a set of illustrative material.
b. Given the suggestion above,
€
Freddy and Flora’s salaries 150,000
Full-time employee salary 90,000
Annual costs 24,000
Total 264,000
Selling price of one package = €900
Variable cost of one package:
Tax consultant 2 hours €130 × 2 = 260
Illustrative material 50
Total 310
Contribution margin per package = € 590
Break-even point = 264,000/310 = 448 packages.
Both employees’ salaries are a fixed cost because their capacity
would not be used completely, given that the practice’s maximum
number of packages is 400 per year, whereas they could in theory
work on 450 packages per year.
c. In the new situation the fixed costs would increase by €90,000 to
€354,000.
Selling price of one package = €900
Variable cost of one package = €50
Contribution margin per package = €850
Break-even point = €354,000 / 850 = 417 packages.
d. In both cases Freddy and Flora cannot break even. However,
appointing a new full-time employee lowers the loss and shows a
lower break-even point. You are faced with the challenge of the
dissonance between increasing fixed costs but at the same time
lowering the risk. A good answer would address this dilemma.
You should also bear in mind that Freddy’s and Flora’s salaries are
not the result of a negotiation, but simply of their own allocation,
so there is still the option to revise that allocation in light of the
alternative opportunities that are available to them. Alternatively
they could increase their capacity to work by working harder to
obtain clients or by taking on some of the consultancy themselves
and reducing the variable costs.
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Chapter 8
1. Lost opportunities and make-or-buy
a. The effect of a missed opportunity on profit is equivalent to an
additional cost. For example, a company misses the opportunity to
produce and sell a service that would increase its profit by $100.
This has the same effect on profit as an inefficiency which results
in increased costs of $100.
b.
• Depreciation is irrelevant in this case, because the decision to
produce in-house or to buy the product from a supplier will
not affect the effect of the depreciation of that machine. If, as
in the example, the machine becomes unusable, its remaining
depreciation is accounted for all in one go upon scrapping it.
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AC3097 Management accounting: Notes on the end-of-chapter questions
2. Raleigh Ltd
a. Total future cost for three years
*Written-down value
Cost 4,000,000
Less two years’ depn –1,600,000
Written down value 2,400,000
Less disposal value after 2 years –800,000
Loss on sale 1,600,000
This shows that despite the long-term savings available from
replacing the machine, in the short-term the net income of that
option is reduced by the loss on sale, so if the manager is focusing
on the short-term results, the upgrade will be implemented.
Chapter 9
1. Interior design business
a. Demand and use of Lillian’s and Johanna’s days is shown in this table:
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Lillian’s time is constrained but Johanna has exactly the right amount
of work to fill her time. So, in order to find the most profitable
portfolio the types that provide the most contribution per hour of
Lillian’s time will be prioritised.
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d. Firstly, the accounting firm would have to be decide how this new
tier of management would work. Would the account managers be
drawn from the pool of existing audit and consulting managers or
would they be new appointments? Whichever method is adopted
it would cause initial jealousies from those who previously worked
with clients and there may be resistance from clients to liaising
with different personnel.
A client-based structure is not likely to be tenable in this scenario,
since audit work and consulting work require different skills in
terms negotiating with clients, deployment of staff, etc. So the firm
would incur additional work and costs for no specific benefits.
Note that this answer makes certain assumptions about the
working of the accounting firm. Different assumptions, if well-
argued and clearly explained, would be equally acceptable.
Chapter 10
1. Consultants Ltd
a. The 5,200 consulting hours worked last year were made up of
eight consultants working 500 hours = 4,000 hours, and 1,200
hours of external consultants. The expected demand for year 1 is
5,100 hours. Consultants Ltd has enough expected demand in year
1 to justify the appointment of two new full-time consultants.
b. The current gross margin is 32.8 per cent. As the cost of the
software is specifically related to the new project, it is reasonable
to assume that Consultants Ltd consider this direct cost as part of
the calculation to reach its margin.
Calculation of price of new project:
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AC3097 Management accounting: Notes on the end-of-chapter questions
Chapter 11
1. Net present value
Project B will have a higher NPV than project A as long as the discount
rate (whatever it may be) is the same for both projects. This is because
discounting affects the cash flows that are further in the future more
than the cash flows that are nearer in the future. Projects A and B have
the same total cash flows but the cash flows of A are more skewed
towards the future than those of project B.
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Chapter 12
1. The logic of the budgeting process
In order that the budget of sales can be drawn, conclusive decisions
must have been taken on the quality of the products or services that
the firm is planning to sell, the segments it will target and the time
of delivery. This information is necessary for planning the usage of
materials, direct labour, machines and all other resources in terms of
their quality, quantity and timing.
The ultimate manifestation of a firm’s strategy is in its output of
products or services, their quality, quantity, time and place of delivery.
Hence, the fact that the budget reflects the firm’s strategy supports
the logic of starting from the sales budget. Managers must strike
a balance between what is ideal and what is possible; starting the
budgeting process from any other budget than sales would indicate
that the firms’s priority is on what it can do as opposed to what it is
appropriate to do in order to succeed in the market.
2. Greaves Ltd
a. i)
Workings
Sales – using probabilities
Probability Sales January February March
£ £ £ £
20% 140,000 28,000
70% 180,000 126,000
10% 200,000 20,000
20 174,000 191,400 200,970
AC3097 Management accounting: Notes on the end-of-chapter questions
Chapter 13
1. Westward Ltd
a. Standard cost budget and actual performance
Favourable Unfavourable
£ £
Sales volume variance 25.80 x 600 15,480
Sales price 1,376,000 – 1,401,800 25,800
Material 007 price (50,960 x 12.25) – 634,452 10,192
XL 90 price (25,600 x 3.20) – 81,664 256
Material 007 quantity (51,600 – 50,960) x 12.25 7,840
XL 90 quantity (25,800 – 25,600) x 3.20 640
Labour rate 35,690 x (8.4 – 8.6) 7,138
Labour efficiency (34,400 – 35,690) x 8.4 10,836
Variable overhead labour spending (35,690 x 1 ) – 38,425 2,735
Variable overhead labour efficiency (34,400 – 35,690) x 1 1,290
Variable o/head machine spending (25,740 x £2) – 51,080 400
Variable o/head machine efficiency (25,800 – 25,740) x 2 120
Set up cost spending* (500 x 7) – 3,860 360
Set up cost efficiency* 4,300 – (500 x 7) 800
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AC3097 Management accounting: Notes on the end-of-chapter questions
Chapter 14
1. Purpose and information provided by variances
a. Material mix and yield variances
Some processes require the input of various different material
resources, the proportions of which can be adjusted but still
produce the correct final product. Changes in the mix can lead to
cheaper production overall. Changes will often be made if input
prices have altered. However, the change in the mix can result in
greater or lesser amounts of the final product being produced. This
is the yield variance. The mix and yield variances added together
will agree with the material usage variance.
The information provided enables decision makers to understand
the impact of changes in inputs on both the amount of the yield
and whether or not there are financial savings. Since the variances
are calculated based on standard material prices, it is also
important to calculate the material price variances as this is an
important part of making the decision to change the mix.
b. Sales mix and quantity variances
When budgeting for sales in companies with several products, it is
usual to detail the expected sales quantity of each product. This is
both to help the planning process and to determine budgeted net
income, as products will have different contribution margins.
In any one month the actual quantity of each product sold is likely
to be different from the budgeted quantity. The total quantity may
also be more or less than budgeted.
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c) Evaluation of responsibilities
• Chantal is responsible for hiring, dismissing and paying all full-
time members of all teams.
This seems unfair because full-time employees may be entitled
to overtime as and when Steffan and Mariel decide, so why
should Chantal be responsible for these costs?
• Mariel is responsible for overhead administrative activities.
This seems acceptable as long as the administrative activities
do not depend on the team directors’ decisions. However, if the
directors can influence the administrative costs it is difficult to
justify this allocation of responsibility.
• Steffan is responsible for finding clients and negotiating selling
prices.
This seems acceptable, as long as Steffan is actually the only
person determining who the clients will be. It is, however,
likely that the clients depend on the product, hence the other
directors should be jointly responsible for their share.
• Each team director is responsible for hiring freelance
consultants.
This seems fair because the freelance consultants are a variable
cost that is determined by the directors.
• Each team head is also responsible for all other costs incurred
by his or her respective team. For a similar reason to hiring
freelance consultants, this allocation seems reasonable.
It would be advisable for Alfa plc to review the allocation of
the cost of administration (and possibly the costs of finding
clients and negotiating selling prices) with the intention of
charging each director for the costs their activities give rise to.
Note: If your answer is merely descriptive, perhaps just
repeating the information provided in the scenario, then you
should think of improving it with critical evaluation (in other
words, give comments and criticise).
d)
Planning
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This shows that €9,075 was explained by the market rise in pay.
If we regard the operational variances as the measure of each
manager’s responsibility:
Chantal is now responsible for –€2,050
Steffan has managed to keep costs down by +€15,300
Mariel is now responsible for –€3,375.
Chapter 15
1. Net income and EVA
EVA measures the excess profit that a firm or part of a firm makes after
having covered all its costs, including the cost of risk borne by the
investment. In other words, the two concepts of a firm’s profit and its
EVA are similar in that they both measure the added value of a firm’s
operations. However, profit only refers to the costs that are recognised
in the profit and loss. EVA, instead, considers further costs: the implicit
or ‘economic’ cost of taking the risk.
2. Snackandgo
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AC3097 Management accounting: Notes on the end-of-chapter questions
Chapter 16
1. Transfer pricing and tax avoidance
An opportunistic choice of transfer prices may result in allocation of
profits among subsidiaries of the same multinational group in a way
that ‘transfers’ taxable income from subsidiaries registered in high-
tax regions to subsidiaries registered in low-tax regions. For example,
a subsidiary in a low-tax region may invoice its fellow subsidiaries
for services such as consultancy, use of licences, etc. In so doing, the
fellow those will produce lower taxable income, which is beneficial to
the group as a whole. This inappropriate (and often illegal) policy can
be detected by observing that the price level for these services cannot
be explained by any of the methods accepted in management and cost
accounting or OECD regulations.
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2. Microelectronics
a.
Circuit Board Mobile Phones
Division Assembly
Division
$000 $000
Contribution of two divisions without super phone
Outside sales (70,000 units) 1,400 1,200
Transfer sales (30,000 units) 600
Total sales 2,000 1,200
Variable costs 1,300 450
Transfer price 600
Total variable costs 1,300 1,050
Contribution 700 150
Contribution of super phone
Transfer sales 800
Outside sales 1,920
Variable costs 520 1,200
Transfer price 800
Contribution 280 –80
b. The new phone project makes an overall profit of $200,000 but the
high transfer price means that the Mobile Phones Assembly Division
makes a loss of $80,000 and the Circuit Board Division makes a profit
of $280,000. It appears that there is no alternative market for the
30,000 original circuit boards transferred or the 40,000 extra circuit
boards. The original transfer price was market price. Since the Mobile
Phones Assembly Division will not continue with the super phone at
this market price. Theoretically, the correct price for the transfer is
outlay cost plus opportunity cost, which in this case is $13. However,
in order for the Circuit Board Division to be motivated to produce the
additional boards, the managers need to negotiate a price above $13,
the variable cost. Whether this will apply to all circuit boards will have
to be discussed. It is also worth considering whether the price of the
super phone is too low.
Chapter 17
1. Gregory Ltd
a.
Cost of quality – existing motors 2016 2017 2018
£ £ £
Lost contribution due to insufficient machine time
2,160,000
used for rejected units 60,000 x (120–84) = £36
Lost contribution due to use of machine for
1,440,000
reworking 20,000 x 2 x £36
Rework direct material and labour 60,000 x £8 480,000
Cost of modification per year 2,100,000 1,800,000
Saving in inspection cost (60,000) (60,000)
Staff retraining 2017 80,000 0
Total cost of quality 4,080,000 2,120,000 1,740,000
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Chapter 18
1. Globe Oil plc
a. Globe Oil has met its main target. It has exceeded its profit target
from price recovery by £10M and increased profit from growth.
This indicates that there has been a move to increased sales to
high-income customers.
b. Since Globe Oil’s main strategy is focused on good customer
service at the service stations, employee satisfaction is important.
The focus of the other perspectives on quality, reliability,
availability and implementation of more advanced controls all
require skilled, motivated employees. This means that employee
satisfaction and training are very important throughout the
organisation.
c. Globe Oil attracted more high-income customers, as shown by
the changes from price recovery. It has also grown its sales but
it is not clear whether this is in the ‘price shoppers’ category as
well as the high-income category. The market share is not only an
indicator of whether Globe Oil has grown but how they have kept
up with market growth, which they have not. In order to find out
what has happened, Globe Oil needs to know whether they have
matched or exceeded growth in the high-income customer market.
It is difficult to know whether the measures should be changed to
growth of share in the high-income market since this may motivate
staff to focus only on those customers, which could lead to the loss
of a greater proportion of price shoppers. It would be better to give
targets for the different types of customer.
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Chapter 19
1. Management accounting and control versus strategic management
accounting and control
Strategic management takes a wide approach to monitoring and
controlling activities and opportunities for change by ensuring that
they focus on the strategic goals identified by the company.
Strategic management control ensures not only that the
accounting measures are meeting the strategic goals but that the
lead measures (learning and growth, internal business process
efficiency and customer retention and growth activities) are also
monitored to ensure that they are in line with future strategy.
Strategic management accounting for decision making will give
senior managers an overview of the far-reaching effects of their
decisions, whereas non-strategic management accounting supports
the decision makers by providing very specific and financially-
orientated measures.
Strategic management accounting is able to feed into broader
cost–benefit analyses with measures and indicators that can help
senior managers to evaluate decisions in their multiple aspects.
Note: The wording of the answer to this question may vary
considerably, but the main concept that should emerge is that strategic
management accounting provides indicators and supports the
multifaceted evaluation of decisions. Examples could also be given to
support your explanation.
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