CHAPTER 4

THE FIRST LAW OF

THERMODYNAMICS:
CONTROL VOLUME
PART I
4.1 THERMODYNAMICS ANALYSIS OF
CONTROL VOLUME
| A large number of engineering problem involves
mass flows in and out of system.
| Therefore, they have to analyzed using Control
Volume (Open System) approach.
| Boundary of the control volume is called “Control
Surface”
| Control Surface can be FIX or MOVABLE
EXAMPLES OF ENGINEERING
EQUIPMENTS
Steam Boiler

Piston Engine Turbojet Engine

Control Volume Approcah

Fuel
cv

Air Exhaust Gases

cv cv
Control Volume Approach

Air

Intake Stroke
 SOME TYPE OF FLOW
| Steady = no change with TIME
(opposite to : Unsteady or Transient)
| Uniform = no change with LOCATION over a specified
region
| Unsteady = Transient = Change over time and location
CONSERVATION OF MASS PRINCIPLE

The net mass transfer to or from a control

volume during a time interval Δt is equal
to the net change (increase or decrease)
in the total mass within the control
volume during Δt
CONSERVATION OF MASS PRINCIPLE

| Similar to Conservation of Energy

| Analysis:
y Closed System Î mass remains unchanged
minitial state = mfinal state

Open System Î
Total mass in – Total mass out = net change of the system mass

∑mi - ∑me = Δmsystem

∑mi - ∑me = m2 – m1 …….()
ENERGY ANALYSIS OF STEADY-FLOW
SYSTEMS

The mass balance for a single-stream (one-inlet and one-outlet) steady-flow system
MASS AND VOLUME FLOW RATES
Actual Velocity Profile

o
m = ∫ ρν n dA
A

o
o o V
m = ρAν = ρ V =
v
o
m = mass flow rate (kg / s )
ρ = Density (kg / m3 )
Average Velocity Profile o
V = Volume Flow Rate (m 3 / s )
v = Specific volume (m 3 / kg )
A = Cros sec tional Area
FLOW ENERGY (FLOW WORK)
Consider a fluid flowing under pressure P

P F = PA
Wflow = FL
= PAL
Wflow = PV
X-area = A
wflow = Pv (kJ/kg)

P But the fluid flows by itself,

F m=1 kg
there is no force F pushing it.
Therefore, the fluid posses
L this FLOW WORK inside
Consider only 1 unit mass block of the fluid itself.
TOTAL ENERGY OF FLUID
| for non-flow Î mass inside control volume (cv)
y enonflow = u + ke + pe kJ/kg
y Enonflow = m(u + ½ V2 + zg) J
| for flowing fluid Î mass flowing in/out of cv.
y eflow = enonflow+ flow work
y eflow = u + Pv + ke + pe
y defined: h = u + Pv
y eflow = h + ke + pe kJ/kg
y Eflow = m(h + ½ V2 + zg) J

o 1 2
o
E = m(h + V + zg ) W
2
THE FIRST LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS : THE PRINCIPLE OF
ENERGY CONSERVATION

State 1 Between State 2

Begining
Final
1 unit of Energy
Energy conservation....
E1 + ΣEin = E2 + ΣEout Mass conservation......
ΣEin - ΣEout = E2- E1 =
Are they the same?
∆E
THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS :
OPEN SYSTEM
Heat Engine System Model: From
Add heat to system, Qin
System gives WORK, Wout
ΣEin ΣEout + (E - E )
ΣEin = ΣQin + ΣWin + ΣEflow-in
+Q ΣEout = ΣQout + ΣWout + ΣEflow-out
Let Q = Σ(Qin - Qout)
W = Σ(Wout-Win)

Q + ∑ Eflow-in = W + ∑ Eflow-out + (E2-E1)

What is the difference from

1st law for Closed Systems
1ST LAW FOR A CONTROL VOLUME
(GENERAL)

i Control Volume
+W

m
2

m1
e
+Q

Q + ∑Eflow-in = W + ∑Eflow-out+ (E2-E1)

Subscripts: i = at inlet, e = at exit 1 = at time start, 2 = at time end
THE STEADY-FLOW PROCESS
| Many devices operate under steady-flow process.
| for a steady-flow process
y Properties within cv. not change with time, no
boundary work involves
y Properties at boundary not change with time,
but can be different at different Location in cv.
y Q and W also unchange with time Î their Rates are
constant.
y Mass inside cv. constant Î Δmsys=0
1ST LAW FOR STEADY-FLOW PROCESS
0
Qcv + ∑mi(h + ½ V2 +zg)i = Wcv + ∑me(h + ½ V2 +zg)e + (E2 – E)1
0
∑mi - ∑me = m2 – m1
∑mi = ∑me
Subscripts: i = at inlet, e = at exit 1 = at time start, 2 = at time end

Qcv + ∑mi(h + ½ V2 +zg)i = Wcv + ∑me(h + ½ V2 +zg)e

o o Vi 2 o o Ve2
Qcv + Σ m i (hi + + zi g ) = Wcv + Σ m e (he + + ze g ) W
2 2
o o
Σ mi = Σ me kg / s
 i
Control Surface
+W

1-INLET AND 1-EXIT Control Volume

+Q e

o o Vi 2 o o Ve2
Qcv + Σ m i (hi + + zi g ) = Wcv + Σ m e (he + + ze g )
2 2
o o Vi 2 o o Ve2
Qcv + m i (hi + + zi g ) = W cv + m e (he + + ze g )
2 2
Vi 2 Ve2
q + (hi + + zi g ) = w + (he + + ze g ) J / kg
2 2
o o o
mi = me = m kg / s
o o
Qcv Wcv
q= o
kJ / kg ; w= o
kJ / kg
m m
i
Control Surface
+W

Control Volume

+Q e

o
Q = Rate of heat transfer , W , kW
o
W = Power , W , kW

o o
Q W
q= o
kJ / kg ; w= o
kJ / kg
m m
End of Part 1
Baca buku dan kerjakan soal soal
prapto
CHAPTER 4
THE FIRST LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS:
CONTROL VOLUME: PART2

suprapto
SOME APPLICATIONS OF THERMAL
ENERGY
Power Station
STEAM POWER PLANT
COAL-FIRED POWER PLANT
Gas Turbine Power Plant

Combustion
chamber

Generator
Air Compressor Gas Turbine
Combined-Cycle Power Plant
AIR CONDITIONER
SOME STEADY-FLOW ENGINEERING
DEVICES
1. Nozzle and Diffusers
2. Turbines and Compressor
3. Pumps, Fans and Blowers
4. Boiler
5. Throttling valves
6. Mixing Chambers
7. Heat Exchangers
8. Pipe and Duct Flow
 Nozzle
w
Compressor Turbine

i e

Diffuser

Throttling Valve

w Pump

QB Boiler
Mixing
Chamber i
Heat exchanger
4.3.1 NOZZLES AND DIFFUSERS
Fuel
cv

Ai Exhaust Gases
r

A diffuser converts high

speed, low pressure flow
to low speed, high
pressure flow

A nozzle converts high

pressure, low speed flow
to low pressure, high
speed flow
4.3.1 NOZZLES AND DIFFUSERS
| Common Assumptions
y Steady State
y No work or heat transfer
y Neglect changes in pe
| Energy Balance: Crossing out terms assumed 0

0 2 0 0 2 0
Vi V
q + (hi + + zi g ) = w + (he + e
+ ze g ) J / kg
2 2
Vi 2 Ve2 i
hi + = he + J / kg Nozzle
2 2
e
 FLOW IN DUCT
1 o o o o
2 4 Conservation of mass : m1 = m2 = m3 = m4
3 o
m = ρAV
o AV
m =
v
o
A3
m = Fluid mass flow rate, kg/s
ρ3
A2 A4
A1 V3 A = Duct crossectional Area, m 2
ρ2 ρ4
ρ1 V2 V4 V = Fluid velocity, m/s
V1 ρ = Fluid density, kg/m 3
v = Fluid specific volume, m 3 / kg

Caution: Property of fluid at each

section may not be the same
4.3.2 THROTTLING
| Throttling: Reduces Pressure
| Common Assumptions:
y Steady State
y No work or heat transfer
y Neglect changes in pe and ke i e

| Energy Balance:
Throttling Valve
0 0 0 0
Vi02 V0e2
q + (hi + + zi g ) = w + (he + + ze g ) J / kg
2 2
hi = he
4.3.3 PUMPS Pump Schematic
m
& OUT
| Pumps: Pressurize or move liquids
TOUT
| Common Assumptions: m
& IN ,TIN ,PIN
POUT
y Steady State
&
W IN
y No heat transfer
y Neglect changes in pe and ke
0 V i 02 0 V e20 0
q + ( hi + + z i g ) = w + ( he + + ze g ) J / kg
2 2
w = hi – he
h = u + Pv; dh = du + d(Pv)
Pumps: Liquid : ΔT~0 Î du = 0; Δv~0 Î v = const., d(Pv) = vdP

dh = vdP; w = hi – he = v(Pi – Pe)

 4.3.3(2) BOILERS
„ Boiler: Add heat Æ enthalpy
„ Used in
„ Almost all power plants
„ Industrial Process, Building Heating
„ Working Fluid: normally water
„ Liquid - Vapor phase
„ Common assumptions for boiler:
„ SSSF
„ Pressure drop inside ~ 0
„ Neglect kinetic and potential energies
energy balance
e
„
Vi 2 Ve2
q + (hi + + zi g ) = w + (he + + ze g ) J / kg QB
Boiler

2 2 i

q = (he - hi ) J / kg
CHAPTER 4
THE FIRST LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS:
CONTROL VOLUME: PART 3

suprapto
 4.3.4 TURBINES
| Turbine: Enthalpy Æ Shaft work
| Used in
y Almost all power plants
y Some propulsion systems (e.g.,
turbofan and turbojet engines)
| Working Fluid:
y Liquids (e.g., hydro power
plants)
y Vapors (e.g., steam power plants)
y Gases (e.g., gas power plants) w
Turbine
Water Turbine

compressor
Gas Turbine
 i

4.3.4 TURBINES w
Turbine
| Common assumptions for turbine:
y Steady State
e
y Adiabatic (q = 0)
y Neglect kinetic and potential energies

| Turbine energy balance (Single Stream)

Vi 2 Ve2
q + (hi + + zi g ) = w + (he + + ze g ) J / kg
2 2
w = (hi − he ) J / kg
 4.3.4 COMPRESSORS

| Compressor: Shaft work Æ Increase pressure & enthalpy of

vapor or gas
| Often like turbine run in reverse
| Used in
y Gas power plants (e.g., gas turbine engine)
y Turbo propulsion systems (e.g., turbofan and turbojet
engines).
y Industry (e.g., supply high pressure gas)
| Working Fluids Î Gas, Vapor. Not Liquid (pump used)
out

Wc

in
Reciprocating Compressor
 4.3.4 COMPRESSORS
| Common assumptions for compressor:
y Adiabatic (q = 0)
y Neglect kinetic and potential energies Compressor
w
| Compressor energy balance

Vi 2 Ve2
q + (hi + + zi g ) = w + (he + + ze g ) J / kg
2 2
w = (hi − he ) J / kg
4.3.5 HEAT EXCHANGERS
| Allows heat transfer from
one fluid to another without
mixing
| Example: Car Radiator
4.3.5 HEAT EXCHANGERS
| Common Assumptions
y no work involve, wcv=0
y Externally adiabatic
y Neglect kinetic and potential
energies

Heat exchanger
HEAT EXCHANGER ANALYSIS
TECHNIQUE 1
WHOLE EQUIPMENT
1. Control Volume over the heat exchanger
1
2. Applied 1st law: 2- inlets & 2- exit
3. No heat transfer out of the heat exchanger
3
4. No work, Change in KE & PE are 4
negligible
Heat exchanger
5. Mass flow rate of each stream (hot stream 2
Control Volume
and cold stream) remains unchanged
6. Use properties of each fluid
o o Vi 2 o o Ve2
Qcv + Σ m i (hi + + zi g ) = Wcv + Σ m e (he + + ze g )
2 2
o o
Σ m i hi = Σ m e he
o o
m1 (h1 − h2 ) = m 3 (h4 − h3 )
HEAT EXCHANGER ANALYSIS
TECHNIQUE 2
SUPERIMPOSED
1. Separated cold out of hot stream.
2. Control Volume over each stream then
applied 1st law 1 Control Volume 1

3. No work, change in KE & PE are Cold Fluid

negligible
4. Heat transfer out from hot stream = Heat
transfer into cold stream
5. Mass flow rate of each stream (hot 2
stream and cold stream) remains Heat Transfer, Qcv
unchanged
6. Use properties of each fluid 3
4
o o Vi 2 o o Ve2
Qcv + mi (hi + + zi g ) = Wcv + me (he + + ze g ) Hot Fluid
2 2 Control Volume 2
o o o
Cold : Qcv + m1 h1 = m1 h2 ⇒ Qcv = m1 (h2 − h1 )
o o o
Hot : −Qcv + m3 h3 = m3 h4 ⇒ −Qcv = m3 (h4 − h3 )
o o
m1 (h1 − h2 ) = m3 (h4 − h3 )
Mixing water: m3h3
4.3.6 MIXING DEVICES
hot water: m2h2

Mixing
Cold water: m1h1 Chamber

„ Combine 2 or more streams

„ Common in industrial processes
„ Common assumptions
„ Adiabatic
„ Neglect kinetic and potential
energies
 4.4 TRANSIENT (UNSTEADY) ANALYSIS
| Typically open system not at steady state
y Tank Filling
y Tank Emptying
t2
| Mass Balance: ∫ [m & OUT ] dt = mCV (t2 ) − mCV (t1 )
& IN - m
t1

t2
∫ ⎡⎣E& IN ( t ) − E& OUT ( t ) ⎤⎦ dt = ECV ( t 2 ) − ECV ( t1 )
t1
| Energy Balance: 2
⎛ v gz ⎞
E& IN,OUT ( t ) = Q + W
& & +m
& ⎜h + + ⎟⎟
⎜ 2gc gc ⎠
⎝
⎛ 1 v2 gz ⎞
ECV = m ⎜ u + + ⎟
⎝ 2 gc gc ⎠
4.4.1 UNIFORM STATE UNIFORM FLOW (USUF)

Uniform State: All properties uniform across system at any instant in time
Uniform Flow: All mass flow properties at each inlet and outlet are
uniform across the stream
Neglect kinetic and potential energies

Mass Balance : ∑mi - ∑me = m2 – m1

Energy Balance:
Q + ∑mi(hi + ½ Vi2 +zig) = W + ∑me(hi + ½ Ve2 +zeg)
+ [m2(u2+½ V22+zg) – m1(u1+½ V12+z1g)]

Subscripts: i = inlet, e = exit 1 = at time start, 2 = at time

end
4.4.2 TANK FILLING

| Simplest USUF analysis:

y No outlet flow
y Assume adiabatic, W =0, KE, PE = 0
Mass Balance : ∑mi - ∑me = m2 – m1
m i = m2 – m 1
Energy Balance:
Q + ∑mi(hi + ½ Vi2 +zig) = W + ∑me(he + ½ Ve2 +zeg)
+ [m2(u2+½ V22+z2g) – m1(u1+½ V12+z1g)]
mihi = m2u2– m1u1
Subscripts: i = at inlet, e = at exit, 1 = at time start, 2 = at time end

What is the equation, if unload mass from the tank

 Conservation of Mass and Examples are follow
Energy can be applied
everywhere in the whole wide
world

End of Chapter 4
1ST LAW: CONTROL VOLUME
REVIEW AND EXAMPLES
1ST LAW FOR A CONTROL VOLUME
(GENERAL)

i Control Volume
+W

m2

m1

e
+Q

Q + ∑Eflow-in = W + ∑Eflow-out+(E2-E1)
Subscripts: i = at inlet, e = at exit 1 = at time start, 2 = at time end
TOTAL ENERGY OF FLUID
| for non-flow Î mass inside control volume (cv)
y enonflow = u + ke + pe kJ/kg
y Enonflow = m(u + ½ V2 + zg) J

| for flowing fluid Î mass flowing in/out of cv.

y eflow = enonflow+ flow work
y eflow = u + Pv + ke + pe
y defined: h = u + Pv
y eflow = h + ke + pe kJ/kg
y Eflow = m(h + ½ V2 + zg) J

o o 1 2
E = m(h + V + zg ) W
2
 1ST LAW FOR STEADY-STATE, STEADY-
FLOW PROCESS (SSSF)
0
Qcv + ∑mi(h + ½ V2 +zg)i = Wcv + ∑me(h + ½ V2 +zg)e + (E2 – E)1
0
∑mi - ∑me = m 2 – m1
∑mi = ∑me
Subscripts: i = at inlet, e = at exit 1 = at time start, 2 = at time end

Qcv + ∑mi(h + ½ V2 +zg)i = Wcv + ∑me(h + ½ V2 +zg)e

o o Vi 2 o o Ve2
Qcv + Σ m i ( hi + + z i g ) = W cv + Σ m e ( he + + ze g ) W
2 2
o o
Σ mi = Σ me kg / s
 i
Control Surface
+W
SSSF
Control Volume
1-INLET AND 1-EXIT
+Q e

o o Vi 2 o o Ve2
Qcv + Σ m i (hi + + zi g ) = Wcv + Σ m e (he + + ze g )
2 2
o o Vi 2 o o Ve2
Qcv + m i (hi + + zi g ) = W cv + m e (he + + ze g )
2 2
Vi 2 Ve2
q + (hi + + zi g ) = w + (he + + ze g ) J / kg
2 2
o o o
mi = me = m kg / s
o o
Qcv Wcv
q= o
kJ / kg ; w= o
kJ / kg
m m
UNIFORM-STATE, UNIFORM FLOW PROCESS(USUF)

Mass Balance : ∑mi - ∑me = m2 – m1

Energy Balance:
Q + ∑mi(hi + ½ Vi2 +zig) = W + ∑me(hi + ½ Ve2 +zeg)
+ [m2(u2+½ V22+zg) – m1(u1+½ V12+z1g)]

Subscripts: i = inlet, e = exit 1 = at time start, 2 = at time end

Example 1 Air at 10oC and 80 kPa enters the diffuser of a jet engine steadily with a
velocity of 200 m/s. the inlet area of the diffuser is 0.4 m2.
The air leaves the diffuser with a velocity that is very small compared
with the inlet velocity.
Determine
(a) the mass flow rate of the air, and
(b) the temperature of the air leaving the diffuser.

Control Volume: Diffuser

AIR 1 2 Assumptions:
Air 10oCÎ Ideal gas Î PV = mRT
P1=80 kPa m=? SSSF Process
T1 =10oC Diffuser
T2= ? qcv = 0, wcv = 0, ΔPE = 0, V2 = 0
V1=200 m/s Solution:
A1=0.4 m2 (a) mass flow rate : at state 1 apply ideal gas eq.
(b) Process 1-2 apply 1st law SSSF Proc.
q + hi + ½ Vi2 +zig = w + hi + ½ Ve2 +zeg
h1 + ½ V12 = h2
and get values of h from Table A-17
 Example 2
Air at 100 kPa and 280 K is compressed steadily to 600 kPa and 400 K. the mass
flow rate of the air is 0.02 kg/s, and a heat loss of 16 kJ/kg occurs during the
process. Assuming the changes in kinetic and potential energies are negligible,
determine the necessary power input to the compressor.

Control Volume: Compressor

P2=600 kPa
Assumptions:
Air 280 KÎ Ideal gas Î PV = mRT
T2=400 K
SSSF Process
2 ΔKE = 0, ΔPE = 0
AIR
w compressor
Solution:
P1=100 kPa
(a) mass flow rate : at state 1 apply ideal gas
T1=280 K
eq.
m=0.02 (b) Process 1-2 apply 1st law SSSF Proc.
kg/s q=-16 kJ/kg
1 q + hi + ½ Vi2 +zig = w + hi + ½ Ve2 +zeg
q + h1 + ½ V12 = h2
and get values of h from Table A-17
Example 3 Steam enters an adiabatic turbine at 450oC and 20 MPa with the mass flow
rate of 0.5 kg/s and leaves at 10 kPa and 85% quality. Assume changes in kinetic
and potential are negligible, determine the work produces by the turbine.

Steam
Control Volume: Turbine
P1= 20 MPa Assumptions:
T1= 350oC
m= 0.5 kg/s SSSF Process
1 qcv = 0, ΔKE =0,ΔPE = 0,
Solution:
Turbine

w apply 1st law SSSF Proc.

q + hi + ½ Vi2 +zig = w + hi + ½ Ve2 +zeg
q=0 2 h1 = w + h2 Æ w = h1- h2
P2= 10 kPa
x2= 0.85
and steam table
state 2 Î mixture, h = hf + x2hfg
Example 3/2 Power output of an adiabatic steam turbine is 5
MW, and the inlet and exit conditions of the steam are as
indicated in the figure below.
(a) Compare the magnetudes of Δh, Δke, and Δpe.
(b) Determine the work done per unit mass of the steam flowing
through the turbine.
(c) Calculate the mass flow rate of the steam.
Steam
P1= 2 MPa
T1= 400oC
Control Volume: Turbine qcv = 0
1
V1 = 50 m/s Assumptions: SSSF Process
Z1 = 10 m
Solution:
Turbine (a) Δh = (h2 – h1 ), Δke = (V22 – V12 )/2,
Wo = 5 MW Δpe = (z2 – z1)g
q=0 (b) apply 1st law SSSF Proc.
2
Steam
P2= 15 kPa
q + hi + ½ Vi2 +zig = w + hi + ½ Ve2 +zeg
x2= 90 % w = h1 - h2
V2 = 180 m/s
Z2 = 6 m (c) mo = Wo / w
Example 4
Refrigerant 134a enters the throttling valve of a refrigerator as saturated liquid at
0.8 MPa and is throttled to a pressure of 0.12 MPa. Part of the refrigerant
evaporates during this process and the refrigerant exists as a saturated liquid-
vapor mixture at the final state. Determine the temperature drop of the refrigerant
during this process

Control Volume: Throttling valve

Assumptions:
i e SSSF Process
q=0, w=0, ΔKE = 0, ΔPE = 0
Solution:
apply 1st law SSSF Proc.
Throttling Valve q + hi + ½ Vi2 +zig = w + hi + ½ Ve2 +zeg
R-134a P2=0.12 MPa
P1=0.8 MPa h1 = h2
R-134a table
state 1 Î Sat.liq., T1 = Tsat @ P1
state 2 Î mixture, T2 = Tsat @ P2
Example 5 Hot water at 1 MPa and 80 oC is to be cooled to 1
MPa and 30 oC in a condenser by air. The air enters at 100
kPa and 27 oC with a volume flow rate of 800 m3/min and
leaves at 95 kPa and 60oC. Determine the mass flow rate of
the water. (answer 147 kg/min) Air
Vdot = 800 m3/min
P3 = 100 kPa
3
Control Volume: Heat Exchanger T3 = 27 oC
Assumptions: 1
SSSF Process
Water 2
qcv = 0,wcv = 0, ΔKE =0,ΔPE = 0, P1 = 1 MPa
Air : ideal gas, constant sp. heat T1 = 80 oC
P2 = 1 MPa
Solution: T2 = 30 oC
4 P4 = 95 kPa
apply 1st law SSSF Proc. T4 = 60 oC
o o Vi 2 o o Ve2
Qcv + Σ mi (hi + + zi g ) = Wcv + Σ me (he + + ze g )
2 2
o o
Σ mi hi = Σ me he Air: Table A-17 or Δh = CpΔT
liq: h ~ hf + Pvf, @T
o o
m1 (h1 − h2 ) = m3 (h4 − h3 )
Example 6 Consider the simple steam power plant, as shown in
the figure below. The following data are for such a power
plant.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Location Pressure Temp. or x
Leaving boiler & entering turbine 20 MPa 900oC
Leaving turbine & entering condenser 15 kPa 90%
Leaving Condenser & entering pump 14 kPa 45oC
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Determine the following qualities per

kilogram flowing through the unit.
1.Turbine work.
Turbine

Boiler
wt
2
2.Heat transfer in condenser.
QB Pump Condenser 3.Pump work.
Qc
4
Wp
3
4.Heat transfer in boiler.
Solution concept
Control Volume: each equipment : Turbine, Condenser, Pump and
Boiler, one at a time.
Assumptions:
SSSF Process and ∆KE =0, ∆PE = 0 for all equipments and:
Turbine : q=0
Condenser: w = 0
Pump: q=0, Liquid Î v = constant
boiler: w = 0, No pressure drop
Solution: apply 1st law SSSF Proc. q + h1 = w + h2
and get properties from steam table
Steam
1. Control Volume: Turbine P1= 2.0
Assumptions: MPa
SSSF Process and ΔKE =0, ΔPE = 0 ; q = 0 1 T1= 300o
Solution:
1st law SSSF Proc. q + h1 = w + h2
Turbine
wT = h1 – h2
w
Working fluid : Steam (Water)
state 1 Î h1 = h @ T1 and P1 Î steam table q=0 2
state 2 Î mixture@ P2 , h2 = hf + x2 hfg P2= 15 kPa
x2= 0.90
2. Control Volume: Condenser
Assumptions:
SSSF Process and ΔKE =0, ΔPE = 0 ; w = 0 2
Solution:
1st law SSSF Proc. q + h2 = w + h3
Condenser
qC = h 3 – h 2
Qc
Working fluid : Steam (Water)
3
state 2 Î mixture@ P2 , h2 already known
state 3 state 3 compressed liq. Î h3 ~ hf + Pvf @ T3

3. Control Volume: Pump

Assumptions:
SSSF Process and ΔKE =0, ΔPE = 0 ; q = 0
Compressed liq. Î v = v3= constant P4=P1 = 20 MPa
Constant temperature process 4 Pump
Solution: P1 = 14 kPa
1st law SSSF Proc. q + h3 = w + h4 Wp T1 = 45oC
wp = h3 – h4 = v(P3-P4) 3

Working fluid : liq. water

state 3 Î v3 ~ vf @ T3
(or use approximation for liq. h ~ hf @T + vf (P-Psat )
and in this case T = constant then h3 – h4 = vf (P3-P4) )
4. Control Volume: Boiler
Assumptions:
SSSF Process and ΔKE =0, ΔPE = 0 ; w = 0
Solution: 1

1st law SSSF Proc. q + h4 = w + h1

qB = h 1 – h 4
Working fluid : Steam (Water) QB
Boiler

state 1 Î h1 = h @ T1 and P1 Î already known 4

Determine h4 Î cv pump again Î qp + h4 = wp + h4

h4 = h3 – wp
qB = h1 – (h3 – wp) = wp + h1 – h3

Or with another control volume 1

4(b) Control Volume: Pump + Boiler
Assumptions:
SSSF Process and ΔKE =0, ΔPE = 0
Solution:
1st law SSSF Proc. q + h3 = w + h1 Boiler
q = wp + h1 – h3
wp , h1 and h3 Î are already known QB Pump

4
• Why there is no state 4 in the equation? Wp
3
• Is there another way to determine qB ?
Example 7 Steam at a pressure of 1.4 MPa, 300oC, is flowing in
a pipe, as shown in the figure. An evacuated tank is connected
to this pipe through a valve. The valve is opened. The tank fills
with steam until the pressure is 1.4 MPa, and the the valve is
closed. The process takes place adiabatically. Kinetic energies
an potential energies are negligible. Determine the final
temperature of the steam in the tank.
1.4 MPa, 300oC
Solution CV tank,
Assumptions: USUF,
qcv = 0,wcv = 0, ΔKE =0,ΔPE = 0,
Known:
Initially
state 1 : m1 = 0 evacuated
state 2 : P2 = 1.4 MPa
state i : Pi = 1.4 MPa, Ti = 300oC
Applied 1st law, USUF: eliminate what is Zero:-
u2 = hi
state 2 : P2 = 1.4 MPa and u2 Î T2 = 452 oC Why T increase?
Example 8 From the previous example, if the tank has a volume
of 0.4 m3 and initially contains saturated steam at 350kPa.
After that the valve is open to allow the steam in pipe flows
into the tank until the pressure reach 1.4 MPa. Determine the
mass of steam flow into the tank. o
1.4 MPa, 300 C

Solution: CV tank,
Assumption: USUF, Qcv = 0, Wcv = 0,
V = 0.4 m3
ΔKE =0,ΔPE = 0, Sat.steam
Known: P1 = 350 kPa
state 1 : V1 = 0.4 m3 , sat.vap.at 350 kPa
state 2 : P2 = 1.4 MPa 1.4 MPa, 300oC

state i : Pi = 1.4 MPa, Ti = 300oC mi =?

Conservation of mass:
mi = m2 – m1 …………..(1) P2 = 1.4 MPa
m1 = V1/v1 Î v1 = vg @ P1 ………………….Known
Determine m2 from Energy Balance:
Applied 1st law, USUF: eliminate what is Zero:-
mihi = m2u2 – m1u1 ……….(2)
(m2 – m1)hi = m2u2 – m1u1
m2(hi - u2) = m1 (hi - u1) ………..(3)
state i : Pi = 1.4 MPa, Ti = 300oC Î hi ….known
state 1 : sat.vap.at 350 kPa Î u1 ….known
state 2 : P2 = 1.4 MPa and V2 = V1 m2 = V2/v2
Substitute in eq (3)
(V2/v2)(hi - u2) = m1 (hi - u1) …………(4)
There are 2-unknown, v2 and u2 ,Which are both properties at state 2, but P2
is known, then if 1 more property were known then v2 and u2 will
consequently known. Î trial and error.. to get the correct T that satisfy
eq(4).
Assume T2 get v2 and u2 of the corresponding state, substitute the
values in eq(4) …….. New T2 until OK
 Trail and error procedure
Eq(4): (V2/v2)(hi - u2) - m1 (hi - u1) = Error
T
• What is your first guess of T
• What should be the 2nd trial. c T2 E2
• How about the 3rd, 4th ...... Tc
• When/how to interporate
Ta -Ea
T2 Tb -Eb
T2 0.0
b T
b
Tc +Ec

a 8 T
T2 = 342 oC
mi =1.263 kg
a

-Ea -Eb E=0 +Ec Error

Example 9 A tank of 2 m3volume contains saturated ammonia at
a temperature of 40oC. Initially the tank contains 50% liquid
and 50% vapor by volume. Vapor is withdrawn from the top of
the tank until the temperature is 10oC. Assuming that only
vapor leaves and that the process is adiabatic, calculate the
mass of ammonia that is withdrawn. m =? e

Solution: CV tank,
Assumption: USUF, Qcv = 0,Wcv = 0, Vvap = 1 m3 Ammonia
ΔKE =0, ΔPE = 0, V = 2 m3
Known:
Vliq = 1 m3
state 1 : mixture: T1 = 10 oC
Vliq1 = Vvap1 = 1 m3
state e : only vapor leaves T1 = 40oC T2 = 10oC

state 2 : T2 = 10 oC
Conservation of mass:
me = m1 ………………………..(1)
 m1 = mliq + mvap , @ T1 ………………….Known
Determine m2 from Energy Balance:
Applied 1st law, USUF: eliminate what is Zero:-
0 = mehe + (m2u2 – m1u1) ……….(2)
(m2 – m1)he = m2u2 – m1u1
m2(he - u2) = m1 (he- u1) ……..(3)
state 1 : mixture at 40 oC Î u1 ….known
state e : IF state 2 still be a mixture;
exit state is Sat.vapor @ 1 Î 2 ; use average value
he ~ (hg1 + hg2)/2
state 2 : T2 = 10 oC and V2 = V1 , m2 = V2/v2
v2 = vf + xvfg and u2 = uf + xufg
Substitute in eq (3)
(V2/v2)(he - u2) = m1 (he - u1) ………(4)
solve for x2 from eq(4) .. (if 0<x<1, the assumption is right and the answer
is OK, but if not .............)
(x2 = 0.01105 and m2 =519.0 kg Î me = 72.7 kg)
END OF CHAPTER 4
 ABSEN TGL 16 -10-2009
ABSEN TGL 09
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