Fuel Systems Final

Ex. No.
1 Date :
PERFORMANCE TEST ON LOW SPEED WIND TUNNEL
(VELOCITY MEASUREMENT)
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AIM :
To conduct the performance test on the Low speed Wind tunnel and to evaluate the speed
(velocity) characteristics at the test section using static pressure and pitot measurements.
APPARATUS REQUIRED :
1. Low Speed Wind Tunnel
2. Inclined Manometer
FORMULAE USED :
1. Wind Velocity at the test section (v)
V = 3.65 (h)1/2 m/s
Where h = Actual height of alcohol column in mm.
2. Measured Height (hm)
hm = h2 – h1 mm
Where h2 = Static Pressure Head in millimeters
h1 = Total Pressure Head in millimeters
3. Actual height (h)
h = hm x sin30 mm
Where hm = Measured Height in mm.
PROCEDURE :
 Prepare the Wind Tunnel for operation as per Instructions.
 Ensure proper electrical supply is available.
 Check the Inclined manometer and fill with fluid (Alcohol) if necessary.
 Take one pressure tapping and connect it from Tunnel settling chamber to the inclined
manometer.
 Take another pressure tapping from Inlet of the Test section and connect it to the upper limb of
the inclined manometer.
 Note down the initial manometer reading when the test section velocity is at Zero RPM.
 Now slowly and gradually increase the speed (RPM) of the fan and note down the corresponding
manometer readings with an increment of 100 starting from zero to 1200 rpm.
PRECAUTIONS :
1. Do not allow anyone to stand behind the motor while the Tunnel is being run.
2. Before the Tunnel is starting check the Tunnel for its completeness.
3. Secure the model rigidly in the Test section.
4. Ensure that no loose items are kept inside the test section.
5. Do not run the Tunnel below 100 rpm for long time.
6. Ensure that proper electrical connections are available.
LINE DIAGRAM OF THE EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP :
1. Bell mouthed section.
2. Honey Comb.
3. Settling chamber and

Screen sections.
4. Contraction cone
5. Test Section.
6. Transition (Square to
Circular).
7. Diffuser.
8. Fan Duct.
9. Motor and Stand.

OBSERVATION :
Static Pressure Total Pressure

SL.NO. Head Head
( h2 ) mm ( h1 ) mm
MODEL CALCULATION :
RESULT TABULATION :
Measured height Actual height Velocity ( V ) RPM
(hm) =(h2-h1) mm h = hmxsin 30 mm m/s
GRAPHS :
Plot the following graphs.
1. RPM Vs height.
2. RPM Vs velocity.
RESULT :
The performance test on the Low speed Wind tunnel was conducted and the speed (velocity)
characteristics at the test section are calculated.
INFERENCE(S) :
Ex. No. 2 Date :
FLOW VISUALIZATION OVER SYMMETRICAL AIRFOIL
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AIM :
To study the flow visualization of a Symmetrical Airfoil in a low speed wind tunnel at various
angle of attack using smoke visualization method.
2. Smoke visualization setup
PROCEDURE :
 Fix the Symmetrical Airfoil inside the test section of the sub sonic wind tunnel properly.
 Ensure the airfoil is set to zero degree angle and tighten the screw to ensure the airfoil do not
move while the test section is on operation.
 Now ensure the test section velocity is set to 20 m/s using the 32 port manometer by varying
the rpm of the fan.
 Switch ON the smoke visualization setup and let the smoke flow past over the Airfoil.
 Observe the flow over the Airfoil at different angle of attack varying from 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25
degree of angle.
PRECAUTIONS :
1. Ensure the airfoil is fixed rigidly inside the test section.
2. Switch OFF the smoke visualization setup before turning of the wind tunnel ensuring the smoke
inside the setup is completely exhausted.
3. Make sure that the amount of liquid paraffin is sufficiently available for the experiment.
4. Before changing the angle of attack it is strongly recommended to turn of the tunnel.
5. Every time you turn OFF the tunnel and switch it ON ensure the velocity in the test section of
the tunnel is kept constant (20 m/s).
1. Smoke Generator
module.
2. Heating coil.
3. Reservoir Jar.
4. Silicon Tube.
5. By Pass Valve.
6. Oil Drain Flask.
7. T – Connector.
Schematic Diagram of Smoke Generator Setup.
FLOW PATTERN DIAGRAM :
a) Flow pattern for 0 angle of attack

b) Flow pattern for 5 angle of attack
c) Flow pattern for 10 angle of attack
d) Flow pattern for 15 angle of attack

e) Flow pattern for 20 angle of attack
f) Flow pattern for 25 angle of attack
RESULT :
The flow visualization of the Symmetrical Airfoil in a low speed wind tunnel is studied at various
angle of attack using a smoke visualization set-up and the flow patterns are drawn.
INFERENCE(S) :
Ex. No. 3 Date :
FLOW VISUALIZATION OVER CAMBERED AIRFOIL
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AIM :
To study the flow visualization of a Cambered Airfoil in a low speed wind tunnel at various angle
of attack using smoke visualization method.
2. 32 port manometer
PROCEDURE :
 Fix the Cambered Airfoil inside the test section of the sub sonic wind tunnel properly.
 Ensure the airfoil is set to zero degree angle and tighten the screw to ensure the airfoil do not
move while the test section is on operation.
the rpm of the fan.
 Observe the flow over the Airfoil at different angle of attack varying from 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25
degree of angle.
PRECAUTIONS :
1. Ensure the airfoil is fixed rigidly inside the test section.
1. Smoke Generator
module.
2. Heating coil.
3. Reservoir Jar.
4. Silicon Tube.
5. By Pass Valve.
6. Oil Drain Flask.
7. T – Connector.

c) Flow pattern for 10 angle of attack
d) Flow pattern for 15 angle of attack

e) Flow pattern for 20 angle of attack
f) Flow pattern for 25 angle of attack
RESULT :
The flow visualization of the Cambered Airfoil in a low speed wind tunnel is studied at various
angle of attack using a smoke visualization set-up and the flow patterns are drawn.
INFERENCE(S) :
Ex. No. 4 Date :
FLOW VISUALIZATION OVER CYLINDER
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AIM :
To study the flow visualization of a Cylinder in a low speed wind tunnel at various velocities
using smoke visualization method.
PROCEDURE :
 Fix the Cylinder inside the test section of the sub sonic wind tunnel properly.
 Tighten the screw so that there will be no movement of the cylinder inside the test section.
 Observe the flow over cylinder at different velocities (20, 25 and 30 m/s) by varying the rpm of
the fan.
PRECAUTIONS :
1. Ensure the Cylinder is fixed rigidly inside the test section.
1. Smoke Generator
module.
2. Heating coil.
3. Reservoir Jar.
4. Silicon Tube.
5. By Pass Valve.
6. Oil Drain Flask.
7. T – Connector.
a) Flow pattern at 20 m/s of flow velocity

b) Flow pattern at 25 m/s of flow velocity
c) Flow pattern at 30 m/s of flow velocity
RESULT :
The flow visualization of a cylinder in a low speed wind tunnel is studied at various velocities
using a smoke visualization set-up and the flow pattern is drawn.
INFERENCE(S) :
Ex. No. 5 Date :
FLOW VISUALIZATION OVER A CAR MODEL
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AIM :
To study the flow visualization of a Car Model in a low speed wind tunnel using smoke
visualization method.
PROCEDURE :
 Fix the car model inside the test section of the sub sonic wind tunnel properly.
 Ensure the Car model is set to zero degree angle and tighten the screw to ensure the model do
not move while the test section is on operation.
the rpm of the fan.
 Observe the flow over the Car model at zero degree of angle.
PRECAUTIONS :
1. Ensure the Car model is fixed rigidly inside the test section.
1. Smoke Generator
module.
2. Heating coil.
3. Reservoir Jar.
4. Silicon Tube.
5. By Pass Valve.
6. Oil Drain Flask.
7. T – Connector.

RESULT :
The flow visualization of the Car model in a low speed wind tunnel is studied using a smoke
visualization set-up and the flow pattern is drawn.
INFERENCE(S) :
Ex. No. 6 Date :
FLOW VISUALIZATION OVER AN AIRCRAFT MODEL
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
AIM :
To study the flow visualization of an Aircraft Model in a low speed wind tunnel using smoke
visualization method.
PROCEDURE :
 Fix the Aircraft model inside the test section of the sub sonic wind tunnel properly.
 Ensure the Aircraft model is set to zero degree angle and tighten the screw to ensure the model
do not move while the test section is on operation.
the rpm of the fan.
 Observe the flow over an Aircraft model at zero and 10 degree of angle of attack.
PRECAUTIONS :
1. Ensure the Aircraft model is fixed rigidly inside the test section.
1. Smoke Generator
module.
2. Heating coil.
3. Reservoir Jar.
4. Silicon Tube.
5. By Pass Valve.
6. Oil Drain Flask.
7. T – Connector.

RESULT :
The flow visualization of an Aircraft model in a low speed wind tunnel is studied using a smoke
visualization set-up and the flow patterns are drawn.
INFERENCE(S) :
Ex. No. 7 Date :
PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION ON A SYMMETRICAL AIRFOIL
AT ZERO ANGLE OF ATTACK
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AIM :
To plot the pressure distribution of a Symmetrical Airfoil in a low speed wind tunnel at Zero
angle of attack.
1. Low speed wind Tunnel
2. 32-port manometer
3. Symmetrical Airfoil with Pressure Tapings
PROCEDURE :
 Prepare the wind tunnel for pressure distribution on symmetrical Airfoil.
 Ensure all electrical connections are safe and correct voltage is available.
 Open the test section and position the Airfoil model firmly connect the respective probes to
manometer points and set the reference pressure.
the rpm of the fan.
 Tabulate the pressure readings from manometer at zero degree angle of attack of the Airfoil.
PRECAUTIONS :
1. Ensure the Symmetrical Airfoil is fixed rigidly inside the test section.
2. Ensure that all the pressure tapings of the model are connected to 32-port manometer in
sequence.
2. Honey Comb.

Screen sections.
4. Contraction cone
5. Test Section.
Circular).
7. Diffuser.
8. Fan Duct.
9. Motor and Stand.
OBSERVATION TABLE :
PORT α = 00
X (cm) X/C
NUMBER Pi Cp
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Model Calculations:
Pi = ________
P0 = ________
Ps = ________
Cp = (Pi – PS) / (P0 – Ps)

GRAPH :
Plot the graph Cp Vs X/C .
RESULT :
Thus the pressure distribution over a Symmetrical Airfoil at zero degree angle of attack is
observed and plotted.
INFERENCE(S) :
Ex. No. 8 Date :
PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION ON A SYMMETRICAL AIRFOIL
AT FIVE DEGREE ANGLE OF ATTACK
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AIM :
To plot the pressure distribution of a Symmetrical Airfoil in a low speed wind tunnel at Five
degree angle of attack.
3. Symmetrical Airfoil with Pressure Tapings
PROCEDURE :
 Prepare the wind tunnel for pressure distribution on symmetrical Airfoil.
the rpm of the fan.
PRECAUTIONS :
1. Ensure the Symmetrical Airfoil is fixed rigidly inside the test section.
sequence.
2. Honey Comb.

Screen sections.
4. Contraction cone
5. Test Section.
Circular).
7. Diffuser.
8. Fan Duct.
9. Motor and Stand.
OBSERVATION TABLE :
PORT α = 50
X (cm) X/C
NUMBER Pi Cp
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Model Calculations:
Pi = ________
P0 = ________
Ps = ________
Cp = (Pi – PS) / (P0 – Ps)

GRAPH :
RESULT :
Thus the pressure distribution over a Symmetrical Airfoil at Five degree angle of attack is
INFERENCE(S) :
Ex. No. 9 Date :
PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION ON A CAMBERED AIRFOIL
AT ZERO DEGREE ANGLE OF ATTACK
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
AIM :
To plot the pressure distribution of a Cambered Airfoil in a low speed wind tunnel at Zero
degree angle of attack.
3. Cambered Airfoil with Pressure Tapings
PROCEDURE :
 Prepare the wind tunnel for pressure distribution on Cambered Airfoil.
the rpm of the fan.
PRECAUTIONS :
1. Ensure the Cambered Airfoil is fixed rigidly inside the test section.
sequence.
2. Honey Comb.

Screen sections.
4. Contraction cone
5. Test Section.
Circular).
7. Diffuser.
8. Fan Duct.
9. Motor and Stand.
OBSERVATION TABLE :
PORT α = 00
X (cm) X/C
NUMBER Pi Cp
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Model Calculations:
Pi = ________
P0 = ________
Ps = ________
Cp = (Pi – PS) / (P0 – Ps)

GRAPH :
RESULT :
Thus the pressure distribution over a Cambered Airfoil at Zero degree angle of attack is
INFERENCE(S) :
Ex. No. 10 Date :
PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION ON A CAMBERED AIRFOIL
AT FIVE DEGREE ANGLE OF ATTACK
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
AIM :
To plot the pressure distribution of a Cambered Airfoil in a low speed wind tunnel at Five degree
angle of attack.
3. Cambered Airfoil with Pressure Tapings
PROCEDURE :
 Prepare the wind tunnel for pressure distribution on Cambered Airfoil.
the rpm of the fan.
PRECAUTIONS :
1. Ensure the Cambered Airfoil is fixed rigidly inside the test section.
sequence.
2. Honey Comb.

Screen sections.
4. Contraction cone
5. Test Section.
Circular).
7. Diffuser.
8. Fan Duct.
9. Motor and Stand.
OBSERVATION TABLE :
PORT α = 50
X (cm) X/C
NUMBER Pi Cp
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Model Calculations:
Pi = ________
P0 = ________
Ps = ________
Cp = (Pi – PS) / (P0 – Ps)

GRAPH :
RESULT :
Thus the pressure distribution over a Cambered Airfoil at Five degree angle of attack is observed
and plotted.
INFERENCE(S) :
Ex. No. 11 Date :
PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION ON A CYLINDER
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AIM :
To plot the pressure distribution of a Cylinder in a low speed wind tunnel.
3. Circular cylinder with Pressure Tapings
PROCEDURE :
 Prepare the low speed wind tunnel as per specifications and instructions and follow all safety
precautions.
 Check the alcohol or distilled water level in respective manometer.
 Start the wind tunnel and fix the rpm so that the velocity in the test section is 20 m/s.
 Note down all the pressure values at every taping and tabulate those values.
PRECAUTIONS :
1. Ensure the circular Cylinder is fixed rigidly inside the test section.
sequence.
2. Honey Comb.

Screen sections.
4. Contraction cone
5. Test Section.
Circular).
7. Diffuser.
8. Fan Duct.
9. Motor and Stand.
OBSERVATION TABLE :
PORT θ(degree) Pi Cp
NUMBER
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Model Calculations:
Pi = ________
P0 = ________
Ps = ________
Cp = (Pi – PS) / (P0 – Ps)

GRAPH :
Plot the graph Cp Vs θ.
Plot the Theoretical Cp Vs θ and compare (Range of θ is 0 to 3600).
RESULT :
Thus the pressure distribution over a Cylinder is observed and plotted.
INFERENCE(S) :

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Ex. No.

1. Low Speed Wind Tunnel

1. Wind Velocity at the test section (v)

V = 3.65 (h)1/2 m/s

Where h = Actual height of alcohol column in mm.

2. Measured Height (hm)

Where h2 = Static Pressure Head in millimeters

h1 = Total Pressure Head in millimeters

3. Actual height (h)

Where hm = Measured Height in mm.

 Prepare the Wind Tunnel for operation as per Instructions.

 Ensure proper electrical supply is available.

3. Secure the model rigidly in the Test section.

6. Ensure that proper electrical connections are available.

LINE DIAGRAM OF THE EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP :

1. Bell mouthed section.

3. Settling chamber and

9. Motor and Stand.

Static Pressure Total Pressure

Measured height Actual height Velocity ( V ) RPM

(hm) =(h2-h1) mm h = hmxsin 30 mm m/s

Plot the following graphs.

1. Low Speed Wind Tunnel

2. Smoke visualization setup

1. Ensure the airfoil is fixed rigidly inside the test section.

6. Oil Drain Flask.

Schematic Diagram of Smoke Generator Setup.

FLOW PATTERN DIAGRAM :

a) Flow pattern for 0 angle of attack

c) Flow pattern for 10 angle of attack

d) Flow pattern for 15 angle of attack

f) Flow pattern for 25 angle of attack

1. Low Speed Wind Tunnel

3. Smoke visualization setup

1. Ensure the airfoil is fixed rigidly inside the test section.

6. Oil Drain Flask.

Schematic Diagram of Smoke Generator Setup.

FLOW PATTERN DIAGRAM :

a) Flow pattern for 0 angle of attack

c) Flow pattern for 10 angle of attack

d) Flow pattern for 15 angle of attack

f) Flow pattern for 25 angle of attack

1. Low Speed Wind Tunnel

3. Smoke visualization setup

1. Ensure the Cylinder is fixed rigidly inside the test section.

6. Oil Drain Flask.

Schematic Diagram of Smoke Generator Setup.

FLOW PATTERN DIAGRAM :

a) Flow pattern at 20 m/s of flow velocity

c) Flow pattern at 30 m/s of flow velocity

1. Low Speed Wind Tunnel

3. Smoke visualization setup

6. Oil Drain Flask.

Schematic Diagram of Smoke Generator Setup.

FLOW PATTERN DIAGRAM :

a) Flow pattern for 0 angle of attack

1. Low Speed Wind Tunnel

3. Smoke visualization setup

6. Oil Drain Flask.

Schematic Diagram of Smoke Generator Setup.

FLOW PATTERN DIAGRAM :

a) Flow pattern for 0 angle of attack

1. Low speed wind Tunnel

3. Symmetrical Airfoil with Pressure Tapings