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Basic Rules on
Citations
Dan Kevin Mandocdoc
Legal Research
Sept. 6, 2016

Presentation Overview

!  Introduction

! General Rules of Usage

! Citation Forms

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Introduction

Why cite?

! Avoid plagiarizing another’s work

! Aid
the future researcher find one’s
sources
! Provide evidence for one’s argument

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How long does it take to cite?

! Not an overnight thing

! Tip:
! Complete the citation details while writing
the body

Which sources should one cite?

! Primary authorities
! Secondary authorities
! Books
! Journal articles
! Theses
! News clips
! Reliable websites

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General Rules of Usage

Introductory Signals

!  Direct citation v. See

!  Example 1
!  “Apples are red and green”

!  Example 2
!  “Section 3 of the Lemon Law violates the equal protection clause”

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Introductory Signals

!  See, e.g.

!  See also

!  See generally

!  Cf.

Introductory Signals

!  See, e.g.,
!  “There are different opinions regarding the validity of X Law”

!  See also
!  Additional direct authorities
!  Case 1, Case 2, Case 3. Book 1.

!  See generally
!  Background material
!  The Competition Act prohibits three activities.

!  Cf.
!  Distinct, yet parallel, support.
!  Example: undue delegation of powers

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Signals for Comparison

!  Compare X with Y.

!  Contrast X and Y.

Signals to Indicate Divergence

!  Contra
!  X. Contra Y.

!  But see
!  Views

!  But cf.

!  Use Contra to contradict another direct source.

!  Use But see to show that there is a view contrary to the text.

!  Use But cf. when citing an authority that contradicts the text by
analogy.
!  Example undue delegation of powers.

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What are short citation forms?

!  Short citation forms -- subsequent citations of previously fully

cited authorities.

!  Id.
!  Requirements:
!  Same footnote or immediately preceding footnote AND
!  Footnote only contains one authority
!  Note: 5-Id Rule; double citations

!  Supra
!  Cited in full previously but not in the immediately preceding footnote

!  Hereinafter
!  Too burdensome to cite repeatedly (author of multiple books)

Double Citations

! Source being cited is citing another source

! Formula:
!  X (citing Y).
!  X = source being cited by the student

!  Y = source being cited by X

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Paraphrasing v. Quotations v.
Block Quotes
! Quotations – 49 words or less
!  In line with text
!  Inside quotation marks
!  Placement of footnote reference
!  After punctuation/quotation mark
!  “ ________.”2
!  “________”?3

Paraphrasing v. Quotations v.
Block Quotes
! Block Quotes – 50 words and above
! Single-spaced, indented on both sides,
justified
! No more double quotation marks
! Quotations within block quotes – single
! Placement of the footnote reference
! Last sentence of the last paragraph

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Alterations and Omissions

! Brackets
! Alterations or substitution
! Unchanged significant mistakes in the
original
! Omitted letters or punctuations

! Ellipsis
! Omissions in the middle of the quotation
! He said that “[t]he rules … provide[.]”

Emphasis

! Emphasis supplied
! Emphasis omitted
! Emphasis maintained?

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Citation Forms

How to cite?

! Footnotes
! ALJ Legal Citation Guide
! The Bluebook

! Full citations v. subsequent citations

! Requires precision

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Basics – Footnotes

! Philippine Constitution:
PHIL. CONST. art. ___, § ___, ¶ ___.
Note:
Always cite the Constitution in full.

1. PHIL. CONST. art. II, § 3.

2. PHIL. CONST. art. II, § 3.

Basics – Footnotes

! Codes/Statutes:

Full Title [Short Title], Statute Number,

subdivisions, (year).

3. An Act to Ordain and Institute the Civil

Code of the Philippines [CIVIL CODE],
Republic Act No. 386, art. 21 (1950).

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Basics – Footnotes

! Subsequent citations:
Short Title, subdivisions.

4. PHIL. CONST. art. I.

5. CIVIL CODE, art. 3.
6. Id. art. 207.

Basics – Footnotes

! Supreme Court Decisions:

Case Title, volume number SCRA/
SCAD/Phil. first page, cited page
(year).

7. Villamiel v. Mandocdoc, 436 SCRA 30, 41

(2016).

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Basics – Footnotes

! Subsequent citations:
First Party, volume number SCRA/SCAD/
Phil. at cited page.

8. PHIL. CONST. art. I.

9. Villamiel, 436 SCRA at 54.
10. Id.
11. Id. at 52.

Basics – Footnotes

! Separate opinions
Cite like an ordinary case (J. Surname of
Justice, separate/concurring/dissenting
opinion).

12. Philippines v. Mandocdoc, 416 SCRA

20, 31 (2007) (J. Matsumura, dissenting
opinion).
13. Id. at 59 (J. Castillo, concurring opinion).

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Basics – Footnotes

! Books with Single Author

AUTHOR, TITLE cited page (year of
publication or edition number year of
publication).

14. FLORENZ D. REGALADO, CRIMINAL LAW

CONSPECTUS 45 (4th ed. 2009).
15. Id. at 342.

Basics – Footnotes

! Books with Multiple Authors

AUTHOR 1 & AUTHOR 2 OR AUTHOR 1, ET
AL., TITLE cited page (year of publication
or edition number year of publication).

16. JOSE C. VITUG & ARNESTO D. ACOSTA, TAX

LAW AND JURISPRUDENCE 89 (3d ed. 2006).

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Basics – Footnotes

! Subsequent Citations
SURNAME OF AUTHOR(S), supra note
footnote, at page being cited.

17. REGALADO, supra note 14, at 13.

18. VITUG & ACOSTA, supra note 16, at 432.

Basics – Footnotes

! Consecutively Paginated Journals

Author, Title of the Article, volume number
JOURNAL first page, cited page (year).

19. Ryan Jeremiah D. Quan, Revisiting the

Element of Exploitation in the Definition
of Trafficking in Persons in Republic Act No.
9208, 57 ATENEO L.J. 402, 405 (2012).
20. Id. at 408.

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Basics – Footnotes

! Unpublished Theses
Author, Title of the Article, at page number (date)
(description, institution that awarded the degree)
(source).

21. Jose P. Tejada, A Critique of the Jurisprudence

on the Matter of Supreme Court’s Administrative
Supervision, at 11 (2002) (unpublished J.D.
thesis, Ateneo de Manila University) (on file with
the Professional Schools Library, Ateneo de
Manila University).

Basics – Footnotes

! Websites

Author, Title of the Article, available at

URL (last accessed date).

22. United Nations Office of the High

Commissioner for Human Rights, What are
human rights?, available at http://www.ohc
ch.or/en/issues/Pages/WhatareHumanRights.
aspx (last accessed June 26, 2016).

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Basics – Footnotes

! News Articles Online

Author (if available), Headline, NEWSPAPER, date
of publication, available at URL (last accessed
date).

23. Maila Ager, Tupas on disclosure of

evidence: What’s wrong?, PHIL. DAILY
INQ., Jan. 4, 2012, available at http://
newsinfo.inquirer.net/122301/tupas-on-
disclosure-of-evidence-what’s-wrong (last
accessed June 26, 2012).

Basics – Footnotes

! Subsequent Citations

24. Quan, supra note 19, at 430.

25. Tejada, surpa note 21, at 35.
26. Ager, supra note 23.

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Short Citation Forms – Rules

Id. Supra.
Constitution ✗ ✗
Laws, Cases ✓ ✗
Secondary Sources ✓ ✓

Basics – Footnotes

! Other uses of footnotes: Explanations

Has the Philippines successfully transitioned

from its Marcosian26 past?

26. The Proponent uses the term “Marcosian”

to refer to the massive violations of civil
and political rights and the economic
plunder committed by those in public
office during the time of Marcos.

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Thank you.

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