TRANSFORMER

A transformer is a static electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or
more circuits. A varying current in one coil of the transformer produces a varying magnetic flux,
which, in turn, induces a varying electromotive force across a second coil wound around the
same core. Electrical energy can be transferred between the two coils, without a metallic
connection between the two circuits. Faraday's law of induction discovered in 1831 described the
induced voltage effect in any coil due to changing magnetic flux encircled by the coil.
Transformers are used for increasing or decreasing the alternating voltages in electric power
applications, and for coupling the stages of signal processing circuits.
A power transformer normally consists of a pair of windings, primary and secondary,
linked by a magnetic circuit or core. When an alternating voltage is applied to one of these
windings, generally by definition the primary, a current will flow which sets up an alternating
m.m.f. and hence an alternating flux in the core. This alternating flux in linking both windings
induces an e.m.f. in each of them. In the primary winding this is the ‘back-e.m.f.’ and, if the
transformer were perfect, it would oppose the primary applied voltage to the extent that no
current would flow. In reality, the current which flows is the transformer magnetising current. In
the secondary winding the induced e.m.f. is the secondary open-circuit voltage. If a load is
connected to the secondary winding which permits the flow of secondary current, then this
current creates a demagnetising m.m.f. this destroying the balance between primary applied
voltage and back-e.m.f. To restore the balance an increased primary current must be drawn from
the supply to provide an exactly equivalent m.m.f. so that equilibrium is once more established
when this additional primary current creates ampere-turns balance with those of the secondary.
Since there is no difference between the voltage induced in a single turn whether it is part of
either the primary or the secondary winding, then the total voltage induced in each of the
windings by the common flux must be proportional to the number of turns. This the well-known
relationship is established that:
E1/E2 = N1/N2
and, in view of the need for ampere-turns balance:
I1N1 = I2N2

where E, I and N are the induced voltages, the currents and number of turns respectively in the
windings identified by the appropriate subscripts. Hence, the voltage is transformed in proportion
to the number of turns in the respective windings and the currents are in inverse proportion (and
the relationship holds true for both instantaneous and r.m.s. quantities). The relationship between
the induced voltage and the flux is given by reference to Faraday’s law which states that it’s
magnitude is proportional to the rate of change of flux linkage, and Lenz’s law which states that
it’s polarity is such as to oppose that flux linkage change if current were allowed to flow. This is
normally expressed in the form
 𝑑∅
𝑒 = −𝑁 ( 𝑑𝑡 )

but, for the practical transformer, it can be shown that the voltage induced per turn is
E/N = Kφmf
where K is a constant, 8m is the maximum value of total flux in Webers linking that turn and f is
the supply frequency in hertz.

Exercise 2
Answer the questions.
1. What do you know about transformer?
2. How many parts on the transformer?mention!
3. What current flows in the transformer?
4. What happens if the load is connected to a secondary winding?
5. How to restore balance between primary applied voltage and back-e.m.f.?
6. How to find coil values in the transformer?
7. What sound’s of faraday law and lenz law?
Exercise 3
Look back to the text, find what the word italicized refer to.
1. It would oppose...... (p.2 line 6)
2. It is part.... (p.2 line 14)
3. It’s magnitude.... (p.2 line 25)
4. It’s polarity...... (p.2 line 27)
5. This is normally expressed... (p.2 line 27)

Exercise 4
Find the synonyms of these words in the text
1. Consist
2. Destroying
3. Increased
4. Provide
5. Balance

LANGUAGE WORK : Simple Present Tense with Verb other than be

Sg. I drink a lot of water.
You drink a lot of water.
Hanif drinks a lot of water.
She drinks a lot of water.
Its drinks a lot of water.
Pl. We drink a lot of water.
They drink a lot of water.
You drinks a lot of water.
1. Verbs other than be have two forms tablein the simple present tense: a simple form and -s
form.
2. The –s form is used with third person singular subjects (he, she, it, John, the table, stc.).
otherwise, the simple form is used.
Examples:
1. A power transformer consists of a pair of windings, primary and secondary, linked by a
magnetic circuit or core.
2. Current moves from a point of high potential energy to one of flow potential.

Exercise 5
Substitute the words provided into the sentence.
Make you make electric tool from light sensor every month.
Galih Galih makes electric tool from light sensor every month.

1. Crowded
2. Obey
3. Transformator
4. Herry
5. Every night
6. Assemble
7. Synchronous Generator
8. Helpful

Exercise 6
Give the current for of the simple present tense for the verb in the brakets.
1. She (miss) her friends in Indonesia.
2. John (eats) three healthy meals every day.
3. Michael and Sam (go) out for dinner together on Friday nights.
4. She also (study) at a business school because she (want to) start a business in Indonesia
someday.
5. Sam has trouble sleeping at night. He (take) sleeping pills to help him sleep.
6. Lia’s mother cooks (cook) breakfast for her.
7. An alcoholic (drink) a lot of wine, beer, or liquor every day.
8. She (checks) her emails as soon as she arrives at work.
LET’S TALK : Role Play
Do this activity in groups 4 persons. Name each group with: customer, Sales, Engineers
and Manager. Each group discusses about the best Electronic products according to the role. Be
sure that they always speak English. After presentation, discuss their opinion in a whole class
discussion.