Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Laboratory
and Hospital
dr. Tri Wibawa, PhD
Dept of Microbiology
FM UGM
Laboratory and Hospital Hazards
• CHEMICAL HAZARDS
• PHYSICAL HAZARDS
• BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
• ERGONOMIC HAZARDS
Physical Hazards
• Include:
– Equipment
– Machinery
– Electricity
– Fire
– Noise
– Heat
– Cold
Ergonomic Hazards
Ergonomics means adapting the workplace to
the worker, instead of trying to adapt the
worker to the workplace.
If the work station, tools and equipment,
physical environment including lighting,
temperature and noise are not properly
designed, undue stresses and strains can be
placed on the musculoskeletal system.
What is a Biohazard?
A potential hazard to humans, animals or the
environment caused by a biological organism,
or by material produced by such an organism
Examples;
• Viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites and their toxins.
• Blood and body fluids, as well as tissues from humans and
animals.
• Transformed cell lines and certain types of nucleic acids .
5
Why are we concerned about
biohazardous materials?
• Potential for acquiring a laboratory-associated
infection (LAI)
• Contamination of the environment
• Contamination of research
• Public perception*
Laboratory Associated Infections
Route of Transmission
• Percutaneous inoculation
• Inhalation of aerosols
• Contact of mucous membranes
• Ingestion
LAI’s
• Only 20% causative or defined event
• 80% of which are caused by human error
• 20% are caused by equipment failure
http://www.weizmann.ac.il/safety/bio2.html
LAI’s
WHO WHAT WHERE WHEN HOW
Researcher SARS Taiwan December 2003
• Pathogen involved
• Type of body fluid
• Route of exposure
• Duration of exposure
• Volume of blood involved in exposure
• Concentration of pathogens at time of
exposure
• PPE worn
Specific Examples of
Bloodborne Pathogens
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
HIV
Issues to Consider
• Symptoms
• Mode of transmission
• Incubation period
• Survival outside host
• Communicability
• Immunization
• Prophylaxis / Treatment
If An Exposure Occurs
(or the possibility of exposure)
Administrative Controls
b i o s a f e t y
Good Microbiological Practice
(GMP)
Lab Coats/Gowns
• Long-sleeved, knee length with snaps
• Elastic cuffs *
• Back-closing gowns *
• Periodic cleaning required
PPE
Gloves
• Latex, nitrile & vinyl for work with biological agents
• Exam gloves should not be reused, change frequently.
Utility gloves can be disinfected and reused if they
show no sign of degradation.
• Consider tensile characteristics, length of cuff
• Double gloving
• ORM can provide assistance finding an alternative for
people with allergies.
• Gloves are not to be worn in public places
PPE
Eye & Face Production
• Goggles, safety glasses to protect the eyes
• Full face shield to protect facial skin.
Respirators
• Only personnel who have been fit-tested and trained
should wear respirators.
Spills
• Spill response will vary depending on:
• What was spilled?
• How much was spilled?
• Where was the spill?
• What is the potential for release to the environment?
• Spills should be cleaned up immediately (unless an
aerosol was generated), to ensure proper
decontamination.
• Ensure appropriate PPE is worn and clean-up
equipment is readily available.
Spills – General Clean-up
• Cover spill area with absorbent material
• Soak the spill area with an appropriate disinfectant (i.e. 10%
bleach)
• Pour disinfectant from the outside surface of the absorbent material
towards the inside
• Ensure any broken glass is picked up (with forceps!) and placed in
a sharps container
• Leave on for 20 to 30 minutes
• Wipe up with absorbent material
• Waste should be disposed in appropriate biohazard bags and where
possible autoclaved
Decontamination, Disinfection and
Sterilization
• Decontamination: Free of contamination, the
destruction of microorganisms to a lower level such
that it removes danger of infection to individuals.
• Heat:
• Autoclaving (most practical and recommended)
• Incineration (for disposal of sharps and tissues)
• Irradiation:
• UV light (wavelength of 253 nm is germicidal)
• Gamma (disrupts DNA and RNA)
• Filtration
• HEPA (biological safety cabinets, ventilation)
Hazardous Chemicals
• Can enter the body in several ways:
– Inhalation
– Ingestion
– Absorbed through the skin
Main Issues
• Access (Security) • Exceeding storage
– Drugs, select agents, limits
terrorism potential – Time
• Adequate warning • Safety
• Efficacy
– Signs
– Quantity
– Labels
• Fire Code
– Abbreviation lists – Building limits
• Incompatible • Homeland Security
– Address limits
chemicals mixing
• Building Design Limits
– Earthquakes – Green Buildings
Chemical Hazard Classes
• Corrosives
• Flammables
• Oxidizers
• Toxins
• Reactive Chemicals
Corrosives
• Acids
– Strong acids give up protons (accepts electron pairs)
• Bases (Alkalis, Caustics)
– Strong bases accept protons (donate an electron pair)
• Storage Segregation
Acid Type Examples
• Inorganic:
– hydrochloric acid • Organic:
– nitric acid – lactic acid
– phosphoric acid – acetic acid
– sulfuric acid – formic acid
– boric acid – citric acid
– hydrofluoric acid – oxalic acid
– hydrobromic acid • Oxidizing:
– nitric acid
– perchloric acid
– chromic acid
Flammables
• NFPA Class IA, IB, IC
Oxidize
4Fe + 3O2 2[Fe2O3]
Fe0 Fe+3 (O0 O-2)
1. combine with oxygen
2. dehydrogenate esp by action of oxygen
3. change (an element or ion) from a lower
to a higher positive valence : remove one
or more electrons
4. coat with oxide; make into an oxide
Oxidizing Polyatomic Ions
Chemical Group Chemical Formula
peroxides O2-2
nitrates NO3-
nitrites NO2-
perchlorates ClO4-
chlorates ClO3-
chlorites ClO2-
hypochlorites ClO-
dichromates Cr2O7-2
permanganates MnO4-
persulfates S2O8-2
Oxidizers (Class 1, 2, 3, 4)
– ammonium permanganate
– potassium superoxide
Oxidizer Examples (continued)
• Class 3
– ammonium dichromate
– potassium chlorate
– hydrogen peroxide (52-91% conc.) H2O2
– potassium dichloroisocyanurate K+
– calcium hypochlorite (>50% wgt.)
– sodium chlorate
– perchloric acid (60-72.5% conc.)
– sodium chlorite (>40% wgt.)
– potassium bromate
– sodium dichloro-s-triazinetrione
Example
• Linseed oil (flax seed oil)
• Water Reactive
– Store in an isolated area within the lab, in a water-
tight cabinet or secondary container
• Pyrophoric
– Store in air-tight containers without oxygen or
moisture (sure seal bottles, glove boxes)
– Separate from flammables, but in flame resistant
container when practical
• Self Decomposing
– Check frequently
Water Reactive Substances
Dangerous When Wet
Reactions
Reactions results
• Alkali metals (Na, K, Li)
• flammable gas release
+ water detonation,
• strong oxidizing gas release heat, formation of
• toxic gas release hydroxide, hydrogen gas
• metal oxide fume release • Alkaline earths (Mg, Be,
• corrosive acids formation Ca, Ba) + water
detonation, hydrogen gas
Dangerous When Wet Reactions (continued)
+ O2