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Abdualla Kreem Jbar, Two local isolates of Azotobacter chroococcum, were used to study its
Hanoon Nahi Kadhem and nitrogen fixation one of which was isolated and identified in the Microbiology
Ghanem Bahlol Noni Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Muthanna University. It was selected
among the ten local isolates, isolated from different locations of Al-Muthanna
Institution: province and its ability to nitrogen fixation in the liquid media and other isolates were
Lecturer, Agriculture
originated from Agriculture college, University of Sulaymaniyah. The isolation was
College, Al-Muthanna
activated by Sucrose mineral-salts. A field experiment was conducted by Randomized
University, Iraq.
Complete Block Design (RCBD) by three replicates to study Immobilization, inoculant
Corresponding author: effect and bentonite as a bacterium for the concentration of nitrogen increasing and
Abdualla Kreem Jbar growth of wheat plant using two factors. The first factor is the addition of bio-fertilizer
at three levels viz., A0 = without the addition of the bacterium, A1 = Azotobacter
chroococcum isolated from Al-Muthanna province soils, A2 = Azotobacter
chroococcum isolation sourced from the University of Sulaymaniyah. The second
factor was the utilization of a bio-fertilizer carrier by two levels B0 = bio-fertilizer and
the addition of bentonite carrier as Conventional inoculant B 1 = immobilized
inoculant. The study aims to investigate the immobilized inoculant technique and its
effect, that favours bacteria capsulation by in a polymeric compound such as sodium
alginate and bentonite as a carrier of bio-fertilizer in the growth and yield of wheat.
The results showed that immobilized inoculant was superior to the bentonite carrier
method in most characters studied with the isolation locally, The plant weight was
49.7 cm, with a significant increase of bentonite carrier. The dry weight of the plant
was significantly increased in the same regard by immobilized inoculant (0.68 g). On
the other side, the same treatment registered the weight of 500 grain and the total
yield was registered as 4.69 g and 4.174 mega grams ha-1 sequentially.
Keywords:
Immobilized inoculant, Bentonite, Bio-fertilizer.
Article Citation:
Abdualla Kreem Jbar, Hanoon Nahi Kadhem and Ghanem Bahlol Noni
Efficiency of immobilization technique for Azotobacter chroococcum and its effect on
the growth and yield of wheat Triticum aestivum L.
Journal of Research in Ecology (2018) 6(2): 1923-1931
Dates:
Received: 10 May 2018 Accepted: 03 July 2018 Published: 17 Sep 2018
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Table 1. Number of soil samples, location and field materials collected for the study
Sample number Geographical location Crop
1 Samawah / Eastern Alfalfa
2 Rumaitha / Al-Fazaia Wheat
3 Alkhder-Aljazera Sun flower
4 Warka / Khudair Wheat
5 Almajd Barley
6 Samawah /Research Station 1 Alfalfa
7 Al-sweer Sun flower
8 Samawah /Jarbouiyat Barley
9 AL-Salman Tomato
10 AL-najmi / extension station Wheat
1924 Journal of Research in Ecology (2018) 6(2): 1923-1931
Jbar et al., 2018
from the fields planted with alfalfa, sun flower, wheat, dium. Dishes were incubated at 28°C for 2-3 days and
barley and tomato from the geographical local of Al- were re-streak to obtain pure colonies of bacteria. White
Muthanna province as shown in Table 1. The sample colonies were then extracted, by giving a brownish dye
were collected from the field and mixed them together to the medium, brown colour over time was isolated in
to reduce the error rate and homogeneity the samples to the pure environmental conditions (Zoghbi et al., 2007;
form a representative sample of the field (Hsia et al., Khan et al., 2007).
2008). All samples were placed in alcohol-sterilized Field experiment
plastic bags and kept in the refrigerator until use. Soil A field experiment was designed to study the
samples were made by adding 10 g of soil to 90 mL of effect of two Azotobacter chroococcum isolates using
distilled and sterilized water in the 250 mL flask and immobilized inoculate and bentonite carrier method. A
-1 -7
well-mixed for sequential dilution (10 -10 ) by trans- Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was
ferring 1 mL of soil suspension to test tubes containing designed using two factors, as shown below
9 mL of distilled and sterile water for each sample of The first factor
the soil samples. Sucrose mineral-salts broth media was Bio-fertilizer by three levels :-
used for soil inoculation by Azotobacter chroococcum A0 = Without bio-fertilizer
isolates. Soil dilution prepared were taken in 1 mL to A1 = Isolation of Azotobacter chroococcum from the
the test tubes for inoculation by the above medium, and soil of Muthanna province
sterilized by autoclave for the 20 min at 121°C and 15 A2 = Isolation of Azotobacter chroococcum from the
lb. Two replicates were maintained for each dilution. Faculty of Agriculture, University of Sulaymaniyah.
Tubes were incubated at 30°C for seven days and were The second factor
tested for a thin white membranous observation on the Bio-fertilizer carrier method by two levels :-
surface, which is an indicator of Azotobacter sp. 0.1 mL B0 = Bentonite carrier (conventional inoculant)
of the culture was taken from the tubes and spread on a B1 = Immobilized inoculant
petri dish containing the sucrose mineral-salts agar me- experiment was carried out by three replicates
Table 3. Effect of bio-fertilizer type and carrier method on plant height (cm)
Bio-fertilizer carried method
S. No Bio-fertilizer type Average A
B0 B1
1 A0 40.8 41.0 40.9
2 A1 43.6 49.7 46.65
3 A2 42.2 45.5 43.85
4 Average B 42.2 45.4 -
5 L.S.D0.05 A= 2.82 B= 1.41 AB= 1.90
Table 4. Effect of bio-fertilizer type and carrier method on dry weight of the plant (g. plant -1)
Bio-fertilizer carried method
S. No Bio-fertilizer type Average A
B0 B1
1 A0 0.51 0.54 0.52
2 A1 0.60 0.68 0.64
3 A2 0.57 0.62 0.59
4 Average B 0.56 0.61 -
5 L.S.D A = 0.02 B = 0.01 AB = 0.04
Table 5. Effect of bio-fertilizer type and carrier method on plant branches (branch per plant)
Bio-fertilization carried method
S. No Bio-fertilization type Average A
B0 B1
1 A0 3.66 3.33 3.49
2 A1 5.83 7.98 6.90
3 A2 4.33 5.99 5.16
4 Average B 4.60 5.76 -
5 L.S.D A = 0.85 B = 0.65 AB = 1.50
Table 6. Effect of bio-fertilizer type and carrier method in the weight of 500 grains (g)
Bio-fertilization carried method
S. No Bio-fertilization type Average A
B0 B1
1 A0 1.45 3.06 2.25
2 A1 2.85 4.69 3.77
3 A2 2.69 2.96 2.82
4 Average B 2.33 3.57 -
5 L.S.D A = 1.90 B = 1.41 AB = 2.82
Table 7. Effect of bio-fertilizer type and carrier method in grain yield (Mg.ha-1)
Bio-fertilization carried method
S. No Bio-fertilization type Average A
B0 B1
1 A0 2.821 2.942
2.882
2 A1 3.547 4.174 3.860
3 A2 3.123 3.625 3.278
4 Average B 3.164 3.580 -
5 L.S.D A = 0.239 B = 0.195 AB = 0.338
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