Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
PVP2014
July 20-24, 2014, Anaheim, California, USA
PVP2014-28702
The logarithmic law for the dimensionless temperature for Bore [mm] 770
smooth walls (T+smooth) is then modified by introducing a # Suction Valves [-] 3+3
coefficient ΔB, function of h+, as shown in Eq. 12 [14]: # Discharge Valves [-] 3+3
+
T =T +
smooth − ΔB(h )+
(12) Suction Temperature (T*) [-] 77.95%
Suction Pressure [Pa] 1200000
Under these conditions, three roughness regimes can be
defined, showing that the weight of the surface finishing can Discharge Pressure [Pa] 2700000
not be evaluated independently from the flow conditions:
+
• Hydraulically smooth wall: 0 ≤ h ≤ 5 CHT Model
+ Simulations were performed with the ANSYS CFX
• Transitional roughness regime: 5 ≤ h ≤ 70 software package by means of a 3-D steady-state Reynolds-
+
• Fully rough flow: h ≥ 70 Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) analysis. With this approach,
In case of generic roughness, the above equations can be all conservation equations are solved for the water fluid region,
applied after defining an “equivalent” sand-grain roughness while for the solid region only the equation for heat transfer is
h+s, i.e. an equivalent layer of closely packed spheres having an solved, but with no flow, resulting in the following formulation
average roughness height of hs. Burck [15] concluded that the for the enthalpy h in case of static solid region [14]:
heat-transfer data of all roughness types yield the same ∂ ( ρH )
performance if evaluated at equal h+s. The main issue is related = ∇ ⋅ (λ∇T ) + S E (15)
to the conversion of measured surface roughness parameters to ∂t
h+s values. Since different correlations exist in literature, here which can account for heat transport due to conduction and
we only report the one provided by Adams [16], which volumetric heat sources (SE).
computed the value of RA for a single row of spheres of The buoyancy model was activated for the water region,
diameter hs, leading to the following relationship: since free convection plays a relevant role due to multiple
hs = 11.03 ⋅ R A (13) factors: low mass flow rates (i.e. low fluid velocities), large
fluid volumes and appreciable temperature differences.
In addition, the effect of roughness is weakened if Therefore, the requirement in terms of near wall refinement for
considered in combination with a buoyancy driven flow. the spatial discretization of the domain is very strict: y+ values
Various experiments were conducted by Symolon [17] for both lower than one are necessary to properly resolve the thermal
rough and smooth heated tubes in a mixed convection regime boundary layer.
(transition between natural and forced convection) with a The turbulence model adopted for the water domain was
Reynolds-number range of about 2600 < Re < 70000. The the standard k-ω model. It is known to provide a better
results demonstrated that the effect of roughness decreases with description of the boundary layer than the ε-based models,
the Buoyancy Number (Bo), and the condition for the onset of since it was demonstrated to be able to integrate through the
mixed convection is Bo > 10-6, where: viscous sublayer [18], in agreement with the y+ requirements.
Gr The automatic near-wall treatment was indeed used, which
Bo = (14) automatically switches from wall-functions to a low-Re
Re Pr 1/2
3
approach as the mesh is refined, allowing a consistent y+ mesh
gives a qualitative indication of the influence of buoyancy refinement from coarse to fine grids.
on forced convection. Since the surface finishing of the water chamber is non-
smooth (non-negligible average roughness height RA), a
NUMERICAL SETUP specific simulation was carried out with the imposition of an
All simulations are focused on the analysis of a double- equivalent sand grain roughness for the walls in order to assess
acting cast iron cylinder with a bore of 770 mm, which the roughness regime for our case study. The Adams [16]
compresses pure nitrogen. The investigated geometries for the correlation was used for the definition of the hs parameter.
Figure 11 – Height of the viscous sublayer on the solid walls of the Figure 12 – Heat flux contours on the water-metal interface
water body
As expected, the hot side of the cylinder water jacket
Finally, in order to quantify the entity of free convection (Region 5) is responsible for the highest values of the heat flux,
for the studied geometry, the values of Gr, Re and Bo were the temperature difference between the hot discharge gas and
computed for all the aforementioned regions, as presented in the cold entering water being about 19.6%. Conversely, on the
Table 3. cold side of the cylinder water jacket, the heat flux is negative:
It can easily be seen that the natural convection prevails by the situation is reversed since the water is warming the
far in almost 88% of the volume of the cooling circuit, the cylinder. As a matter of fact, the water circuit is designed to
Buoyancy-number being three orders of magnitude greater than work as a thermostating element in order to guarantee more
the limit suggested by Symolon [17]. Forced convection can be metal body temperature uniformity, reducing deformations
noted only in the faster regions (i.e. 4 and 5) where the Bo related to thermal dilatation.
values indicate mixed convection. These flow conditions The absolute value of the heat transfer was then quantified
confirm the necessity of a fine discretization of both the near for the five regions of Figure 9 and reported in Table 4. Region
wall region and the fluid core. 5 is the main responsible for the overall heat exchange and the
Figure 11 – Height of the viscous sublayer on the solid walls of the Figure 12 – Heat flux contours on the water-metal interface
water body
As expected, the hot side of the cylinder water jacket
Finally, in order to quantify the entity of free convection (Region 5) is responsible for the highest values of the heat flux,
for the studied geometry, the values of Gr, Re and Bo were the temperature difference between the hot discharge gas and
computed for all the aforementioned regions, as presented in the cold entering water being about 19.6%. Conversely, on the
Table 3. cold side of the cylinder water jacket, the heat flux is negative:
It can easily be seen that the natural convection prevails by the situation is reversed since the water is warming the
far in almost 88% of the volume of the cooling circuit, the cylinder. As a matter of fact, the water circuit is designed to
Buoyancy-number being three orders of magnitude greater than work as a thermostating element in order to guarantee more
the limit suggested by Symolon [17]. Forced convection can be metal body temperature uniformity, reducing deformations
noted only in the faster regions (i.e. 4 and 5) where the Bo related to thermal dilatation.
values indicate mixed convection. These flow conditions The absolute value of the heat transfer was then quantified
confirm the necessity of a fine discretization of both the near for the five regions of Figure 9 and reported in Table 4. Region
wall region and the fluid core. 5 is the main responsible for the overall heat exchange and the
CONCLUSIONS
Figure 13 – Volume rendering of the water temperature field
In this study, a detailed investigation on a numerical
methodology for the simulation of conjugate heat transfer of a
As a final remark, Figure 14 shows the temperature
water-cooled reciprocating compressor is proposed.
distribution for the solid domain. In this case, the temperature
The CHT analysis described aims at accurately predicting
range is obviously wider, varying from gas suction to discharge
both the thermal state of the compressor cylinder and the
temperatures. Notwithstanding this, very high temperatures are
temperature field of the cooling water.
found only in a small portion of the metal body, located on the
Preliminary CFD simulations have been exploited to
bottom part of the cylinder. Most of the metal surrounding the
analyze the relevance of wall roughness and buoyancy on the
compression chamber is at a temperature closer to the suction
thermal and fluid-dynamic conditions of the water, showing
temperature, indicating good isolating capability of the water
that natural convection is significantly prevailing in 88% of the
body.