1.

The Simple Past

a. The Function
Simple past tense is used to show an event that happened in a cartain/known time
in the past.
b. Adverb of time
- yesterday - last.... - this morning
- two days ago - .... ago - etc
c. Pattern
Subject + was/were/V II + Object/Complement
d. Examples

Affirmative Question Negative

You were smart Were you smart ? You were not smart
I worked hard yesterday Did I work hard yesterday ? I did not work hard yesterday
He was kind person Was he kind person He was not kind person

Other examples :
1. He got much monay this afternoon
2. The teacher wrote on the black board
3. The students played in the scholl yard two days ago
2. The Past Progessive
a. The Function
Use the past progressive tense to talk about things that were happening in the past
and had not stopped happening. They were continuing.
b. Adverb of time
- yesterday at 7 am
- when....V2
- while....was/were V(ing)
c. Pattern
Subject + was/were V(ing) + Object/Complement
 d. Examples
Affirmative Question Negative
I was dancing Was I dancing ? I was not dancing
You were singing Were you singing ? You were not singing
He was working Was he working ? He was not working

Other Examples :
1. Yunus and Yusuf were preparing dinner when the light went out
2. While the teacher was explaining the lesson, Rochmad didn’t listen it
3. What were you doing at 7 last night ?
3. The Past Perfect
a. The Function
We use this tense when we are talking about the past and want to talk about an
earlier event before V-2. A common use is to go back when we are already talking about
the past so as to make it clear that something had already happened at the time we are t
alking about. It’s also used in reported speech when the original speech used simple past
or present perfect.
b. Adverb of time
- before S + V-2
- had finished / had done before V-2
c. Pattern
Subject + had + V III + Object / Complement
d. Examples
Affirmative Question Negative
I had worked Had I worked ? I hadn’t worked
You had taken Had you taken ? You hadn’t taken
He had seen Had he seen ? He hadn’t seen

Other Examples :
1. My friend had already gone to get the plane when I arrived at the airport
2. They had not finished their job before their boss came.
3. Before the lamp lighted off, she had talked much more with him about business.
4. The Present Perfect
a. The Function
The present perfect is used to describe experience, things which happened in the
past but have the results in the present, and things which started in the past but are still
continuing.
b. Adverb of time
- Just
- Yet
- already
c. Pattern
Subject + have/has + Verb III + Object/Complement
d. Examples
Affirmative Question Negative
I have lost my purse Have I lost my purse ? I have not lost my purse
You have taken my book Have you taken my book ? You have not taken my book
He has gone to Egypt Has he gone to Egypt ? He has not gone to Egypt

Other Examples :
1. I have already posted the latter
2. He has just sold the house
3. You have already bought a new car
7. Model Auxiliryes & Connecting Idea
Auxiliary, or halping verbs, are used before infinitives to add a different meaning. For
example, you use auxiliary verbs to say
- That someone is able to do something,
- That someone is allowed to do something, or
- That someone has to do something.

The hellping verbs are can, could, would, should, ought to, will, shall, may, might and
must.

a. Can and Could

 Use can and could to say that someone is able to do something.
Example :
-Ben can draw really good pictures.
 - Our teacher said we could go home early.
 You may also use can and could to say that someone is allowd to do something.
Example :
- My mom says you can come to our house for dinner
- Mom said I could have ice cream after my dinner
 Can and could are also used for asking for information or help, for offering
something, and for suggesting something.
Example :
- Can ypu tell me if this train goes to Topeka ?
- Could you show me where the accident happened ?

Notes
 Could is the simple pas tense form of can
 When you put not after can, write it as one word : cannot.
They cannot find their way home
 The contraction of cannot is can’t, and the contraction of
could not is couldn’t.
They can’t find their way home.
I’m full. I can’t eat any more.
Sarah could not come to the party because she was ill

b. Will and Would

 Use will and would when you are asking someone to do something.
Example :
- Will you please stop making that noise ?
- Would you pass me that book, please ?
You can also use will and would to offer
 Something or to suggest something.
- Will I carry the bag for you ?
- Would you like another drink ?

Notes
The contaction of will not is won’t and the
contaction of would not is would’t :
Won’t you stay and eat with us ?
Wouldn’t it be batter to wait
 c. Shall and Should
 You can use shall and should to ask for advice, offer something and suggest
something.
Example :
- Shall I go by car, or will it be better to walk ?
- Should I phone the police ?
d. Ought to
 You use ought to to make strong suggestions and talk about someone’s duty.
Example :
- You look tired. You ought to go to bed early tonight
- I ought to get more physical exercise
e. Must
 Use must to talk about things that you have to do.
Example :
- I must mail this letter today
- Go to bed now. Oh, must I ?

Notes
 Must keeps the same form in the past tense
 The contaction of must not is mustn’t.
She mustn’t let the dog sleep on her bed

f. May and Might

 Use may to ask if you are allowed to do something and to tell someone that they are
allowed to do something.
Example :
- John may leave now, but Sally may not
- My Kenny come with us to the movies ?
 Use may and might to talk about things that are possible or likely.
Example :
- Take an umbrella. Ut might rain
- We might go to the party later
8. Comparisons, The Passive
Passive
a. Definition
A passive verb is a form of be + a passive participle, e.g. is baked, was worm.
Some participles are irreguler. A passive changes the emphasis of a sentence. Usually in
passive, the event or results is more important than the person who causes it to happen.
Remember that in passive sentence the actor in unknown or not important. The subject
is not the actor. Only transitive verbs can be used in the passive. In Active sentence, the
subject does the action while in Passive sentence the subject receives the action. Passive
sentence are also common in certian styles of scientific writing.
b. Kinds of Passive Sentence
1. Passive – Word Order. S + Be + Participle
Eg : My wedding Ring is made of yellow gold
2. Passive – Agent. The actor in a passive sentence is called the agent.
Participle + By + Person/Machine
Eg : It was printed by computer.
The novel is writen by Hemingway.
3. Passive – infinitives. S + Be (Pres/Past) + (Tobe) + Participle + Future?Past
time
Eg : The project is to be completed by 2015.
The project was to be completed by 2010.

Table Passive in Tenses

TENSES ACTIVE PASSIVE
Present Writes Is written
Present continuous Is writing Is being written
Past Wrote Was written
Past continuous Was writing Was being written
Future Will write Will be written
Present Perfect tense Has written Has been written
Past perfect Had written Had been written
Future perfect Will have written Will have been written
Conditional type 2 Would write Would be written
Conditional type 3 Would have written Would have been written