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High Performance, Fiber Reinforced Concrete, Special Loadings and Structural Applications- B. H. Oh, et al. (eds)
ⓒ 2010 Korea Concrete Institute, ISBN 978-89-5708-182-2
ABSTRACT: In this work, details of field measurements undertaken at a brick masonry arch bridge under
design train traffic and analytical work based on non-linear fracture mechanics are presented. A parametric
study is done to study the effects of tensile strength on the progress of cracking in the arch. Further, a stability
analysis to assess collapse of the arch due to lateral movement at the springing, in particular near the partially
filled land arches is done. The margin of safety with respect to cracking and stability failure is computed.
Conclusions are drawn on the overall safety of the bridge.
− ∂ = ∇•J
Figure 1. Schematic sketch of brick masonry arch bridge. w
(Left end: Kulem (K) end; Right end: Castle Rock (CR) end).
∂ in BFR wagon.
Figure 2. Spacing of axles
t
The water content w can be expressed as the sum where the first term (gel isotherm) represents the
of the evaporable water we (capillary water, water physically bound (adsorbed) water and the second
vapor, and adsorbed water) and the non-evaporable term (capillary isotherm) represents the capillary
(chemically bound) water wn (Mills 1966, water. This expression is valid only for low content
Pantazopoulo & Mills 1995). It is reasonable to of SF. The coefficient G1 represents the amount of
assume that the evaporable water is a function of water per unit volume held in the gel pores at 100%
relative humidity, h, degree of hydration, αc, and relative humidity, and it can be expressed (Norling
degree of silica fume reaction, αs, i.e. we=we(h,αc,αs) Mjornell 1997) as
= age-dependent sorption/desorption isotherm
(Norling Mjonell 1997). Under this assumption and c α c+ ks α s
G (α c α s ) = k vg (5)
by substituting Equation 1 into Equation 2 one 1
,
c vg s
obtains
where kcvg and ksvg are material parameters. From the
∂w the rail
∂w 4.∂hTangential strains along maximum amount of water per unit volume that can
− e
Figure
+ ∇ • ( D ∇h ) = e α ∂wcenterline.
eα w
&+ &+ & (3) fill all pores (both capillary pores and gel pores), one
∂h ∂t h ∂α c
∂α s n
can calculate K1 as one obtains
c s
where ∂we/∂h is the slope of the sorption/desorption ⎡
⎢ 10⎜
⎛
g α c∞ − α c ⎞⎟h ⎤⎥
isotherm (also called moisture capacity). The w α s + 0.22α s G
− 0.188
c s − ⎢1 − e ⎝ 1 ⎠
⎥
t 50
between crack initiation life and crack propagation
40
The water content w can be expressed as the sum whereonly
life, thethefirst term fatigue
overall (gel isotherm) representsFur-
life is considered. the
physicallyinbound (adsorbed)there water and theanysecond
30
of the evaporable water we (capillary water, water
20 thermore,
term (capillary
this approach, is hardly con-
vapor, and adsorbed water) and the non-evaporable
10 sideration on sizeisotherm)
effects: that represents the capillary
is, data generated on
(chemically water. This expression is valid only for low content
0.1 bound) 0.3water (Mills 0.71966,
0
w0.5 small size specimen in a laboratory is directly ap-
of SF.onThe largecoefficient G1 represents the data
amounton S of
0 0.2 0.4 n 0.6
Pantazopoulo & Mills 1995). It is reasonable to plied size components. Also, the –
Crack Width (mm)
assume that the evaporable water is a function of water
N per has
curve unit avolume held insuggesting
large scatter the gel poresthat atthe100%
for-
relative humidity, h, degree of hydration, αc, and relative humidity,
mulation needs to and be moreit canrigorous.
be expressed (Norling
To overcome
degree16.ofCrack
Figure silicawidth
fumeversus
reaction,
axle loadαs,ati.e. we=ofwSpan
crown e(h,α1.
c,αs)
Mjornell 1997) as
these drawbacks of the S – N curve approach, more
= age-dependent sorption/desorption isotherm sophisticated models are developed using the con-
(Norling Mjonell c αmechanics. s α s In this theory of fracture
with 1997).
tractiveUnder
forcesthis due assumption
to braking and G1 (α cof
,α ) = k
c c +isk vgassumed (5)
cepts fracture
6.4 Analysis
by substituting Equation 1 into Equation 2 one mechanics, s a vgcrack s to exist at the posi-
obtains
A longitudinal tractive force analysis is carried out tion where maximum tensile stress occurs. The rate
by including horizontal forces at the rail level at where
of kcvg and of
propagation arecrack
ksvgthis materialwithparameters.
respect to the From num-the
∂w position
wheel we 35∂twbased
equal to ∂about on an aver- maximum amount of water per unit volume that can
ber of cycles of fatigue load is computed and this de-
age e ∂h +measured
− field ∇ • ( D ∇hvalue.
) = α&
For +
this e α& + w&a tensile
analysis, (3) fill allthepores
fines (bothlifecapillary
fatigue pores and gel
of the component pores), one
/ structure.
∂h ∂t of 0.2 MPa h is∂αassumed c
∂αfor both
s n
can calculate K1 as one obtains
strength c s the brick
masonry and the filler material. From this analysis, it The simplest crack propagation law is the Paris law
where
was ∂we/∂h that
observed is thecracking
slope ofinitiated
the sorption/desorption
at the crown of which is defined by [Kumar 1999] ⎡
⎢ ⎜ g α − α ⎟h ⎥
⎛
10
∞
c c
⎞ ⎤